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Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi ve Popülist Radikal Sağ Partilerin Avrupa Siyasetinde Artan Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 161 - 193, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995924

Öz

Bu makalede göçün güvenlikleştirilmesinin popülist radikal sağ partiler için 2015 ‘göç krizi’ sonrası temel bağlayıcı unsur olarak rolü ve bu partilerin özellikle 2019 Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimlerinde giderek artan etkileri incelenmektedir. Makalede ilk olarak Soğuk Savaş sonrası ortaya çıkan yeni güvenlik tehditleri, sonrasında, populist radikal sağ partilerin bu güvenlikleştirilme sürecindeki rolü ve
Avrupa siyasetinde artan etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Göçün güvenlikleştirilmesi analizi, National Rally (NR), League ve Alternative for Germany (AfD) gibi popülist radikal sağ partilerin 2019’da son Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimleri öncesi liderlerinin siyasi söylemleri, kampanya süreçleri ve performanslarının karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılarak incelenmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Angelescu, Irina, “All New Migration Debates Commence in Rome: New Developments in the Securitization of Migration in the EU,” Across Fading Borders: The Challenges of East-West Migration in the EU, (2008). www.eumap.org.
  • Balzacq, Thierry, “A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions, and Variants,” in Securitization Theory. How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, ed. Thierry Balzacq (New York: Routledge Pub., 2011).
  • Baysal, Başar, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası Iliskiler 17, no 67(2020): 3-20.
  • Beyer, Susanne and Jan Fleischhauer, “The Immigration of Muslims Will Change Our Culture,” Spiegel Online (2016). Retrieved on 12 November 2019. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-with-frauke-petry.
  • Bigo, Didier, “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives 27 (2002): 63-92.
  • Bigo, Didier and Anastassia Tsoukala, “Terror, Insecurity and Liberty. Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11” in Understanding (In)Security, eds. Bigo and Tsoukala (Routledge Pub., 2008).
  • Brunazzo, Marco and Mark Gilbert, “Insurgents against Brussels: Euroscepticism and the Right-Wing Populist Turn of the Lega Nord since 2013,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 22, no 5 (2017): 624-41, Retrieved on 11 January 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2017.1389524.
  • Butini, Cecilia. 2019. “There’s No End in Sight for Matteo Salvini’s War on Migrants,” Foreign Policy. Retrieved on 21 August 2019.https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/21/theres-no-end-in-sight-for-matteosalvinis-war-on-migrants-league-liga-open-arms-rescue-ships-meditteraneanlibya/.
  • Buzan, BarryOle Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Pub., 1998).
  • Camescasse, Mathieu, “Populism in France: 2014 European Elections at Stake?, ” Institute of European Democrats (2014). Retrieved on 18 November 2020:https://www.iedonline.eu/download/2014/bratislava/IED-2014-Populism-in-France-2014-European-elections-at-stake-Mathieu-Camescasse.pdf
  • Caponio, Tiziana and Teresa M. Cappiali, “Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered,” South European Society and Politics 23, no 1 (2018): 115-32.
  • Colombo, Monica, “The Representation of the `European Refugee Crisis’ in Italy: Domopolitics, Securitization, and Humanitarian Communication in Political and Media Discourses,” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16, no 1-2 (2018): 161-78.
  • Cooper, Luke, Roch Dunin-Wąsowicz, and Niccolò Milanese. 2019. “The Dawn of a Europe of Many Visions: What the European Election Manifestos Tell Us About the Conflict, Paralysis and Progress Ahead,” European Alternatives. Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://euroalter.com/the-dawn-of-a-europe-ofmany-visions-an-accessible-guide-to-the-european-party-manifestos/. der Spiegel, “Interview with Marine Le Pen,” (July 2019). Retrieved on 7 September 2019: www.spiegel.de.
  • Deutsche Welle, “Far-Right Parties Form New Group in EP,” (14 June 2019). Retrieved on 12 September 2019: https://euobserver.com/institutional/143963.
  • Eger, Maureenand Sarah Valdez, “From Radical Right to Neo-Nationalist,” European Political Science 18 (2019): 379–99, Retrieved on: 14 May 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0160-0.
  • Euractive, 2019, 16 April. “Le Pen’s Rassemblement National Revises Stance Towards EU and the Euro,” Retrieved on 18 November 2019: https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/le-pensrassemblement-national-makes-its-ties-to-the-eu-and-the-euro-official/.
  • Euronews, “France Debates Immigration after Macron Says Country Shouldn’t be ‘Too Attractive’ to Migrants,” (9 October 2019). Retrieved on 18 November 2019: https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/08/france-debates-immigrationafter-macron-says-country-shouldn-t-be-too-attractive-to-migran.
  • Fella, Stefano and Carlo Ruzza, “Populism and the Fall of the Centre-Right in Italy: The End of the Berlusconi Model or a New Beginning?,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 21, no 1 (2013) : 38-52.
  • Ferreira, Susana. 2018. “From Narratives to Perceptions in the Securitisation of the Migratory Crisis in Europe,” E-International Relations, Retrieved on 23 November 2020, https://www.e-ir.info/2018/09/03/from-narratives-toperceptions-in-the-securitisation-of-the-migratory-crisis-in-europe/.
  • “French Elections: Marine Le Pen Vows to Suspend Immigration to Protect France,” Independent, 18 April 2017, Retrieved on 15 December 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-elections-latest-marine-le-pen-immigration-suspend-protect-france-borders-front-national-fn-a7689326.html
  • Frymark, K., “The European elections in Germany: the Greens move ahead of the SPD,” Center for Eastern Studies (2019) https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ analyses/2019-05-28/europeanelections-germany-greens-move-ahead-spd.
  • Givens, Terri E., Voting Radical Right in Western Europe, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
  • Global Risk Insights, “Italy after the EP Elections: The Populists Prevail, ” (14 June 2019). Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://globalriskinsights.com/2019/06/italy-after-the-european-parliamentelections-the-populists-prevail/.
  • Grimm, Robert, “The Rise of the German Eurosceptic Party Alternative für Deutschland between Ordoliberal Critique and Popular Anxiety,” International Political Science Review 36, no 3 (2015): 264-265. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115575384.
  • Huysmans, Jef, The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU, (New International Relations Series(London, UK: Routledge Pub, 2006).
  • Huysmans, Jef , “The EU and the Securitization of Migration,” Journal of Common Market Studies 38, no.5 (2000): 751-777.
  • Huysmans, Jef, “Migrants as a Security Problem: Dangers of ‘Securitizing’ Societal Issues,” in Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion, eds. Robert Miles and Dietrich (Thraenhart. London: Pinter, 1995), 53–72.
  • Ivaldi, Gilles, Maria Elisabetta Lanzone and Dwayne Woods. 2017. “Varieties of Populism across a Left-Right Spectrum: The Case of the Front National, the Northern League, Podemos and Five Star Movement,” Swiss Political Science Review 23, no.4. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12278.
  • Janssen, Thilo, “A Love-Hate Relationship Far-Right Parties and The European Union, ” Brussels: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (2016).
  • Jaskulowski, Krzysztof, “The Securitisation of Migration: Its Limits and Consequences,” International Political Science Review 40, no5 (2019): 710-720.
  • Jegić, D. 2018. “Germany’s Far Right AfD Exploits Passivity and Resentment to Enter the Mainstream,” Mint Press News, (03 October 2018) Retrieved on 17 November 2019: https://www. mintpressnews.com/germanys-far-right-afdexploits-passivity-andresentment-to-enter-the-mainstream/250230/.
  • Karamanidou, Lena, “The Securitisation of European Migration Policies: Perceptions of Threat and Management of Risk,” in The Securitisation of Migration in the EU, eds. G. Lazaridis, et al. (Palgrave Pub., 2015), 37-61.
  • Kaya, Ayhan and Ayşe Tecmen, “Europe versus Islam? Right-wing Populist Discourse and the Construction of a Civilizational Identity,” The Review of Faith and International Relations 17, no1 (2019): 49-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759.
  • Larkin, C. , “Right-Wing Populist Parties in Europe: The Rise of Alternative für Deutschland and its Relations to Front National in France,” University of Arizona. (March 3 2017). Retrieved on 19 September 2019. http://eucenter.scrippscollege.edu/wp-content/uploads/files/ 2017/03/ClaireLarkin.pdf.
  • Lees, C., “The Alternative for Germany: The rise of right-wing populism in the heart of Europe,” Politics 38, no 3 (2018): 295-310.
  • McDonald, Matt, “Securitization and the Construction of Security,” European Journal of International Relations 14, no.4 (2008) : 576, Retrieved on 18 September 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108097553.
  • Middleton, Ashley, “Populist Radical Right Parties and The Securitisation of Migration in France,” SIT Digital Collections (2016). Retrieved on 24 November 2020: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3438&context=isp_collection.
  • Moschella, Manuela and Martin Rhodes, “Introduction,” Contemporary Italian Politics 12, no.2 (2020): 112-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2020.1743472.
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Far Right May Not Have Cleaned Up, But Its Influence Now Dominates Europe,” The Guardian (28 May 2019a). Retrieved on 12 September 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/28/far-right-europeanelections-eu-politics.
  • Mudde, Cas, “Why Copying the Populist Right isn’t Going to Save the Left,” The Guardian, (1 June 2019b). Retrieved on: 29 July 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/may/14/why-copying-the-populistright-isnt-going-to-save-the-left.
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Far-Right and the European Elections,” (2014), Retrieved on: 19 October 2020: http://www.unitedagainstracism.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/CasMudde-Euro-elections-2014_CH-article.pdf.
  • Mudde, Cas, “Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What?,” European Journal of Political Research 52, no 1 (2013): 1-19
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy,” West European Politics 33, no 6 (2010): 1167-86.
  • Mudde, Cas, Populist Radical Right Parties, (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
  • Novelli, Edoardo and Bengt Johansson, “2019 European Elections Campaign: Images, Topics, Media in the 28 Member States,” Publications Office of the European Union (9 July 2019). Retrieved on 23 September 2019: www.electionsmonitoringcenter.eu.
  • Öner, Selcen, “ Europe of Populist Radical Right and the Case of Lega of Salvini: Pioneer of a ‘Parochial Europe’?,” European Politics and Society (2020). Retrieved on 27 November 2020. doi: 10.1080/23745118.2020.1842700.
  • Özerim, Mehmet Gökay, “European Radical Right Parties as Actors in Securitization of Migration,” International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering 7, no: 8 (2013): 2196-2200.
  • Piser, Karina, “How Marine Le Pen is Making a Comeback, One French Village at a Time,” Foreign Policy (2019), Retrieved on: 27 June 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/24/marine-le-pen-national-rally-francelocal-elections/.
  • Rohac, Dalibor, Edit Zgut, and Lóránt Győri, “Populism in Europe and its Russian Love Affair,” American Enterprise Institute (2017). https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/populism-in-europe-and-itsrussian-love-affair/.
  • Salter, M. B., “When Securitisation Fails : The Hard Case of Counter Terrorism Programs,” in, Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, ed. Balzacq, T., (Routledge Pub., 2011): 116-130.
  • Salvini, Matteo, Debates at the EP, “Fight against Illegal Immigration and Human Trafficking in the Mediterranean,” (25 October 2017). Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-8-2017-10-25-INT-3-334-0000_IT.html.
  • Sarkar, Bhaswati, “The Right Matters in European Politics, ” in Challenges in Europe, ed. Gulshan Sachdeva (Singapore: Springer, 2019): 147-180.
  • Sterphone, J., “Mut zu Deutschland! On the Populist Nationalism of the Alternative für Deutschland,” in Populist Nationalism in Europe and the Americas, eds. Fernando Lopez-Alves and Diane E. Johnson (New York: Routledge Pub., 2018): 99-115.
  • Stivachtis, Yannis A., “Civilization and International Society: The Case of European Union Expansion,” Contemporary Politics 14, no.1 (2008): 71-89.
  • Time, 2018, 13 September. “We Want to Change Things from Within’: Italy’s Matteo Salvini on His Goal to Reshape Europe,” Retrieved on 15 May 2019. https://time.com/5394207/matteo-salvini-time-interview-transcript-full/.
  • Waever, Ole, “Securitization and Desecuritization,” in On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipschutz, (Columbia University Press. 1995), 46-87.
  • Wallis, Emma, “What the European Parliament Election Results Could Mean for Migration, ” Features, 29 May2019, Retrieved on 07 July 2019: https://www.infomigrants.net/en/author/emma%20wallis/.

SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION AND THE RISING INFLUENCE OF POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPEAN POLITICS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 161 - 193, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995924

Öz

This article addresses the role of securitization of migration as the main binding factor for the populist radical right parties after the so-called ‘migration crisis’ and their increasing influence in the 2019 European Parliament elections. Firstly the formation of new security threats after the end of the Cold War is analysed. Secondly, the role of populist radical right parties in securitization of
migration and their rising influence in European politics are discussed. This claim is supported by a comparative analysis of three populist radical right parties: National Rally (NR), the League, and the Alternative for Germany (AfD) by focusing on the rhetoric used by their leaders, their electoral campaigns and performance in the last European elections in 2019.

Kaynakça

  • Angelescu, Irina, “All New Migration Debates Commence in Rome: New Developments in the Securitization of Migration in the EU,” Across Fading Borders: The Challenges of East-West Migration in the EU, (2008). www.eumap.org.
  • Balzacq, Thierry, “A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions, and Variants,” in Securitization Theory. How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, ed. Thierry Balzacq (New York: Routledge Pub., 2011).
  • Baysal, Başar, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası Iliskiler 17, no 67(2020): 3-20.
  • Beyer, Susanne and Jan Fleischhauer, “The Immigration of Muslims Will Change Our Culture,” Spiegel Online (2016). Retrieved on 12 November 2019. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-with-frauke-petry.
  • Bigo, Didier, “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives 27 (2002): 63-92.
  • Bigo, Didier and Anastassia Tsoukala, “Terror, Insecurity and Liberty. Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11” in Understanding (In)Security, eds. Bigo and Tsoukala (Routledge Pub., 2008).
  • Brunazzo, Marco and Mark Gilbert, “Insurgents against Brussels: Euroscepticism and the Right-Wing Populist Turn of the Lega Nord since 2013,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 22, no 5 (2017): 624-41, Retrieved on 11 January 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2017.1389524.
  • Butini, Cecilia. 2019. “There’s No End in Sight for Matteo Salvini’s War on Migrants,” Foreign Policy. Retrieved on 21 August 2019.https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/21/theres-no-end-in-sight-for-matteosalvinis-war-on-migrants-league-liga-open-arms-rescue-ships-meditteraneanlibya/.
  • Buzan, BarryOle Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Pub., 1998).
  • Camescasse, Mathieu, “Populism in France: 2014 European Elections at Stake?, ” Institute of European Democrats (2014). Retrieved on 18 November 2020:https://www.iedonline.eu/download/2014/bratislava/IED-2014-Populism-in-France-2014-European-elections-at-stake-Mathieu-Camescasse.pdf
  • Caponio, Tiziana and Teresa M. Cappiali, “Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered,” South European Society and Politics 23, no 1 (2018): 115-32.
  • Colombo, Monica, “The Representation of the `European Refugee Crisis’ in Italy: Domopolitics, Securitization, and Humanitarian Communication in Political and Media Discourses,” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16, no 1-2 (2018): 161-78.
  • Cooper, Luke, Roch Dunin-Wąsowicz, and Niccolò Milanese. 2019. “The Dawn of a Europe of Many Visions: What the European Election Manifestos Tell Us About the Conflict, Paralysis and Progress Ahead,” European Alternatives. Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://euroalter.com/the-dawn-of-a-europe-ofmany-visions-an-accessible-guide-to-the-european-party-manifestos/. der Spiegel, “Interview with Marine Le Pen,” (July 2019). Retrieved on 7 September 2019: www.spiegel.de.
  • Deutsche Welle, “Far-Right Parties Form New Group in EP,” (14 June 2019). Retrieved on 12 September 2019: https://euobserver.com/institutional/143963.
  • Eger, Maureenand Sarah Valdez, “From Radical Right to Neo-Nationalist,” European Political Science 18 (2019): 379–99, Retrieved on: 14 May 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0160-0.
  • Euractive, 2019, 16 April. “Le Pen’s Rassemblement National Revises Stance Towards EU and the Euro,” Retrieved on 18 November 2019: https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/le-pensrassemblement-national-makes-its-ties-to-the-eu-and-the-euro-official/.
  • Euronews, “France Debates Immigration after Macron Says Country Shouldn’t be ‘Too Attractive’ to Migrants,” (9 October 2019). Retrieved on 18 November 2019: https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/08/france-debates-immigrationafter-macron-says-country-shouldn-t-be-too-attractive-to-migran.
  • Fella, Stefano and Carlo Ruzza, “Populism and the Fall of the Centre-Right in Italy: The End of the Berlusconi Model or a New Beginning?,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 21, no 1 (2013) : 38-52.
  • Ferreira, Susana. 2018. “From Narratives to Perceptions in the Securitisation of the Migratory Crisis in Europe,” E-International Relations, Retrieved on 23 November 2020, https://www.e-ir.info/2018/09/03/from-narratives-toperceptions-in-the-securitisation-of-the-migratory-crisis-in-europe/.
  • “French Elections: Marine Le Pen Vows to Suspend Immigration to Protect France,” Independent, 18 April 2017, Retrieved on 15 December 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-elections-latest-marine-le-pen-immigration-suspend-protect-france-borders-front-national-fn-a7689326.html
  • Frymark, K., “The European elections in Germany: the Greens move ahead of the SPD,” Center for Eastern Studies (2019) https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ analyses/2019-05-28/europeanelections-germany-greens-move-ahead-spd.
  • Givens, Terri E., Voting Radical Right in Western Europe, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
  • Global Risk Insights, “Italy after the EP Elections: The Populists Prevail, ” (14 June 2019). Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://globalriskinsights.com/2019/06/italy-after-the-european-parliamentelections-the-populists-prevail/.
  • Grimm, Robert, “The Rise of the German Eurosceptic Party Alternative für Deutschland between Ordoliberal Critique and Popular Anxiety,” International Political Science Review 36, no 3 (2015): 264-265. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115575384.
  • Huysmans, Jef, The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU, (New International Relations Series(London, UK: Routledge Pub, 2006).
  • Huysmans, Jef , “The EU and the Securitization of Migration,” Journal of Common Market Studies 38, no.5 (2000): 751-777.
  • Huysmans, Jef, “Migrants as a Security Problem: Dangers of ‘Securitizing’ Societal Issues,” in Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion, eds. Robert Miles and Dietrich (Thraenhart. London: Pinter, 1995), 53–72.
  • Ivaldi, Gilles, Maria Elisabetta Lanzone and Dwayne Woods. 2017. “Varieties of Populism across a Left-Right Spectrum: The Case of the Front National, the Northern League, Podemos and Five Star Movement,” Swiss Political Science Review 23, no.4. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12278.
  • Janssen, Thilo, “A Love-Hate Relationship Far-Right Parties and The European Union, ” Brussels: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (2016).
  • Jaskulowski, Krzysztof, “The Securitisation of Migration: Its Limits and Consequences,” International Political Science Review 40, no5 (2019): 710-720.
  • Jegić, D. 2018. “Germany’s Far Right AfD Exploits Passivity and Resentment to Enter the Mainstream,” Mint Press News, (03 October 2018) Retrieved on 17 November 2019: https://www. mintpressnews.com/germanys-far-right-afdexploits-passivity-andresentment-to-enter-the-mainstream/250230/.
  • Karamanidou, Lena, “The Securitisation of European Migration Policies: Perceptions of Threat and Management of Risk,” in The Securitisation of Migration in the EU, eds. G. Lazaridis, et al. (Palgrave Pub., 2015), 37-61.
  • Kaya, Ayhan and Ayşe Tecmen, “Europe versus Islam? Right-wing Populist Discourse and the Construction of a Civilizational Identity,” The Review of Faith and International Relations 17, no1 (2019): 49-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759.
  • Larkin, C. , “Right-Wing Populist Parties in Europe: The Rise of Alternative für Deutschland and its Relations to Front National in France,” University of Arizona. (March 3 2017). Retrieved on 19 September 2019. http://eucenter.scrippscollege.edu/wp-content/uploads/files/ 2017/03/ClaireLarkin.pdf.
  • Lees, C., “The Alternative for Germany: The rise of right-wing populism in the heart of Europe,” Politics 38, no 3 (2018): 295-310.
  • McDonald, Matt, “Securitization and the Construction of Security,” European Journal of International Relations 14, no.4 (2008) : 576, Retrieved on 18 September 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108097553.
  • Middleton, Ashley, “Populist Radical Right Parties and The Securitisation of Migration in France,” SIT Digital Collections (2016). Retrieved on 24 November 2020: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3438&context=isp_collection.
  • Moschella, Manuela and Martin Rhodes, “Introduction,” Contemporary Italian Politics 12, no.2 (2020): 112-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2020.1743472.
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Far Right May Not Have Cleaned Up, But Its Influence Now Dominates Europe,” The Guardian (28 May 2019a). Retrieved on 12 September 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/28/far-right-europeanelections-eu-politics.
  • Mudde, Cas, “Why Copying the Populist Right isn’t Going to Save the Left,” The Guardian, (1 June 2019b). Retrieved on: 29 July 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/may/14/why-copying-the-populistright-isnt-going-to-save-the-left.
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Far-Right and the European Elections,” (2014), Retrieved on: 19 October 2020: http://www.unitedagainstracism.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/CasMudde-Euro-elections-2014_CH-article.pdf.
  • Mudde, Cas, “Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What?,” European Journal of Political Research 52, no 1 (2013): 1-19
  • Mudde, Cas, “The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy,” West European Politics 33, no 6 (2010): 1167-86.
  • Mudde, Cas, Populist Radical Right Parties, (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
  • Novelli, Edoardo and Bengt Johansson, “2019 European Elections Campaign: Images, Topics, Media in the 28 Member States,” Publications Office of the European Union (9 July 2019). Retrieved on 23 September 2019: www.electionsmonitoringcenter.eu.
  • Öner, Selcen, “ Europe of Populist Radical Right and the Case of Lega of Salvini: Pioneer of a ‘Parochial Europe’?,” European Politics and Society (2020). Retrieved on 27 November 2020. doi: 10.1080/23745118.2020.1842700.
  • Özerim, Mehmet Gökay, “European Radical Right Parties as Actors in Securitization of Migration,” International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering 7, no: 8 (2013): 2196-2200.
  • Piser, Karina, “How Marine Le Pen is Making a Comeback, One French Village at a Time,” Foreign Policy (2019), Retrieved on: 27 June 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/24/marine-le-pen-national-rally-francelocal-elections/.
  • Rohac, Dalibor, Edit Zgut, and Lóránt Győri, “Populism in Europe and its Russian Love Affair,” American Enterprise Institute (2017). https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/populism-in-europe-and-itsrussian-love-affair/.
  • Salter, M. B., “When Securitisation Fails : The Hard Case of Counter Terrorism Programs,” in, Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, ed. Balzacq, T., (Routledge Pub., 2011): 116-130.
  • Salvini, Matteo, Debates at the EP, “Fight against Illegal Immigration and Human Trafficking in the Mediterranean,” (25 October 2017). Retrieved on 30 January 2020: https://europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-8-2017-10-25-INT-3-334-0000_IT.html.
  • Sarkar, Bhaswati, “The Right Matters in European Politics, ” in Challenges in Europe, ed. Gulshan Sachdeva (Singapore: Springer, 2019): 147-180.
  • Sterphone, J., “Mut zu Deutschland! On the Populist Nationalism of the Alternative für Deutschland,” in Populist Nationalism in Europe and the Americas, eds. Fernando Lopez-Alves and Diane E. Johnson (New York: Routledge Pub., 2018): 99-115.
  • Stivachtis, Yannis A., “Civilization and International Society: The Case of European Union Expansion,” Contemporary Politics 14, no.1 (2008): 71-89.
  • Time, 2018, 13 September. “We Want to Change Things from Within’: Italy’s Matteo Salvini on His Goal to Reshape Europe,” Retrieved on 15 May 2019. https://time.com/5394207/matteo-salvini-time-interview-transcript-full/.
  • Waever, Ole, “Securitization and Desecuritization,” in On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipschutz, (Columbia University Press. 1995), 46-87.
  • Wallis, Emma, “What the European Parliament Election Results Could Mean for Migration, ” Features, 29 May2019, Retrieved on 07 July 2019: https://www.infomigrants.net/en/author/emma%20wallis/.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özgür Ünal Eriş Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0947-6761

Selcen Öner Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6276-7221

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ünal Eriş, Özgür, ve Selcen Öner. “SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION AND THE RISING INFLUENCE OF POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPEAN POLITICS”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, sy. 1 (Eylül 2021): 161-93. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995924.