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ORTA ÖLÇEKLİ BİR GÜÇ OLARAK AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ: SÖYLEM VE UYGULAMA

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 171 - 196, 02.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601905

Öz

Bu makale, AB’nin, dış politika amaçları, ilkeleri ve davranışlarını göz önüne alarak Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott ve Kim Richard Nossal tarafından ortaya konan davranışsal model ışığında orta ölçekli bir güç olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanamayacağı sorusuna cevap bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Birliğin “hayır için güç” söylemi çerçevesinde dünyayı herkes için daha iyi bir yer haline getirmek için yürüttüğü faaliyetler, dış politikasında etkin çok taraflılığa ve Birleşmiş Milletlere verdiği önem, Paris İklim Anlaşmasının imzalanması ile sonuçlanan 2015 Paris İklim Konferansı öncesi ve esnasında oynamış olduğu entelektüel ve girişimci liderlik, arabuluculuk ve köprü kurucu rol ve kendi ile hemfikir olan aktörlerle kurduğu işbirlikleri Birliğin dış politika davranışları açısından orta ölçekli bir güç olarak hareket ettiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Dış Faaliyetler Servisi. “Paylaşılan Vizyon, Ortak Eylem: Daha Güçlü Bir Avrupa, Avrupa Birliği Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası için Küresel Strateji.” Brüksel, Haziran 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 3, 2016, https://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
  • Avrupa Dış Faaliyetler Servisi. “The European Union at the United Nations (Factsheet).” Brüksel, 21 Eylül 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/9875/european-union- united-nations_en.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “The European Union and the United Nations: The Choice of Multilateralism (Communication From the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament).” COM (2003) 526 final. Brüksel, 10 Eylül 2003. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 14, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/ communication-eu-and-un-multilateralism-com2003526-20030910_en.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. “Avrupa Güvenlik Stratejisi: Daha İyi Bir Dünyada Güvenli Bir Avrupa.” Brüksel, 12 Aralık 2003. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/european-security-strategy-secure-europe-better-world.
  • Baba, Gürol ve Kaya, Taylan Özgür. “Testing the Creativity of Kevin Rudd’s Middle Power Diplomacy: EU-Australia Partnership Framework versus the Asia-Pacific Community.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 14, no 2 (2014): 239–269.
  • Barbé, Esther ve Johansson-Nogués, Elisabeth. “The EU as a Modest ‘Force for Good’: the European Neighbourhood Policy.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 81-96.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. “Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations by Country and Post.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 30, 2018, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/ default/files/2.pdf. Bull, Hedley. “Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 21, no 2 (1982): 149-170.
  • Cañete, Miguel Arias. “Historic Climate Deal in Paris.” Avrupa Komisyoneri Miguel Arias Cañete’nin Paris’te Yapılan COP21 Konferansının Sonuçlarının Değerlendirildiği Basın Toplantısında Yaptığı Konuşma. Brüksel, 14 Aralık 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 16, 2018, europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-15-6320_en.pdf.
  • Chapnick, Adam. “The Middle Power.” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 7, no 2 (1999): 73-82.
  • Cooper, Andrew F., Higgott, Richard A. ve Nossal, Kim R. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1993.
  • Cox, Robert W. “Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order.” International Journal 44, no 4 (1989): 823-862.
  • Crowards, Tom. “Defining the Category of ‘Small’ States.” Journal of International Development 14, no 2 (2002): 143–179.
  • David, Charles-Philippe ve Roussel, Stéphane. ““Middle Power Blues”: Canadian Policy and International Security after the Cold War.” American Review of Canadian Studies 28, no 1-2 (1998): 131-156.
  • Duchêne, François. “Europe’s Role in World Peace.” İçinde Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, editör Richard Mayne, 32-47. Londra: Fontana/Collins, 1972.
  • Duchêne, François. “The European Community and the Uncertainties of Independence.” İçinde A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems Before the European Community, editörler Max Hohnstamm ve Wolfgang Hager, 1-21. Londra: Macmillan Press, 1973.
  • Dunne, Tim. “Good Citizen Europe.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 13-28.
  • East, Maurica A. “Size and Foreign Policy Behaviour: A Test of Two Models.” World Politics 25, no 4 (1973): 556-576.
  • Efstathopoulos, Charalampos. “Middle Powers and the Behavioural Model.” Global Society 32, no 1 (2018): 47-69.
  • Evans, Gareth. “Foreign Policy and Good International Citizenship.” Canberra, 6 Mart 1990. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 19, 2018, http://www.gevans.org/ speeches/old/1990/060390_fm_fpandgoodinternationalcitizen.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. “Middle Power Diplomacy.” Edgardo Boeninger’i Anma Dersi Açılış Konuşması. Santiago, 19 Haziran 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 29, 2018, http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
  • Jordaan, Eduard. “The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing Between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers.” Politikon 30, no 11 (2003): 165-181.
  • Kassimeris, Christos. “The Foreign Policy of Small Powers.” International Politics 46, no 1 (2009): 84–101.
  • Keohane, Robert O. “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics.” International Organization 23, no 2 (1969): 291-310.
  • Lamoreaux, Jeremy W. “Acting Small in a Large State’s World: Russia and the Baltic states.” European Security 23, no 4 (2014): 565-582.
  • Laatikainen, Katie Verlin. “Pushing Soft Power: Middle Power Diplomacy at the UN.” İçinde The European Union at the United Nations: Intersecting Multilateralisms, editörler Katie Verlin Laatikainen ve Karen E. Smith, 70-91. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Lightfoot, Simon. “A Good International Citizen? Australia at the World Summit on Sustainable Development.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 60, no 3 (2006): 457-471.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no 2 (2002): 235-258.
  • Mosser, Michael W. “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE/OSCE.” İçinde Small States and Alliances, editörler Erich Reiter ve Heinz Gartner, 63-84. New York: Physica-Verlag, 2001.
  • Oberthür, Sebastian ve Groen, Lisanne. “The European Union and the Paris Agreement: Leader, Mediator, or Bystander?.” WIREs Clim Change 8, no 1 (2017): 445-452.
  • Parker, Charles F., Karlsson, Christer ve Hjerpe, Mattias. “Assessing the European Union’s Global Climate Change Leadership: From Copenhagen to the Paris Agreement.” Journal of European Integration 39, no 2 (2017): 239-252.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet S. “Is India a Great Power? Understanding Great Power Status in Contemporary International Relations.” Asian Security 11, no 1 (2015): 1–30.
  • Patience, Allan. “Imagining Middle Powers.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 68, no 2 (2014): 210-224.
  • Ravenhill, John. “Cycles of Middle Power Activism: Constraint and Choice in Australian and Canadian Foreign Policies.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 52, no 3 (1998): 309-327.
  • Robertson, Jeffrey. “Middle-power Definitions: Confusion Reigns Supreme.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 71, no 4 (2017): 355-370.
  • Toje, Asle. “The European Union as a Small Power.” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, no 1 (2011): 43-60.

The European Union as a Middle Power: Discourse and Practice

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 171 - 196, 02.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601905

Öz

This article aims to find whether the EU is labeled as a middle power in accordance with behavioural model offered by Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott ve Kim Richard Nossal. It is concluded that EU’s activities towards making the world a better place for everybody pursuant to its “force for good” discourse, the importance given by the EU to effective multilateralism and the United Nations in its foreign policy, intellectual and entrepreneurial leadership, broker and bridge-builder role played by the EU in the run up to and during 2015 Paris Climate Conference which was finalized with the signing of Paris Agreement and its act of coalition-building with like-minded actors demonstrated that the EU acts as a middle power in terms of foreign policy behaviours.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Dış Faaliyetler Servisi. “Paylaşılan Vizyon, Ortak Eylem: Daha Güçlü Bir Avrupa, Avrupa Birliği Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası için Küresel Strateji.” Brüksel, Haziran 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 3, 2016, https://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
  • Avrupa Dış Faaliyetler Servisi. “The European Union at the United Nations (Factsheet).” Brüksel, 21 Eylül 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/9875/european-union- united-nations_en.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “The European Union and the United Nations: The Choice of Multilateralism (Communication From the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament).” COM (2003) 526 final. Brüksel, 10 Eylül 2003. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 14, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/ communication-eu-and-un-multilateralism-com2003526-20030910_en.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. “Avrupa Güvenlik Stratejisi: Daha İyi Bir Dünyada Güvenli Bir Avrupa.” Brüksel, 12 Aralık 2003. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2018. https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/european-security-strategy-secure-europe-better-world.
  • Baba, Gürol ve Kaya, Taylan Özgür. “Testing the Creativity of Kevin Rudd’s Middle Power Diplomacy: EU-Australia Partnership Framework versus the Asia-Pacific Community.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 14, no 2 (2014): 239–269.
  • Barbé, Esther ve Johansson-Nogués, Elisabeth. “The EU as a Modest ‘Force for Good’: the European Neighbourhood Policy.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 81-96.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. “Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations by Country and Post.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 30, 2018, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/ default/files/2.pdf. Bull, Hedley. “Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 21, no 2 (1982): 149-170.
  • Cañete, Miguel Arias. “Historic Climate Deal in Paris.” Avrupa Komisyoneri Miguel Arias Cañete’nin Paris’te Yapılan COP21 Konferansının Sonuçlarının Değerlendirildiği Basın Toplantısında Yaptığı Konuşma. Brüksel, 14 Aralık 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 16, 2018, europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-15-6320_en.pdf.
  • Chapnick, Adam. “The Middle Power.” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 7, no 2 (1999): 73-82.
  • Cooper, Andrew F., Higgott, Richard A. ve Nossal, Kim R. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1993.
  • Cox, Robert W. “Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order.” International Journal 44, no 4 (1989): 823-862.
  • Crowards, Tom. “Defining the Category of ‘Small’ States.” Journal of International Development 14, no 2 (2002): 143–179.
  • David, Charles-Philippe ve Roussel, Stéphane. ““Middle Power Blues”: Canadian Policy and International Security after the Cold War.” American Review of Canadian Studies 28, no 1-2 (1998): 131-156.
  • Duchêne, François. “Europe’s Role in World Peace.” İçinde Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, editör Richard Mayne, 32-47. Londra: Fontana/Collins, 1972.
  • Duchêne, François. “The European Community and the Uncertainties of Independence.” İçinde A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems Before the European Community, editörler Max Hohnstamm ve Wolfgang Hager, 1-21. Londra: Macmillan Press, 1973.
  • Dunne, Tim. “Good Citizen Europe.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 13-28.
  • East, Maurica A. “Size and Foreign Policy Behaviour: A Test of Two Models.” World Politics 25, no 4 (1973): 556-576.
  • Efstathopoulos, Charalampos. “Middle Powers and the Behavioural Model.” Global Society 32, no 1 (2018): 47-69.
  • Evans, Gareth. “Foreign Policy and Good International Citizenship.” Canberra, 6 Mart 1990. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 19, 2018, http://www.gevans.org/ speeches/old/1990/060390_fm_fpandgoodinternationalcitizen.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. “Middle Power Diplomacy.” Edgardo Boeninger’i Anma Dersi Açılış Konuşması. Santiago, 19 Haziran 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 29, 2018, http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html.
  • Jordaan, Eduard. “The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing Between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers.” Politikon 30, no 11 (2003): 165-181.
  • Kassimeris, Christos. “The Foreign Policy of Small Powers.” International Politics 46, no 1 (2009): 84–101.
  • Keohane, Robert O. “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics.” International Organization 23, no 2 (1969): 291-310.
  • Lamoreaux, Jeremy W. “Acting Small in a Large State’s World: Russia and the Baltic states.” European Security 23, no 4 (2014): 565-582.
  • Laatikainen, Katie Verlin. “Pushing Soft Power: Middle Power Diplomacy at the UN.” İçinde The European Union at the United Nations: Intersecting Multilateralisms, editörler Katie Verlin Laatikainen ve Karen E. Smith, 70-91. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Lightfoot, Simon. “A Good International Citizen? Australia at the World Summit on Sustainable Development.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 60, no 3 (2006): 457-471.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no 2 (2002): 235-258.
  • Mosser, Michael W. “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE/OSCE.” İçinde Small States and Alliances, editörler Erich Reiter ve Heinz Gartner, 63-84. New York: Physica-Verlag, 2001.
  • Oberthür, Sebastian ve Groen, Lisanne. “The European Union and the Paris Agreement: Leader, Mediator, or Bystander?.” WIREs Clim Change 8, no 1 (2017): 445-452.
  • Parker, Charles F., Karlsson, Christer ve Hjerpe, Mattias. “Assessing the European Union’s Global Climate Change Leadership: From Copenhagen to the Paris Agreement.” Journal of European Integration 39, no 2 (2017): 239-252.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet S. “Is India a Great Power? Understanding Great Power Status in Contemporary International Relations.” Asian Security 11, no 1 (2015): 1–30.
  • Patience, Allan. “Imagining Middle Powers.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 68, no 2 (2014): 210-224.
  • Ravenhill, John. “Cycles of Middle Power Activism: Constraint and Choice in Australian and Canadian Foreign Policies.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 52, no 3 (1998): 309-327.
  • Robertson, Jeffrey. “Middle-power Definitions: Confusion Reigns Supreme.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 71, no 4 (2017): 355-370.
  • Toje, Asle. “The European Union as a Small Power.” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, no 1 (2011): 43-60.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Taylan Özgür Kaya 0000-0003-0175-5854

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Kasım 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kaya, Taylan Özgür. “ORTA ÖLÇEKLİ BİR GÜÇ OLARAK AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ: SÖYLEM VE UYGULAMA”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 18, sy. 1 (Ağustos 2019): 171-96. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601905.