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Trump and Europe: A Fracture in the Transatlantic Order

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 197 - 227, 02.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601923

Öz

As Trump came to power, the administration’s foreign policy decisions started to be discussed and the idea that the White House was in turmoil became widespread. As these decisions were full of contradictions, many uncertainties followed in world politics. This situation has manifested itself in Transatlantic relations especially when we consider Trump’s hardline standing towards Europe when compared to his predecessor, Obama. Furthermore, these developments have strengthened the idea that the West no longer acts unilaterally in the international system but it is separated between the "Two-Wests": the US and Europe. This article addressed the character of the US-European relationship and, in particular, revealed the change in the character of Trump administration. Lastly, the study argues that a fracture occurred in the Transatlantic order.

Kaynakça

  • AB'den Trump'a İran çağrısı: Nükleer anlaşmadan çekilme. 11 Ocak 2018. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-42648089.
  • Acharya, Amitav. The End of American World Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014.
  • Bendiek, Annegret. A Paradigm Shift in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy: From Transformation to Resilience. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2017. Beş soruda AB'nin ortak savunma anlaşması. 13 Kasım 2017. https://www.dw.com/tr/ be%C5%9F-soruda-abnin-ortak-savunma-anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1/a-41355539.
  • Blumer-Thomas, Victor. Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present and Future of the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
  • Brattberg, Erik, ve Viola Meyerweissflog. «The Trump Effect on Germany’s Election and Transatlantic Ties.» Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 31 Ağustos 2017. https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/08/31/trump-effect-on-germany-s-election-and-transatlantic-ties-pub-72972.
  • Bütikofer, Reinhard. One Year of Trump: Looking at the Transatlantic Relationship. 18 Aralık 2017. http://reconnecting-europe.boellblog.org/2017/12/18/one-year-of-trump-looking-at-the-transatlantic-relationship/.
  • Chase, Peter. «Rebuilding Strategy into the Transatlantic Economic Relationship.» The German Marshall Fund of the United States. 20 Şubat 2017. http://www.gmfus.org/blog/2017/02/20/rebuilding-strategy-transatlantic-economic-relationship.
  • EU to sign joint defense pact in show of post-Brexit unity. 8 Kasım 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-defence/eu-to-sign-joint-defense-pact-in- show-of-post-brexit-unity-idUSKBN1D81CT.
  • Fägersten, Björn. Transatlantic turbulence – implications for European security. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2017.
  • «Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France.» NATO. 12 Ekim 2009. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm.
  • Fröhlich, Stefan. «Germany Cannot Replace the US, But Europe Can Live with Trump.» Center for Transatlantic Relations. Şubat 2017. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/publication/germany-cannot-replace-us-europe-can-live-trump-stefan-frohlich/.
  • Frum, David. «Trump's Trip Was a Catastrophe for U.S.-Europe Relations.» The Atlantic, 2017.
  • Germans see Trump as bigger problem than North Korea or Russia. 5 Aralık 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-germany-survey/germans-see-trump-as-bigger-problem-than-north-korea-or-russia-idUSKBN1DZ0GY.
  • Griffiths, Brent. «Trump threatens EU with tax on car imports, slams 'very stupid' trade deals.» Politico. 3 Mart 2018. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/03/ trump-trade-tariffs-european-union-cars-steel-aluminum-434398.
  • «H.R.193 - American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2017.» 3 Ocak 2017. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/193/text.
  • Hamilton, Daniel S., ve Joseph P. Quinlan. The Transatlantic Economy 2018. Washington D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2018.
  • Heilbrun, Jacob. «Munich Conference Exposes the Decline of the West.» National Interest. 18 Şubat 2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/munich-conference-exposes-decline-west-44922 (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Henriksen, Thomas. Cycles in US Foreign Policy since the Cold War. California: Palgrave Macmillian Press, 2017.
  • Herring, George. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Herszenhorn, David. «Trump dismisses Europe’s trade pitch.» Politico. 6 Haziran 2018. https://www.politico.eu/article/us-president-donald-trump-dismisses-europes-trade-pitch/.
  • Hooker, R. D.,Jr. The Grand Strategy of the United States. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2014.
  • Johnston, Jules. Donald Trump says EU exists to compete with US. 24 Temmuz 2016. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-says-eu-exists-to-compete-with-us- brexit-nato-wto-nafa/.
  • «Joined by Allies, President Trump Takes Action to End Syria’s Chemical Weapons Attacks.» The White House. 14 Nisan 2018. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ articles/joined-allies-president-trump-takes-action-end-syrias-chemical-weapons-attacks/.
  • Karnitschnig, Matthew, ve David Herszenhorn. «Münich Insecurity Conference.» Politico. 16 Şubat 2019. https://www.politico.eu/article/munich-security-conference-angela-merkel-mike-pence/ (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Kielinger, Thomas, ve Max Otte. «Germany: The Pressured Power.» Foreign Policy, no. 91 (1993): 44-62.
  • Kupchan, Charles A. «The Fourth Age: The Next Era in Transatlantic Relations.» The National Interest, no. 85 (2006): 77-83.
  • LaFaber, Walter. «The US rise to world power, 1776-1945.» US Foreign Policy içinde, yazan Michael Cox ve Doug Stokes, 43-62. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Landler, Mark, David E. Sanger, ve Gardiner Harris. Rewrite Iran Deal? Europeans Offer a Different Solution: A New Chapter. 26 Şubat 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/us/politics/trump-europe-iran-deal.html.
  • Major, Claudia, ve Christian Mölling. Brexit, Security and Defence: A political problem, not a military one. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2017.
  • Mandelbaum, Michael. «Pay Up, Europe. What Trump Gets Right About NATO.» Foreign Affairs 96, no. 5 (2017): 108-114.
  • Mark, Fabian von der. Germany's new strategy to deal with Donald Trump. 24 Ağustos 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-new-strategy-to-deal-with-donald-trump/a-45217235.
  • McNeill, William. «Transatlantic History in World Perspective.» Transatlantic History içinde, yazan Steven G. Reinhardt ve Dennis Reinhartz, 3-18. Arlington: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.
  • Mearsheimer, John. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
  • Morelli, Vincent L., ve Kristin Archick. Transatlantic Relations in 2018. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2018.
  • «Munich Security Report 2019.» Munich Security Conference. 2019. https://www.securityconference.de/en/publications/munich-security-report/ munich-security-report-2019 (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • «National Defense Strategy of the United States of America.» U.S. Department of Defence. 2018. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
  • «National Security Strategy of the United States of America.» The White House. Aralık 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf.
  • NATO. «A Short History of NATO.» 2018. https://www.nato.int/cps/ie/natohq/ declassified_139339.htm.
  • NATO. «Collective defence - Article 5.» 12 Haziran 2018. https://www.nato.int/ cps/en/natohq/topics_110496.htm.
  • NATO. «Funding NATO.» 27 Haziran 2018. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natohq/topics_67655.htm.
  • Nye, Joseph S. «US Power and Strategy After Iraq.» Foreign Affairs, Temmuz/Ağustos 2003.
  • Özdemir, Çağatay. Amerikan Grand Stratejisi: Obama'nın Ortadoğu Mirası. SETA: İstanbul, 2018.
  • «Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) - Factsheet.» European Union External Action.19 Kasım 2018. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/34226/permanent-structured-cooperation-pesco-factsheet_en.
  • Phillips, Carla Rahn. «Economy and Society in the Iberian Atlantic.» Transatlantic History içinde, yazan Steven G. Reinhardt ve Dennis Reinhartz, 19-39. Arlington: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.
  • Pifer, Steven. «Is Trump Undoing Trans-Atlantic Relations?» Brookings. 31 Mayıs 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/05/31/is-trump-undoing-trans-atlantic-relations/.
  • Pifer, Steven. «The Growing Russian Military Threat in Europe.» Brookings. 17 Mayıs 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-growing-russian-military-threat-in-europe/.
  • Rachman, Gideon. Donald Trump’s Unpredictability is Destabilising the World. 22 Mayıs 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/b56c7c9c-3ecf-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58.
  • «Remarks by President Barack Obama in Prague as Delivered.» 2009 Nisan 5. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-delivered (Mart 1, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Rettman, Andrew. EU Head Calls Trump a 'Threat' to Europe. 31 Ocak 2017. https://euobserver.com/foreign/136742.
  • Roberts, J. M. Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Schultheis, Emily, ve Matthew Karnitschnig. «On transatlantic trade, Trump is all bluster, no bite — so far.» Politico. 17 Kasım 2017. https://www.politico.eu/ article/donald-trump-transatlantic-trade-bluster-no-bite-so-far/.
  • Schweiger, Christian. «The "Reluctant Hegemon": Germany in the EU's Post-Crisis Constellation.» The European Union in Crisis: Explorations in Representation and Democratic Legitimacy içinde, yazan Kyriakos Demetriou, 15-32. Springer International Publishing, 2015.
  • Shapiro, Jeremy, ve Dina Pardijs. The Transatlantic Meaning of Donald Trump: A US-EU Power Audit. London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.
  • Smith, Mike. «The USA and the EU.» US Foreign Policy içinde, yazan Michael Cox ve Doug Stokes, 236-256. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Sonumut, Güldener. Transatlantik İlişkilerde Yeni Dönem. 27 Mayıs 2017. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/transatlantik-iliskilerde-yeni-dunya-2457773/.
  • Spy poisoning: Russian diplomats expelled across US and Europe. 26 March 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43545565.
  • Stelzenmüller, Constanze. Normal is Over. Brookings - Robert Bosch Foundation Transatlantic Initiative, 2018.
  • Tausendfreund, Rachel. Transatlantic Views on President Trump's First 100 Days in Office. 26 Nisan 2017. http://www.gmfus.org/blog/2017/04/26/transatlantic-views-president-trumps-first-100-days-office.
  • «The Daedalus European Security: The Interactions of NATO, EU, WEU.» NATO. 2018. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/98-00/hatjiadoniu.pdf (Aralık 18, 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Trachtenberg, Marc. A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Treaty on European Union. Lüksemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992.
  • Walt, Stephen. In Praise of a Transatlantic Divorce. 30 Mayıs 2017. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/30/in-praise-of-a-transatlantic-divorce-trump-merkel-europe-nato/.
  • Wickett, Xenia. Transatlantic Relations: Converging or Diverging? London: Chatham House, 2018.
  • Wright, Thomas. «The Moment the Transatlantic Charade Ended.» The Atlantic. 19 Şubat 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/mutual-distrust- 2019-munich-security-conference/583015/ (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).

TRUMP ve AVRUPA TRANSATLANTİK DÜZENDE KIRILMA

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 197 - 227, 02.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601923

Öz

ABD’de Trump dönemiyle birlikte dış politika kararları tartışılmaya başlanmış ve özellikle Beyaz Saray’ın karmaşa içinde olduğu fikri yaygınlaşmıştır. Washington yönetiminin aldığı dış politika kararları çelişkilerle dolu olmuş ve dünya siyasetinde belirsizlikler meydana getirmiştir. Bu durum, Transatlantik ilişkilerde de kendisini göstermiştir. Bu belirsizlik ortamında Trump’ın, Avrupa’ya karşı selefi Obama’ya nazaran sert bir çizgide durması Transatlantik ilişkilerde krizler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Yaşanan gelişmeler, Batı’nın artık uluslararası sistemde yekpare bir biçimde hareket etmediği ve ABD ile Avrupa olarak “İki-Batı” şeklinde ayrıştığı düşüncesini kuvvetlendirmiştir. Bu makale ABD-Avrupa ilişkisinin karakterini ele almış ve özellikle Trump döneminde bu karakterin yaşadığı değişimi ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma bu yönüyle, Transatlantik düzenin fay hatlarında bir kırılma meydana geldiğini iddia etmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • AB'den Trump'a İran çağrısı: Nükleer anlaşmadan çekilme. 11 Ocak 2018. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-42648089.
  • Acharya, Amitav. The End of American World Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014.
  • Bendiek, Annegret. A Paradigm Shift in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy: From Transformation to Resilience. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2017. Beş soruda AB'nin ortak savunma anlaşması. 13 Kasım 2017. https://www.dw.com/tr/ be%C5%9F-soruda-abnin-ortak-savunma-anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1/a-41355539.
  • Blumer-Thomas, Victor. Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present and Future of the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
  • Brattberg, Erik, ve Viola Meyerweissflog. «The Trump Effect on Germany’s Election and Transatlantic Ties.» Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 31 Ağustos 2017. https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/08/31/trump-effect-on-germany-s-election-and-transatlantic-ties-pub-72972.
  • Bütikofer, Reinhard. One Year of Trump: Looking at the Transatlantic Relationship. 18 Aralık 2017. http://reconnecting-europe.boellblog.org/2017/12/18/one-year-of-trump-looking-at-the-transatlantic-relationship/.
  • Chase, Peter. «Rebuilding Strategy into the Transatlantic Economic Relationship.» The German Marshall Fund of the United States. 20 Şubat 2017. http://www.gmfus.org/blog/2017/02/20/rebuilding-strategy-transatlantic-economic-relationship.
  • EU to sign joint defense pact in show of post-Brexit unity. 8 Kasım 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-defence/eu-to-sign-joint-defense-pact-in- show-of-post-brexit-unity-idUSKBN1D81CT.
  • Fägersten, Björn. Transatlantic turbulence – implications for European security. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2017.
  • «Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France.» NATO. 12 Ekim 2009. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm.
  • Fröhlich, Stefan. «Germany Cannot Replace the US, But Europe Can Live with Trump.» Center for Transatlantic Relations. Şubat 2017. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/publication/germany-cannot-replace-us-europe-can-live-trump-stefan-frohlich/.
  • Frum, David. «Trump's Trip Was a Catastrophe for U.S.-Europe Relations.» The Atlantic, 2017.
  • Germans see Trump as bigger problem than North Korea or Russia. 5 Aralık 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-germany-survey/germans-see-trump-as-bigger-problem-than-north-korea-or-russia-idUSKBN1DZ0GY.
  • Griffiths, Brent. «Trump threatens EU with tax on car imports, slams 'very stupid' trade deals.» Politico. 3 Mart 2018. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/03/ trump-trade-tariffs-european-union-cars-steel-aluminum-434398.
  • «H.R.193 - American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2017.» 3 Ocak 2017. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/193/text.
  • Hamilton, Daniel S., ve Joseph P. Quinlan. The Transatlantic Economy 2018. Washington D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2018.
  • Heilbrun, Jacob. «Munich Conference Exposes the Decline of the West.» National Interest. 18 Şubat 2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/munich-conference-exposes-decline-west-44922 (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Henriksen, Thomas. Cycles in US Foreign Policy since the Cold War. California: Palgrave Macmillian Press, 2017.
  • Herring, George. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Herszenhorn, David. «Trump dismisses Europe’s trade pitch.» Politico. 6 Haziran 2018. https://www.politico.eu/article/us-president-donald-trump-dismisses-europes-trade-pitch/.
  • Hooker, R. D.,Jr. The Grand Strategy of the United States. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2014.
  • Johnston, Jules. Donald Trump says EU exists to compete with US. 24 Temmuz 2016. https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-says-eu-exists-to-compete-with-us- brexit-nato-wto-nafa/.
  • «Joined by Allies, President Trump Takes Action to End Syria’s Chemical Weapons Attacks.» The White House. 14 Nisan 2018. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ articles/joined-allies-president-trump-takes-action-end-syrias-chemical-weapons-attacks/.
  • Karnitschnig, Matthew, ve David Herszenhorn. «Münich Insecurity Conference.» Politico. 16 Şubat 2019. https://www.politico.eu/article/munich-security-conference-angela-merkel-mike-pence/ (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Kielinger, Thomas, ve Max Otte. «Germany: The Pressured Power.» Foreign Policy, no. 91 (1993): 44-62.
  • Kupchan, Charles A. «The Fourth Age: The Next Era in Transatlantic Relations.» The National Interest, no. 85 (2006): 77-83.
  • LaFaber, Walter. «The US rise to world power, 1776-1945.» US Foreign Policy içinde, yazan Michael Cox ve Doug Stokes, 43-62. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Landler, Mark, David E. Sanger, ve Gardiner Harris. Rewrite Iran Deal? Europeans Offer a Different Solution: A New Chapter. 26 Şubat 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/us/politics/trump-europe-iran-deal.html.
  • Major, Claudia, ve Christian Mölling. Brexit, Security and Defence: A political problem, not a military one. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2017.
  • Mandelbaum, Michael. «Pay Up, Europe. What Trump Gets Right About NATO.» Foreign Affairs 96, no. 5 (2017): 108-114.
  • Mark, Fabian von der. Germany's new strategy to deal with Donald Trump. 24 Ağustos 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-new-strategy-to-deal-with-donald-trump/a-45217235.
  • McNeill, William. «Transatlantic History in World Perspective.» Transatlantic History içinde, yazan Steven G. Reinhardt ve Dennis Reinhartz, 3-18. Arlington: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.
  • Mearsheimer, John. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
  • Morelli, Vincent L., ve Kristin Archick. Transatlantic Relations in 2018. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2018.
  • «Munich Security Report 2019.» Munich Security Conference. 2019. https://www.securityconference.de/en/publications/munich-security-report/ munich-security-report-2019 (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • «National Defense Strategy of the United States of America.» U.S. Department of Defence. 2018. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
  • «National Security Strategy of the United States of America.» The White House. Aralık 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf.
  • NATO. «A Short History of NATO.» 2018. https://www.nato.int/cps/ie/natohq/ declassified_139339.htm.
  • NATO. «Collective defence - Article 5.» 12 Haziran 2018. https://www.nato.int/ cps/en/natohq/topics_110496.htm.
  • NATO. «Funding NATO.» 27 Haziran 2018. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natohq/topics_67655.htm.
  • Nye, Joseph S. «US Power and Strategy After Iraq.» Foreign Affairs, Temmuz/Ağustos 2003.
  • Özdemir, Çağatay. Amerikan Grand Stratejisi: Obama'nın Ortadoğu Mirası. SETA: İstanbul, 2018.
  • «Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) - Factsheet.» European Union External Action.19 Kasım 2018. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/34226/permanent-structured-cooperation-pesco-factsheet_en.
  • Phillips, Carla Rahn. «Economy and Society in the Iberian Atlantic.» Transatlantic History içinde, yazan Steven G. Reinhardt ve Dennis Reinhartz, 19-39. Arlington: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.
  • Pifer, Steven. «Is Trump Undoing Trans-Atlantic Relations?» Brookings. 31 Mayıs 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/05/31/is-trump-undoing-trans-atlantic-relations/.
  • Pifer, Steven. «The Growing Russian Military Threat in Europe.» Brookings. 17 Mayıs 2017. https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-growing-russian-military-threat-in-europe/.
  • Rachman, Gideon. Donald Trump’s Unpredictability is Destabilising the World. 22 Mayıs 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/b56c7c9c-3ecf-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58.
  • «Remarks by President Barack Obama in Prague as Delivered.» 2009 Nisan 5. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-delivered (Mart 1, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Rettman, Andrew. EU Head Calls Trump a 'Threat' to Europe. 31 Ocak 2017. https://euobserver.com/foreign/136742.
  • Roberts, J. M. Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Schultheis, Emily, ve Matthew Karnitschnig. «On transatlantic trade, Trump is all bluster, no bite — so far.» Politico. 17 Kasım 2017. https://www.politico.eu/ article/donald-trump-transatlantic-trade-bluster-no-bite-so-far/.
  • Schweiger, Christian. «The "Reluctant Hegemon": Germany in the EU's Post-Crisis Constellation.» The European Union in Crisis: Explorations in Representation and Democratic Legitimacy içinde, yazan Kyriakos Demetriou, 15-32. Springer International Publishing, 2015.
  • Shapiro, Jeremy, ve Dina Pardijs. The Transatlantic Meaning of Donald Trump: A US-EU Power Audit. London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2017.
  • Smith, Mike. «The USA and the EU.» US Foreign Policy içinde, yazan Michael Cox ve Doug Stokes, 236-256. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Sonumut, Güldener. Transatlantik İlişkilerde Yeni Dönem. 27 Mayıs 2017. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/transatlantik-iliskilerde-yeni-dunya-2457773/.
  • Spy poisoning: Russian diplomats expelled across US and Europe. 26 March 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43545565.
  • Stelzenmüller, Constanze. Normal is Over. Brookings - Robert Bosch Foundation Transatlantic Initiative, 2018.
  • Tausendfreund, Rachel. Transatlantic Views on President Trump's First 100 Days in Office. 26 Nisan 2017. http://www.gmfus.org/blog/2017/04/26/transatlantic-views-president-trumps-first-100-days-office.
  • «The Daedalus European Security: The Interactions of NATO, EU, WEU.» NATO. 2018. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/98-00/hatjiadoniu.pdf (Aralık 18, 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Trachtenberg, Marc. A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Treaty on European Union. Lüksemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992.
  • Walt, Stephen. In Praise of a Transatlantic Divorce. 30 Mayıs 2017. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/30/in-praise-of-a-transatlantic-divorce-trump-merkel-europe-nato/.
  • Wickett, Xenia. Transatlantic Relations: Converging or Diverging? London: Chatham House, 2018.
  • Wright, Thomas. «The Moment the Transatlantic Charade Ended.» The Atlantic. 19 Şubat 2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/mutual-distrust- 2019-munich-security-conference/583015/ (Mart 2, 2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağatay Özdemir 0000-0001-9477-9761

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özdemir, Çağatay. “TRUMP Ve AVRUPA TRANSATLANTİK DÜZENDE KIRILMA”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 18, sy. 1 (Ağustos 2019): 197-227. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.601923.

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Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.