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ASSOCIATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE ASYMMETRY QUESTION

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 365 - 400, 12.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886112

Öz

The aim of this article is to put an emphasis on the asymmetrical aspects of association policy of the EU. The article problematizes the weakness of institutional association between the EU and associated countries despite the high volume of direct and indirect rule taking by these countries. The main argument of the article is that the EU needs to develop an institutionalized associate membership status at least for associated countries in Europe, i.e. European in the sense of the article 49 of the Treaty on the EU. It is concluded that a new association policy may accommodate better interests of both the EU and associate countries. This is especially
important for an improved image of the EU in these countries.

Kaynakça

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  • Kochenov, Dimitry. EU Enlargement and the Failure of Conditionality. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2008.
  • Leuffen, Dirk, Berthold Rittberger and Frank Schimmelfennig. Differentiated Integration: Explaining Variation in the European Union. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2013.
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  • Opladen and Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2007.
  • Ott, Andrea. “Different Forms of EC Agreements”. In Handbook on European Enlargement, editors Andrea Ott and KirstynInglis, 205-208. La Hey: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002.
  • Phinnemore, David. Association: Stepping-Stone or Alternative to EU Membership. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep. Un exemple d'association à la communauté européenne : le cas de la Turquie, Brussels: Bruylant, 2012.
  • Alkan, Ufuk. “The Modernization of Turkey’s Customs Union with the European Union: Reasons and Possible Outcomes.” College of Europe EU Diplomacy Papers, (09/2017): 1-27.
  • Aydın, Umut. “Promoting Competition: European Union and the Global Competition Order.” Journal of European Integration 34, no 6, (2012): 663–681.
  • Cebeci, Münevver. “A Delicate Process of Participation: the Question of Participation of WEU Associate Members in Decision-making for EU-led Petersberg Operations, with Special Reference to Turkey.” EU-ISS Occasional Paper 10, (November 1999).
  • Cebeci, Münevver. “European Foreign Policy Research Reconsidered: Constructing an 'Ideal Power Europe' through Theory?.” Millennium-Journal of International Studies 40, no 3, (2012): 563-583.
  • Chandler, David. “EU Statebuilding: Securing the Liberal Peace through EU Enlargement.” Global Society 21, no 4, (2007): 593-607.
  • Donno, Daniela and Michael Neureiter. “Can Human Rights Conditionality Reduce Repression? Examining the European Union’s Economic Agreements.” The Review of International Organizations 13, no 3, (2017): 335-357.
  • Eriksen, Erik Oddvar. The EU and the Norwegian Paradox, Oslo: ARENA Centre for European Studies, 2014.
  • Fisher, Rod. A Cultural Dimension to the EU’s External Policies: From Policy Statements to Practice and Potential, Amsterdam: Boekmanstudies and European Cultural Foundation, 2007.
  • Friis, Lykke. “The End of the Beginning of Eastern Enlargement-Luxembourg Summit and Agenda-Setting.” European Integration Online Papers 2, no 7, (1998): 1-16. http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1998-007a.htm.
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  • Gaudissart, Marc-Andre. “Cyprus and the European Union: the Long Road to Accession.” Cyprus Review 8, no 1, (1996): 7-38.
  • Grabbe, Heather. “European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire.” International Political Science Review 23, no 3, (2002): 249-268.
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde and Christian Frommelt. “Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU.” Social Sciences 6, no 4, (2017): 1-17
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde. “Models of External Differentiation in the EU's Neighbourhood: an Expanding Economic Community?.” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6, (2015): 854–870.
  • Karakaş, Cemal. “EU–Turkey: Integration without Full Membership or Membership without Full Integration? A Conceptual Framework for Accession Alternatives.” Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no 6, (2013): 1057-1073.
  • Kramer, Heinz. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: Economic Integration amidst Political Turmoil.” Mediterranean Politics 1, no 1, (1996): 60-75.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “The External Face of Differentiated Integration: Third Country Participation in EU Sectoral Bodies.” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6, (2015): 836-853.
  • March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen, “The Logic of Appropriateness”, Arena Working Papers, WP 04/09, (2004): 1-28.
  • Maur, Jean-Christophe "Exporting Europe's Trade Policy." World Economy 28, no 11, (2005): 1565-1590.
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  • Neuwahl, Nanette. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: a Balance, but No Equilibrium.” European Foreign Affairs Review 4, no 1, (1999): 37-62.
  • Onar, Nora Fisher and Kalypso Nicolaïdis. “The Decentring Agenda: Europe as a Post-colonial Power.” Cooperation and Conflict 48, no 2, (2013): 283-303.
  • Pace, Michelle and Roberto Roccu. “Imperial Pasts in the EU’s Approach to the Mediterranean.” International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 22, no 6, (2020): 671-685.
  • Peers, Steve. “Living in Sin: Legal Integration Under the EC-Turkey Customs Union.” European Journal of International Law 7, no 3, (1996): 411-430.
  • Petrov, Roman and Peter Van Elsuwege. “Article 8 TEU: Towards a New Generation of Agreements with the Neighbouring Countries of the European Union.” European Law Review 36, no 5, (2017): 688-703.
  • Pinder, John. “The Community and the Developing Countries: Associates and Outsiders.” Journal of Common Market Studies 12, no 1, (1973): 53-77.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: from a Transitional to a Definitive Framework?.” Legal Issues of Economic Integration 42, no 1, (2015): 31-56.
  • Prickartz, Anne-Carlijn and Isabel Staudinger. “Policy vs Practice: the Use, Implementation and Enforcement of Human Rights Clauses in the European Union’s International Trade Agreements.” Europe and the World: A Law Review 3, no 1, (2019): 1-23.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 40, no 4, (2004): 661-679.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier. “The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: the External Incentives Model Revisited,” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no 6, (2020): 814-833.
  • Tsardanidis, Charalambos. “The EC-Cyprus Association Agreement: Ten Years of a Troubled Relationship, 1973-1983.” Journal of Common Market Studies 22, no 4, (1984): 351-376.
  • Tyushka, Andriy. “Association through Approximation: Procedural Law and Politics of Legislative and Regulatory Approximation in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement.” Baltic Journal of European Studies 5, no 1, (2015): 56-72.
  • Ülgen, Sinan. Avoiding a Divorce: a Virtual EU Membership for Turkey, Brussels: Carnegie Europe, 2012.
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Avrupa Birliği Ortaklık Politikası ve Asimetri Sorunu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 365 - 400, 12.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886112

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, AB'nin ortaklık politikasının asimetrik yönlerine vurgu yapmaktır. Çalışmada, ortak ülkelerin doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak çok fazla kuralı üstlenmelerine rağmen, AB ile aralarındaki kurumsal ortaklığın zayıflığı sorunsallaştırılmaktadır. Makalenin temel argümanı, AB'nin, en azından AB Antlaşması madde 49’da ifade edilen Avrupalı ülkeler için kurumsallaşmış bir ortak üyelik statüsü geliştirmesi gerektiği şeklindedir. Yeni bir ortaklık politikasının hem AB hem de ortak ülkelerin çıkarlarını daha iyi karşılayabileceği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Bu, özellikle ortak ülkelerde AB'nin imajını iyileştirmesi için önemlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Bartels, Lorand. “Human Rights and Sustainable Development Obligations in EU Free Trade Agreements”. In Global Governance through Trade: EU Policies and Approaches, editors Jan Wouters, Axel Marx, Dylan Geraets and Bregt Natens, 73-91. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2015.
  • Eeckhout, Piet. EU External Relations Law. 2nd Volume, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Eriksen, Erik Oddvar and John Erik Fossum, editors. The European Union’s Nonmembers: Independence Under Hegemony?. London: Routledge, 2015.
  • Evans, Andrew. “Institutions.” in Handbook on European Enlargement, ed. Andrea Ott and KirstynInglis (La Hey: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002), 1043-1078.
  • Hillion, Christophe. “Anatomy of EU Norm Export Towards the Neighbourhood the Impact of Article 8 TEU”. In Legislative Approximation and Application of EU Law in the Eastern Neighbourhood of the European Union, editors Peter Van Elsuwege and Roman Petrov, 13-20. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Klabbers, Jan. An Introduction to International Organizations Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Kochenov, Dimitry. “The Issue of Values”. In Legislative Approximation and Application of EU Law in the Eastern Neighbourhood of the European Union, editors Peter Van Elsuwege and Roman Petrov, 46-62. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Kochenov, Dimitry. EU Enlargement and the Failure of Conditionality. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2008.
  • Leuffen, Dirk, Berthold Rittberger and Frank Schimmelfennig. Differentiated Integration: Explaining Variation in the European Union. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2013.
  • Lycourgos, Constantinos. L'association avec union douanière: un mode de relations entre la CEE et des Etats tiers. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994.
  • Maurer, Andreas and Max Haerder. “Alternatives to Full Membership of the European Union”. In European Neighbourhood Policy Challenges for the EU Policy Towards the New Neighbours, editors Johannes Varwick and Kai Olaf Lang, 197-216.
  • Opladen and Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2007.
  • Ott, Andrea. “Different Forms of EC Agreements”. In Handbook on European Enlargement, editors Andrea Ott and KirstynInglis, 205-208. La Hey: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002.
  • Phinnemore, David. Association: Stepping-Stone or Alternative to EU Membership. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep. Un exemple d'association à la communauté européenne : le cas de la Turquie, Brussels: Bruylant, 2012.
  • Alkan, Ufuk. “The Modernization of Turkey’s Customs Union with the European Union: Reasons and Possible Outcomes.” College of Europe EU Diplomacy Papers, (09/2017): 1-27.
  • Aydın, Umut. “Promoting Competition: European Union and the Global Competition Order.” Journal of European Integration 34, no 6, (2012): 663–681.
  • Cebeci, Münevver. “A Delicate Process of Participation: the Question of Participation of WEU Associate Members in Decision-making for EU-led Petersberg Operations, with Special Reference to Turkey.” EU-ISS Occasional Paper 10, (November 1999).
  • Cebeci, Münevver. “European Foreign Policy Research Reconsidered: Constructing an 'Ideal Power Europe' through Theory?.” Millennium-Journal of International Studies 40, no 3, (2012): 563-583.
  • Chandler, David. “EU Statebuilding: Securing the Liberal Peace through EU Enlargement.” Global Society 21, no 4, (2007): 593-607.
  • Donno, Daniela and Michael Neureiter. “Can Human Rights Conditionality Reduce Repression? Examining the European Union’s Economic Agreements.” The Review of International Organizations 13, no 3, (2017): 335-357.
  • Eriksen, Erik Oddvar. The EU and the Norwegian Paradox, Oslo: ARENA Centre for European Studies, 2014.
  • Fisher, Rod. A Cultural Dimension to the EU’s External Policies: From Policy Statements to Practice and Potential, Amsterdam: Boekmanstudies and European Cultural Foundation, 2007.
  • Friis, Lykke. “The End of the Beginning of Eastern Enlargement-Luxembourg Summit and Agenda-Setting.” European Integration Online Papers 2, no 7, (1998): 1-16. http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1998-007a.htm.
  • Garcia, Maria and Annick Masselot, “EU-Asia Free Trade Agreements as Tools for Social Norm/Legislation Transfer.” Asia Europe Journal 13, no 3, (2015): 241-252.
  • García, María. “The European Union and Latin America: ‘Transformative Power Europe’ versus the Realities of Economic Interests.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 28, no 4, (2015): 621-640.
  • Gaudissart, Marc-Andre. “Cyprus and the European Union: the Long Road to Accession.” Cyprus Review 8, no 1, (1996): 7-38.
  • Grabbe, Heather. “European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire.” International Political Science Review 23, no 3, (2002): 249-268.
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde and Christian Frommelt. “Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU.” Social Sciences 6, no 4, (2017): 1-17
  • Gstöhl, Sieglinde. “Models of External Differentiation in the EU's Neighbourhood: an Expanding Economic Community?.” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6, (2015): 854–870.
  • Karakaş, Cemal. “EU–Turkey: Integration without Full Membership or Membership without Full Integration? A Conceptual Framework for Accession Alternatives.” Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no 6, (2013): 1057-1073.
  • Kramer, Heinz. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: Economic Integration amidst Political Turmoil.” Mediterranean Politics 1, no 1, (1996): 60-75.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “The External Face of Differentiated Integration: Third Country Participation in EU Sectoral Bodies.” Journal of European Public Policy 22, no 6, (2015): 836-853.
  • March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen, “The Logic of Appropriateness”, Arena Working Papers, WP 04/09, (2004): 1-28.
  • Maur, Jean-Christophe "Exporting Europe's Trade Policy." World Economy 28, no 11, (2005): 1565-1590.
  • Mckenzie, Lachlan and Katharina L. Meissner. “Human Rights Conditionality in European Union Trade Negotiations: the Case of the EU–Singapore FTA.” Journal of Common Market Studies 55, no 4, (2017): 832-849.
  • Merlingen, Michael. “Everything Is Dangerous: A Critique of Normative Power Europe.” Security Dialogue 38, no 4, (2007): 435-453
  • Neuwahl, Nanette. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: a Balance, but No Equilibrium.” European Foreign Affairs Review 4, no 1, (1999): 37-62.
  • Onar, Nora Fisher and Kalypso Nicolaïdis. “The Decentring Agenda: Europe as a Post-colonial Power.” Cooperation and Conflict 48, no 2, (2013): 283-303.
  • Pace, Michelle and Roberto Roccu. “Imperial Pasts in the EU’s Approach to the Mediterranean.” International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 22, no 6, (2020): 671-685.
  • Peers, Steve. “Living in Sin: Legal Integration Under the EC-Turkey Customs Union.” European Journal of International Law 7, no 3, (1996): 411-430.
  • Petrov, Roman and Peter Van Elsuwege. “Article 8 TEU: Towards a New Generation of Agreements with the Neighbouring Countries of the European Union.” European Law Review 36, no 5, (2017): 688-703.
  • Pinder, John. “The Community and the Developing Countries: Associates and Outsiders.” Journal of Common Market Studies 12, no 1, (1973): 53-77.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep. “The EU-Turkey Customs Union: from a Transitional to a Definitive Framework?.” Legal Issues of Economic Integration 42, no 1, (2015): 31-56.
  • Prickartz, Anne-Carlijn and Isabel Staudinger. “Policy vs Practice: the Use, Implementation and Enforcement of Human Rights Clauses in the European Union’s International Trade Agreements.” Europe and the World: A Law Review 3, no 1, (2019): 1-23.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 40, no 4, (2004): 661-679.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier. “The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: the External Incentives Model Revisited,” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no 6, (2020): 814-833.
  • Tsardanidis, Charalambos. “The EC-Cyprus Association Agreement: Ten Years of a Troubled Relationship, 1973-1983.” Journal of Common Market Studies 22, no 4, (1984): 351-376.
  • Tyushka, Andriy. “Association through Approximation: Procedural Law and Politics of Legislative and Regulatory Approximation in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement.” Baltic Journal of European Studies 5, no 1, (2015): 56-72.
  • Ülgen, Sinan. Avoiding a Divorce: a Virtual EU Membership for Turkey, Brussels: Carnegie Europe, 2012.
  • Wilson, Andrew and Nicu Popescu. “Russian and European Neighbourhood Policies Compared.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 9, no 3, (2009): 317-331.
  • Wolczuk, Kataryna, Laure Delcour, Rilka Dragneva, Klaudijus Maniokas and Darius Žeruolis. “The Association Agreements as a Dynamic Framework: between Modernization and Integration.” EU-STRAT Working Paper 6, (September 2017).
  • Youngs, Richard. “Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU’s External Identity.” Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no 2, (2004): 415-435.
  • Additional Protocol and Financial Protocol of 23 November 1970, Annexed to the Agreement Establishing the Association Between the European Economic Community and Turkey and on Measures to be Taken for Their Entry into Force, Official Journal of the European Union, L 293, December 29, 1972.
  • Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Economic Community and Greece of 9 July 1961, Official Journal of the European Union, L 293/63, February 18, 1963.
  • Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Economic Community and Turkey of 12 September 1963, Official Journal of the European Union, L 361/1, December 29, 1964.
  • Agreement Establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other of 29 June 2012, Official Journal of the European Union, L 346, December 15, 2012.
  • Agreement on the European Economic Area of 2 May 1992, Official Journal of the European Union, L 1, January 3, 1994.
  • Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part of 27 June 2014, Official Journal of the European Union, L 161/3, May 29, 2014.
  • Case 12/86. Meryem Demirel v Stadt SchwäbischGmünd. (1987), ECLI:EU:C:1987:400.
  • Case 181/73. R. & V. Haegeman v Belgian State. (1974), ECLI:EU:C:1974:41.
  • Case C-192/89. S. Z. Sevince v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie. (1990), ECLI:EU:C:1990:322.
  • EC-Turkey Association Council. “Decision 1/95 of 22 December 1995 on Implementing the Final Phase of the Customs Union (96/142/EC).” Official Journal of the European Union, L 035, February 13, 1996.
  • EC-Turkey Association Council. “Resolution of 6 March 1995”, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/AB_Iliskileri/okk_tur.pdf.
  • EFTA Secretariat. “Decision Shaping in the European Economic Area.” EFTA Bulletin, (March 2009).
  • Emerson, Michael and Tinatin Akhvlediani. Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia European Implementation Assessment (update). Study for the EPRS, PE 642.820, Ex-Post Evaluation Unit, Brussels, April 2020.
  • Europe Agreement Establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Hungary, of the other part of 16 December 1991, Official Journal of the European Union, L 347, December 31, 1993.
  • European Commission. “Europe and the Challenge of Enlargement.” Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 3/92, June 24, 1992.
  • European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a European Agenda for Culture in a Globalizing World. COM(2007) 242 final, Brussels, May 10, 2007.
  • European Commission. Communication from the Commission-Free Trade Areas: An Appraisal. SEC (95) 322 final, Brussels, March 8, 1995.
  • European Commission. Completing the Internal Market: White Paper from the Commission to the European Council (Milan, 28-29 June 1985). Brussels, COM (1985) 310 final, June 14, 1986.
  • European Council. Copenhagen Presidency Conclusions. Enlargement, June 22, 1993.
  • European Parliament, Klaus Hansch (rapporteur). Report of the Committee on Institutional Affairs on the Structure and Strategy for the European Union with regard to Its Enlargement and the Creation of a Europewide Order. A3- 0 189/92, Brussels, May 21, 1992.
  • European Parliament, M. Willi Birkelbach (rapporteur). Rapport Fait Au Nom de la Commission Politique sur les Aspects Politiques et Institutionnels de l'Adhésion ou de l'Association à la Communauté. ISBN 2837/2/62/2, Brussels, December 19, 1961.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 4 September 2008 on the Evaluation of EU Sanctions as Part of the EU's Actions and Policies in the Area of Human Rights.” Official Journal of the European Union, CE 295, December 4, 2009.
  • European Union. “Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union of 13 December 2007.” Official Journal of the European Union, C115, Lisbon Treaty, May 9, 2008.
  • European Union. Treaty Establishing the European Community (Consolidated Version), Rome Treaty, March 25, 1957. https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf.
  • Non-paper of the Commission Services, Feedback and Way forward on Improving the Implementation and Enforcement of Trade and Sustainable Development Chapters in EU Free Trade Agreements, February 26, 2018. https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/february/tradoc_156618.pdf.
  • Opinion 1/91.Opinion Delivered pursuant to the Second Subparagraph of Article 228(1) of the Treaty. (1991), ECLI:EU:C:1991:490.
  • Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part of 23 June 2000, Official Journal of the European Union, L 317, December 15, 2000. Report of the Senior Officials Working Group on the Update of the EU-Turkey Customs Union and Trade Relations, April 27, 2015. https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/march/tradoc_154367.pdf
  • Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part of 9 April 2001, Official Journal of the European Union, L 84, March 20, 2004.
  • Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Serbia, of the other part of 29 April 2008, Official Journal of the European Union, L 278, October 18, 2013.
  • Van Elsuwege, Peter and Merijn Chamon. The Meaning of 'Association' under EU Law: A Study on the Law and Practice of EU Association Agreements. Study for the AFCO Committee, PE 608.861, Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union, Brussels, February 2019.
  • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations Treaty Series, 1155, May 23, 1969.
  • Borrell, Josep. “Embracing Europe’s Power.” Project Syndicate, February 8, 2020. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/embracing-europe-s-power-byjosep-borrell-2020-02?barrier=accesspaylog
  • Cooper, Charlie. “Whisper it … an EU-UK Deal is there to be done.” POLITICO, March 4, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/brexit-trade-deal-whisper-it-aneu-uk-deal-is-there-to-be-done/.
  • Duff, Andrew. “The Case for an Associate Membership of the European Union.” European Politics and Policy Blog, March 6, 2013. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/03/06/associate-eu-membership/
  • Kohler, Manfred. “New Membership Forms Solve EU Challenges.” EURACTIV, February 13, 2020. https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/opinion/new-membershipforms-solve-eu-challenges/.
  • Stout, Brian. “It’s Africa’s Turn to Leave the European Union.” Foreign Policy, February 10, 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/10/african-unioneuropean-union-trade/
  • Official. Delegation of the European Union to Georgia, interview via Webex, 8 April 2020.
  • Official. DG Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations, European Commission, interview via Skype, April 24, 2020.
  • Phinnemore, David. Professor of European Politics at the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences of Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland, interview via Skype, April 24, 2020.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. Professor at ETH Zürich Center for Comparative and International Studies, interview via email, April 1, 2020.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ufuk Alkan Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8335-0804

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Alkan, Ufuk. “ASSOCIATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE ASYMMETRY QUESTION”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 19, sy. 2 (Mart 2021): 365-400. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886112.