BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Democratic Deficit and the European Transparency Initiative

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 109 - 143, 01.10.2009

Öz

Supranasyonel bir kurulu olan Avrupa Birli i’nin karar organlarõnõn, büyük ölçüde temsili demokrasiye istinat etmiyor olmasõ, Birli in karar-alma mekanizmasõnõn demokratik kalitesi ve Birli in me ruiyeti konusunda kaygõlara neden olmaktadõr. Bu makale, Avrupa Birli i’nde demokrasi açõ õnõn nedenleri üzerinde dururken, Avrupa "effaflõk Giri imi’nin, demokrasi açõ õ sorununu ne ölçüde çözebilece ini analiz etmektedir

Kaynakça

  • K. A. ARMSTRONG, “Rediscovering Civil Society: The European Union and the White Paper on Governance”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.1, pp.102-132
  • T. AUBERGER, K. ISZKOWSKI, “Democratic Theory and the European Union: Focusing on “Interest” or “Reason”?”Journal of European Integration, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 271-284, 2007
  • G. BAKER, “Civil Society and Democracy:The Gap Between Theory and Possibility”, Politics, 18 (2), pp.81-87, 1998
  • R. BELLAMY, A. WARLEIGH (eds.), Citizenship and Governance in the European Union, Continuum, London, 2001
  • S. BORRAS, T. CONZELMANN, “Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU:The Empirical Turn, Journal of European Integration, Vol.29,No.5, pp.531-543, 2007
  • H. CATT, Democracy in Practice, London, Routledge, 1999
  • D. CHALMERS et al., European Union Law, the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2006
  • S. CHAMBERS, “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 12, Number 4, p.389-410, 2004
  • M. CINI, “European Commission reform and the origins of the European Transparency Initiative”, Journal of European Public Policy, 15:5, p.743-760, 2008
  • C. CROMBEZ, “Legislative Procedures in the European Community”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.26, No.2, p.199-228, 1996
  • P.J.CONGE, “Review: The Concept of Political Participation: Toward a Definition”, Comparative Politics, Vol.20, No.2, p.241-249, 1988
  • O. COSTA et.al., “Introduction: Diffuse control mechanisms in the European Union:towards a new democracy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, p.666-676, 2003
  • R.A.DAHL, “Pluralism Revisited”, Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2, p.191-203, 1978
  • R.A. DAHL, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, Yale University Pres, 1982
  • R.A. DAHL, “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.109, No.1, p.23-34, 1994
  • O. DE SCHUTTER, “Europe in Search of its Civil Society”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.2, p.198-217, 2002
  • R. EISING, “Interest Groups and the European Union”, in European Union Politics, 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.202-221, 2007
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, “Deliberative Supranationalism in the EU” in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.42-64, 2000
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Post-national Integration”, in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.1-28, 2000
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Democracy through Strong Publics in the European Union?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.3, p.401-424, 2002
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Europe in Search of Legitimacy: Strategies of Legitimation Assessed”, International Political Science Review, 25, p.435-459
  • J. ELSTER, “Introduction: Historical Background” in Deliberative Democracy ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.1-18, 1998
  • J.D. FEARON, “Deliberation and Discussion” in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom,Cambridge University Press, p.44-68, 1998
  • J.S.FISHKIN, Democracy and Deliberation, USA, Yale University Press, 1991
  • A. FOLLESDAL, “Survey Article:The Legitimacy Deficits of the European Union”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol.14, No.4, p.441-468, 2006
  • A. FOLLESDAL, S. HIX, “Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravscik”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.44, No.3, p.533-562, 2006
  • D. FRIEDRICH, Old Wine in New Bottles?:The Actual and Potential Contribution of Civil Society Organizations to Democratic Governance in Europe, Reconstituting Democracy in Europe Working Paper 2007/08, 2007, www.reconproject.eu, accessed on 04.07.2008
  • R. GARGARELLA, “Full Representation, Deliberation, and Impartiality”, in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.260-280, 1998
  • J. GREENWOOD, Interest Representation In The European Union, 2nd ed., New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
  • S. GREWAL, “The Paradox of Integration: Habermas and the Unfinished Project of European Union”, Politics, Vol 21(2), p.114-123, 2001
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Democracy and disagreement. Why moral conflict can not be avoided in politics, and what should be done about it, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1996
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Why Deliberative Democracy, Princeton, Princeton University Pres, 2004
  • J. HABERMAS, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge, MIT Pres, 1996
  • P. HIRST, From Statism to Pluralism, London, UCL Press, 1997
  • S. HIX, “Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.35, no.1, p. 69-106, 1999
  • R. HOLZHACKER, “Democratic Legitimacy and the European Union”, Journal of European Integration, 29:3, p.257-269, 2007
  • E. HUBER et al., “The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions”, Comparative Politics, vol.29, no.3, p.323-342, 1997
  • M. JACHTENFUCHS et al., “Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order”, European Journal of International Relations, vol.4, no.4, p.409-445, 1998
  • H. KASSIM, D. G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, “The Commission and the Future of Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14:8, p.1249-1270, 2007
  • R.S. KATZ, “Models of Democracy: Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union”, European Union Politics, 2; 53, p.53-79, 2001
  • J. KNIGHT, J. JOHNSON, “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”, Political Theory, Vol.22, No.2, p. 277-296, 1994
  • C. LORD, P. MAGNETTE, “E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.42, no.1, p.183-202, 2004
  • J.R. LUCAS, Democracy and Participation, England, Penquin Books, 1976
  • P. MAGNETTE, European Governance and Civic Participation: Can the European Union be politicised?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • P. MAGNETTE, “European Governance and Civic Participation: Beyond Elitist Citizenship?”, Political Studies, 51, p.144-160, 2003
  • P. MAIR, Popular Democracy and the European Union Polity, European Governance Papers, No.C-05-03, 2005, http://www.connex-network.org/pdf/egp- connex-C-05-03.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008.
  • G. MAJONE, “The European Community: An ‘Independent Fourth Branch of Government’?”, EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/17, Florence, European University Institute, 1993
  • G. MAJONE, “Europe’s Democratic Deficit: The Questions of Standards”, European Law Journal, vol.4, no.1, p.5-28, 1998
  • G. MAJONE, “The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.38, no.2, p.273-302, 2000
  • B. MANIN et al, “On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation”, Political Theory, vol.15, no.3, p.338-368, 1987
  • J. G. MARCH, J. P. OLSEN, Democratic Governance, New York, The Free Press
  • A. MCGANN, The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection, USA, The University of Michigan, 2006
  • I. MICHALOWITZ, “Analysing Structured Paths of Lobbying Behaviour: Why Discussing the Involvement of Civil Society Does not solve the EU’s Democratic Deficit”, European Integration, vol.26, no.2, p.145-170, 2004
  • J. S. MILL, Considerations on Representative Government, South Bend, Gateway
  • A. MORAVCSIK, “In Defense of the Democratic Deficit”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), p.603-624, 2002
  • D. NAURIN, “Why increasing transparency in the European Union will not make lobbyists behave any better than they already do”, European Union Studies Association EUSA, Biennial Conference, Austin, Texas, 2005
  • K. NEUNREITHER, “Political Representation in the European Union: a common whole, various wholes, or just a hole?” in European Integration after Amsterdam, ed. K. Neunreither and A. Wiener, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
  • J. NEYER, “The Deliberative Turn In Integration Theory”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13:5, p. 779-791, 2006
  • D. I. PIETRZYK, “Democracy or Civil Society”, Politics, Vol 23(1), p.38-45, 2003
  • B. ROSAMOND, “New Theories of European Integration”, in European Union Politics 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.117-136, 2007
  • C. F. SABEL, J. ZEITLIN, Learning from Difference:The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the European Union, European Governance Papers network.org/eurogov/pdf/egp-connex-C-07-02.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008. No. C-07-02, 2007, http://www.connex
  • F. W. SCHARPF, Governing in Europe:Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999
  • S. K. SCHMIDT, “Only an Agenda Setter?:The European Commission’s Power over the Council of Ministers”, European Union Politics, 1:37, p.37-61, 2000
  • P. C. SCHMITTER, What Is There To Legitimize In The European Union...And How Might This Be Accomplished?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • A. SLOAT, “The Preparation of the Governance White Paper”, Politics, Vol 23(2), p.128-136, 2003
  • E. VINK, “Multi-level Democracy: Deliberative or Agonistic? The Search for Appropriate Normative Standards”, Journal of European Integration, vol.29, no.3, p.303-322, 2007
  • A. WEALE, “Democratic Theory and the Constitutional Politics of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 4(4), p 665-669, 1997
  • A. WEALE, Democracy, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • A. WEALE, New Governance and Public Reasoning-Towards a Better Quality of EU Deliberation, New Government Policy Brief 19, 2008
  • J. H. H WEILER et al., European Democracy and Its Critique Five Uneasy Pieces, EUI Working Paper RSC No.95/11, 1995 Official Documents
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2001, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001) 428 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2002, Communication From The Commission:Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue – General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission, COM (2002) 704 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2006, Green Paper: European Transparency Initiative, COM (2006) 194 final, Brussels.
  • S. KALLAS, The Need for a European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/05/130, Nottingham, 2005, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/07/17, Madrid, 2007a, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, The European Transparency Iniative, SPEECH/07/491, Brussels, 2007b, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • The European Transparency Initiative, http://ec.europa.eu/commission_ barroso/kallas/transparency-en.htm, accessed on 30.06.2008.
Yıl 2009, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 109 - 143, 01.10.2009

Öz

Because the European Union as a supranational organisation is not predominantly based on representative mechanism there have been concerns about democratic quality of its decision-making process and legitimacy of its political order. This paper discusses why the European Union suffers from a democratic deficit and to what extent the European Transparency Initiative succesfully addresses the democratic deficit in the Union

Kaynakça

  • K. A. ARMSTRONG, “Rediscovering Civil Society: The European Union and the White Paper on Governance”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.1, pp.102-132
  • T. AUBERGER, K. ISZKOWSKI, “Democratic Theory and the European Union: Focusing on “Interest” or “Reason”?”Journal of European Integration, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 271-284, 2007
  • G. BAKER, “Civil Society and Democracy:The Gap Between Theory and Possibility”, Politics, 18 (2), pp.81-87, 1998
  • R. BELLAMY, A. WARLEIGH (eds.), Citizenship and Governance in the European Union, Continuum, London, 2001
  • S. BORRAS, T. CONZELMANN, “Democracy, Legitimacy and Soft Modes of Governance in the EU:The Empirical Turn, Journal of European Integration, Vol.29,No.5, pp.531-543, 2007
  • H. CATT, Democracy in Practice, London, Routledge, 1999
  • D. CHALMERS et al., European Union Law, the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2006
  • S. CHAMBERS, “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 12, Number 4, p.389-410, 2004
  • M. CINI, “European Commission reform and the origins of the European Transparency Initiative”, Journal of European Public Policy, 15:5, p.743-760, 2008
  • C. CROMBEZ, “Legislative Procedures in the European Community”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.26, No.2, p.199-228, 1996
  • P.J.CONGE, “Review: The Concept of Political Participation: Toward a Definition”, Comparative Politics, Vol.20, No.2, p.241-249, 1988
  • O. COSTA et.al., “Introduction: Diffuse control mechanisms in the European Union:towards a new democracy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, p.666-676, 2003
  • R.A.DAHL, “Pluralism Revisited”, Comparative Politics, Vol.10, No.2, p.191-203, 1978
  • R.A. DAHL, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, Yale University Pres, 1982
  • R.A. DAHL, “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.109, No.1, p.23-34, 1994
  • O. DE SCHUTTER, “Europe in Search of its Civil Society”, European Law Journal, Vol.8, No.2, p.198-217, 2002
  • R. EISING, “Interest Groups and the European Union”, in European Union Politics, 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.202-221, 2007
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, “Deliberative Supranationalism in the EU” in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.42-64, 2000
  • E.O. ERIKSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Post-national Integration”, in Democracy In The European Union: Integration Through Deliberation, ed. E. O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum, London, Routledge, p.1-28, 2000
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Democracy through Strong Publics in the European Union?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.3, p.401-424, 2002
  • E.O. ER KSEN, J. E. FOSSUM, “Europe in Search of Legitimacy: Strategies of Legitimation Assessed”, International Political Science Review, 25, p.435-459
  • J. ELSTER, “Introduction: Historical Background” in Deliberative Democracy ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.1-18, 1998
  • J.D. FEARON, “Deliberation and Discussion” in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom,Cambridge University Press, p.44-68, 1998
  • J.S.FISHKIN, Democracy and Deliberation, USA, Yale University Press, 1991
  • A. FOLLESDAL, “Survey Article:The Legitimacy Deficits of the European Union”, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol.14, No.4, p.441-468, 2006
  • A. FOLLESDAL, S. HIX, “Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravscik”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.44, No.3, p.533-562, 2006
  • D. FRIEDRICH, Old Wine in New Bottles?:The Actual and Potential Contribution of Civil Society Organizations to Democratic Governance in Europe, Reconstituting Democracy in Europe Working Paper 2007/08, 2007, www.reconproject.eu, accessed on 04.07.2008
  • R. GARGARELLA, “Full Representation, Deliberation, and Impartiality”, in Deliberative Democracy, ed. J. Elster, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, p.260-280, 1998
  • J. GREENWOOD, Interest Representation In The European Union, 2nd ed., New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
  • S. GREWAL, “The Paradox of Integration: Habermas and the Unfinished Project of European Union”, Politics, Vol 21(2), p.114-123, 2001
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Democracy and disagreement. Why moral conflict can not be avoided in politics, and what should be done about it, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1996
  • A. GUTMANN, D. THOMPSON, Why Deliberative Democracy, Princeton, Princeton University Pres, 2004
  • J. HABERMAS, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge, MIT Pres, 1996
  • P. HIRST, From Statism to Pluralism, London, UCL Press, 1997
  • S. HIX, “Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses”, European Journal of Political Research, Vol.35, no.1, p. 69-106, 1999
  • R. HOLZHACKER, “Democratic Legitimacy and the European Union”, Journal of European Integration, 29:3, p.257-269, 2007
  • E. HUBER et al., “The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions”, Comparative Politics, vol.29, no.3, p.323-342, 1997
  • M. JACHTENFUCHS et al., “Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order”, European Journal of International Relations, vol.4, no.4, p.409-445, 1998
  • H. KASSIM, D. G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, “The Commission and the Future of Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 14:8, p.1249-1270, 2007
  • R.S. KATZ, “Models of Democracy: Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union”, European Union Politics, 2; 53, p.53-79, 2001
  • J. KNIGHT, J. JOHNSON, “Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy”, Political Theory, Vol.22, No.2, p. 277-296, 1994
  • C. LORD, P. MAGNETTE, “E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.42, no.1, p.183-202, 2004
  • J.R. LUCAS, Democracy and Participation, England, Penquin Books, 1976
  • P. MAGNETTE, European Governance and Civic Participation: Can the European Union be politicised?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • P. MAGNETTE, “European Governance and Civic Participation: Beyond Elitist Citizenship?”, Political Studies, 51, p.144-160, 2003
  • P. MAIR, Popular Democracy and the European Union Polity, European Governance Papers, No.C-05-03, 2005, http://www.connex-network.org/pdf/egp- connex-C-05-03.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008.
  • G. MAJONE, “The European Community: An ‘Independent Fourth Branch of Government’?”, EUI Working Paper SPS No. 94/17, Florence, European University Institute, 1993
  • G. MAJONE, “Europe’s Democratic Deficit: The Questions of Standards”, European Law Journal, vol.4, no.1, p.5-28, 1998
  • G. MAJONE, “The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.38, no.2, p.273-302, 2000
  • B. MANIN et al, “On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation”, Political Theory, vol.15, no.3, p.338-368, 1987
  • J. G. MARCH, J. P. OLSEN, Democratic Governance, New York, The Free Press
  • A. MCGANN, The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection, USA, The University of Michigan, 2006
  • I. MICHALOWITZ, “Analysing Structured Paths of Lobbying Behaviour: Why Discussing the Involvement of Civil Society Does not solve the EU’s Democratic Deficit”, European Integration, vol.26, no.2, p.145-170, 2004
  • J. S. MILL, Considerations on Representative Government, South Bend, Gateway
  • A. MORAVCSIK, “In Defense of the Democratic Deficit”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4), p.603-624, 2002
  • D. NAURIN, “Why increasing transparency in the European Union will not make lobbyists behave any better than they already do”, European Union Studies Association EUSA, Biennial Conference, Austin, Texas, 2005
  • K. NEUNREITHER, “Political Representation in the European Union: a common whole, various wholes, or just a hole?” in European Integration after Amsterdam, ed. K. Neunreither and A. Wiener, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
  • J. NEYER, “The Deliberative Turn In Integration Theory”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13:5, p. 779-791, 2006
  • D. I. PIETRZYK, “Democracy or Civil Society”, Politics, Vol 23(1), p.38-45, 2003
  • B. ROSAMOND, “New Theories of European Integration”, in European Union Politics 2 nd. ed. Michelle Cini, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.117-136, 2007
  • C. F. SABEL, J. ZEITLIN, Learning from Difference:The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the European Union, European Governance Papers network.org/eurogov/pdf/egp-connex-C-07-02.pdf, accessed on 07.07.2008. No. C-07-02, 2007, http://www.connex
  • F. W. SCHARPF, Governing in Europe:Effective and Democratic?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999
  • S. K. SCHMIDT, “Only an Agenda Setter?:The European Commission’s Power over the Council of Ministers”, European Union Politics, 1:37, p.37-61, 2000
  • P. C. SCHMITTER, What Is There To Legitimize In The European Union...And How Might This Be Accomplished?, This paper is a part of contributions to the Jean Monnet Working Paper No.6/01, 2001
  • A. SLOAT, “The Preparation of the Governance White Paper”, Politics, Vol 23(2), p.128-136, 2003
  • E. VINK, “Multi-level Democracy: Deliberative or Agonistic? The Search for Appropriate Normative Standards”, Journal of European Integration, vol.29, no.3, p.303-322, 2007
  • A. WEALE, “Democratic Theory and the Constitutional Politics of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 4(4), p 665-669, 1997
  • A. WEALE, Democracy, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • A. WEALE, New Governance and Public Reasoning-Towards a Better Quality of EU Deliberation, New Government Policy Brief 19, 2008
  • J. H. H WEILER et al., European Democracy and Its Critique Five Uneasy Pieces, EUI Working Paper RSC No.95/11, 1995 Official Documents
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2001, European Governance: A White Paper, COM (2001) 428 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2002, Communication From The Commission:Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue – General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission, COM (2002) 704 final, Brussels.
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2006, Green Paper: European Transparency Initiative, COM (2006) 194 final, Brussels.
  • S. KALLAS, The Need for a European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/05/130, Nottingham, 2005, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, European Transparency Initiative, SPEECH/07/17, Madrid, 2007a, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • S. KALLAS, The European Transparency Iniative, SPEECH/07/491, Brussels, 2007b, http://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 03.07.2008.
  • The European Transparency Initiative, http://ec.europa.eu/commission_ barroso/kallas/transparency-en.htm, accessed on 30.06.2008.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilek Yiğit

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yiğit, Dilek. “The Democratic Deficit and the European Transparency Initiative”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (Ekim 2009): 109-43.

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Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.