Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ: TEMEL STRATEJİLER VE YAKLAŞIMLAR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 1 - 42, 05.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148588

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), 1990’lardan beri demokrasi teşviki gündemine sahip bir uluslararası aktör olarak evrilmiştir. AB; demokrasi teşvikini genişleme ve komşuluk politikaları başta olmak üzere, üçüncü ülkelere Birlik normlarının, değerlerinin, kurallarının ve standartlarının aktarılması çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Çalışmada Türkçe literatürde konuya ilişkin kavramsal ve kuramsal çalışma eksikliğinden hareket edilmektedir. Bir dış politika olgusu olarak demokrasi teşviki kavramının içeriği, araçları, yöntemleri ve yaklaşımları ile dış aktörlerin diğer devletlerin demokratikleşme süreçlerini etkileme nedenleri ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, AB’nin demokrasi teşvikinde kullandığı modeller demokrasiyi hangi araç ve mekanizmalarla teşvik ettiği ile incelenmektedir. Böylelikle, demokratikleşme ve Avrupalılaşma literatüründen beslenerek AB’nin demokrasi teşviki üzerine Türkçe literatüre katkıda bulunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdibaitova-Pala, Burulkan. “Demokratikleştirme Bağlamında Kırgızistan-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri.” içinde Bağımsızlığının 30. Yılında Kırgız Cumhuriyeti: Dış Politika ve Uluslararası İlişkiler, editörler Burulkan Abdibaitova-Pala, Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 2021.
  • Akgül Durakçay, Fulya ve Asiye Gün Güneş Gülal. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Doğu Komşularına Yönelik Yaklaşımında Demokrasi Teşviki.” Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, no 3 (2018): 289-310. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 9. 2022, doi: 10.30784/epfad.489242.
  • Akgül Durakçay, Fulya ve Özge Bozkaya. “Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası’nda Demokrasi Teşviki: Ermenistan Örneği ve İç Dinamiklerin Değerlendirilmesi.” İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 6, no 2 (2019): 223-247. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 9, 2022. doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.486612.
  • Alihodžić, Sead. “The Mechanics of Democracy Promotion Tools: Bridging the Knowledge-To-Practice Gap.” Development in Practice 26, no 4 (2016): 431-443. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2016.1162767.
  • Avery, Graham. “EU Expansion and Wider Europe.” içinde The European Union: How Does It Work, editörler Daniel Kenealy, John Peterson ve Richard Corbett, 163-186. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Balkır, Canan ve Diğdem Soyaltın. Avrupalılaşma: Tarih, Kavram, Kuram ve Türkiye Uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Baracani, Elena. “US and EU Strategies for Promoting Democracy.” içinde The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe’s Role in the World, editör Federiga Bindi, 320-335. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Beichelt, Timm. “The Research Field of Democracy Promotion.” Living Reviews in Democracy, (2012): 1-13. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 14, 2022. https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/cis-dam/CIS_DAM_2015/WorkingPapers/Living_Reviews_Democracy/Beichelt.pdf.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Bidzina Lebanidze. “‘The Transformative Power of Europe’ beyond Enlargement: the EU’s Performance in Promoting Democracy in Its Neighbourhood.” East European Politics 33, no 1 (2017): 17-35. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1280473.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse. “One Size Fits All! EU Policies for the Promotion of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law.” Center for Development, Democracy, and the Rule of Law’un çalıştayında sunulan tebliğ, Stanford University, Ekim 4-5, 2004.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Vera van Hüllen. “One Voice, One Message, But Conflicting Goals: Cohesiveness and Consistency in the European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 21, no 7 (2014): 1033-1049. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2014.912147.
  • Börzel, Tanja A., Yasemin Pamuk ve Andreas Stahn. “Democracy or Stability? EU and US Engagement in the Southern Caucasus.” içinde Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, editörler Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse ve Michael A. McFaul, 150-184. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Bridoux, Jeff ve Milja Kurki. “Cosmetic Agreements and the Cracks Beneath: Ideological Convergences and Divergences in US and EU Democracy Promotion in Civil Society.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 28, no 1 (2015): 55-74. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2014.902653.
  • Brinks, Daniel ve Michael Coppedge. “Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 39, no 4 (2006): 463-489. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 24, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0010414005276666.
  • Burlyuk, Olga ve Natalia Shapovalova. “‘Veni, Vidi, … Vici?’ EU Performance and Two Faces of Conditionality towards Ukraine.” East European Politics 33, no 1 (2017): 36-55. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1280470.
  • Carbone, Maurizio. “The European Union, Good Governance and Aid Co-ordination.” Third World Quarterly 31, no 1 (2010), 13-29. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25677753.pdf.
  • Carothers, Thomas. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?.” Journal of Democracy 20, no 1 (2009): 5-19. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Carothers-20-1.pdf.
  • Chalmers, Douglas A. “Internationalized Domestic Politics in Latin America the Institutional Role of Internationally Based Actors.” 1993, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 12, 2021. http://www.columbia.edu/~chalmers/IntDomPol.htm.
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization 59, no 4 (2006): 801-826. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3877829.pdf.
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change.” International Organization 55, no 3 (2001): 553-588. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/00208180152507551.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “the European Union’s Role in Promoting Human Rights and Democratisation in Third Countries.” COM(2001) 252 final, Brüksel, Mayıs 8, 2001.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Governance in the European Consensus on Development: Towards a Harmonised Approach within the European Union.” COM(2006) 421 final, Brüksel, Ağustos 30, 2006.
  • Council of the European Union. Council Conclusions on Democracy Support in the EU’s External Relations. 2974th External Relations Council meeting, Brüksel, Kasım 17, 2009.
  • Cox, Robert ve Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Dandashly, Assem. “EU democracy promotion and the dominance of the security-stability nexus,” Mediterranean Politics 23, no 1 (2018): 62-82. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2017.1358900.
  • Demirtaş, Birgül. “AB’nin Dönüştürücü Gücü ve Batı Balkanlar’da Demokratikleşme Süreci: Başarılanlar ve Başarılamayanlar.” içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri, editörler Sanem Baykal, Sinem Akgül Açıkmeşe, Belgin Akçay ve Çağrı Erhan, 179-210. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2018.
  • Diamond, Larry. “Introduction: In Search of Consolidation.” içinde Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, editörler Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu ve Hung-mao Tien, xiii-xlvii. Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  • Diamond, Larry. “Is Pakistan the (Reverse) Wave of the Future?.” Journal of Democracy 11, no 3 (2000): 91-106. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi:10.1353/jod.2000.0050.
  • Efegil, Ertan ve Neziha Musaoğlu. “Demokratikleştirme Bağlamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Orta Doğu Politikası.” Akademik Orta Doğu 3, no 1 (2008): 165-174. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. http://www.akademikortadogu.com/belge/ortadogu5%20makale/ertan%20efegil_neziha_musaoglu.pdf.
  • European Parliament. Human Rights and Democracy Clauses in the EU’s International Agreements. Eylül 29, 2005.
  • European Parliament. The European Neighbourhood Policy. Fact Sheets on the European Union. 2017.
  • Fiorino, Ann. “The Evolution of International Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 40, no 3 (1996): 363-389. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2600716.pdf.
  • Freyburg, Tina, Sandra Lavenex, Frank Schimmelfennig, Tatiana Skripka ve Anne Wetzel. Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation: The European Union and Its Neighbourhood. The United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Fukuyama, Francis ve Michael McFaul. “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?.” The Washington Quarterly Winter (2007): 23-45. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/wash.2007.31.1.23.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
  • Gawrich, Andrea, Inna Melnykovska ve Rainer Schweichert. “Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP: The Case of Ukraine.” KFG The Transformative Power of Europe Working Paper no 3, Ağustos 2009, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/en/v/transformeurope/publications/working_paper/wp/wp3/WP_03_August_Melnykovska_Gawrich_Schweickert.pdf.
  • Gershman, Carl. “Democracy as Policy Goal and Universal Value.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations Winter/Spring (2005): 19-38. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/democracy-as-a-universal-value/.
  • Grabbe, Heather. The EU’s Transformative Power: Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1971.
  • Hobson, Christopher ve Milja Kurki. “Introduction: The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion.” içinde The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, editörler Christopher Hobson ve Milja Kurki, 1-16. London & New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Holden, Barry. “Introduction.” içinde Global Democracy: Key Debates, editör Barry Holden, 1-13. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hout, Wil. “Governance and Development: Changing EU Policies.” Third World Quaterly 31, no 1 (2010): 1-12. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/01436590903557298.
  • Huber, Daniela. Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy: Identity and Interests in US, EU and Non-Western Democracies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. “A ‘Tragic Actor’? A Realist Perspective on ‘Ethical Power Europe’.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 29-44. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25144713.pdf.
  • Jahn, Beate. “Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies in International Affairs.” International Organization 59, no 1 (2005): 177-207. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3877882.pdf.
  • Kelley, Judith G. Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Kelley, Judith. “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 44, no 1 (2006): 29-55. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00613.x.
  • Knopf, Jeffrey W. “The Importance of International Learning.” Review of International Studies 29, no 2 (2003): 185-207. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20097845.pdf.
  • Kubicek, Paul J. “International Norms, the European Union, and Democratisation: Tentative Theory and Evidence.” içinde The European Union and Democratisation, editör Paul J. Kubicek, 1-29. London & New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Lavenex, Sandra ve Frank Schimmelfennig. “EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?.” Democratization 18, no 4 (2011): 885-909, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.584730.
  • Levitsky, Steven ve Lucan Way. “International Linkage and Democratisation.” Journal of Democracy 16, no 3 (2005): 20-34. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. DOI:10.1353/jod.2005.0048.
  • Lloyd, Lindsay. “European Approaches to Democracy Promotion.” International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis 65, no 3 (2010): 547-559. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762017
  • Lohmann, Susanne. “Linkage Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no 1 (1997): 38-67. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041001003.
  • Magen, Amichai ve Michael A. McFaul. “Introduction: American and European Strategies to Promote Democracy – Shared Values, Common Challenges, Divergent Tools?.” içinde Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, editörler Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse ve Michael A. McFaul, 1-33. England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no 2 (2002): 235-258. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. DOI:10.1111/1468-5965.00353.
  • March James G. ve Johan P. Olsen. “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52, no 4 (1998): 943-969. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2601363.pdf.
  • McFaul, Michael. “Democracy Promotion as a World Value.” The Washington Quarterly 28, no 1 (2004): 147-163. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/0163660042518189.
  • Moncrieffe, Joy Marie. “Reconceptualizing Political Accountability.” International Political Science Review 19, no 4 (1998): 387-406. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/019251298019004004.
  • Monten, Jonathan. “The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy.” International Security 29, no 4 (2005): 112-156. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4137499.pdf.
  • Moravcsik, Andrew. “The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe.” International Organization 54, no 2 (2000): 217-252. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/origins.pdf.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Single European Act. No L 169/1, Haziran 29, 1987.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts. 97/C 340/01, Kasım 10, 1997.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Treaty on European Union. 92/C 191/01, Temmuz 29, 1992.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union. C 326/13, Ekim 26, 2012.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community. 2007/C 306/01, Aralık 17, 2007.
  • Önsoy Murat, ve Gürol Baba. “One Size Does Not Fit All: An Analysis of US and EU Democracy Promotion in the Western Balkans.” Gazi Akademik Bakış 11, no 22 (2018): 15-39. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 17, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/495790.
  • Özer, Yonca. “AB’ye Üyelik Sürecinde Türkiye’de Demokratikleşme.” Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no 2 (2015): 143-168. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/622350.
  • Özkurt, Fatma Zeynep. “European Union Democracy Promotion via Conditionality in Regional Context.” İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4, no 2 (2017): 1-21. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 17, 2022. DOI: 10.17336/igusbd.324178.
  • Pace, Michelle. “Paradoxes and Contradictions in EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean: The Limits of EU Normative Power.” Democratization 16, no 1 (2009): 39-58. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13510340802575809.
  • Panke, Diana ve Thomas Risse. “Liberalism.” içinde International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. editörler Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki ve Steve Smith, 89-108. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Peceny, Mark. “A Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Peace: The Ambiguous Case of the Spanish-American War.” Journal of Peace Research 34, no 4 (1997): 415-430. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0022343397034004004.
  • Peceny, Mark. Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  • Pevehouse, John C. “Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratisation.” International Organization 56, no 3 (2002): 515-549. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3078587.pdf.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey. “The European Union, Democratic Conditionality and Transnational Party Linkages: The Case of Eastern Europe.” içinde Democracy without Borders: Transnationalization and Conditionality in New Democracies, editör Jean Grugel, 59-75. London & New York: Routledge, 1999.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey. “The international dimension of democratisation: theory, practice and inter-regional comparisons.” içinde Building Democracy? The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe, editörler Geoffrey Pridham, Eric Herring ve George Sanford, 7-29. London & Washington: Leicester University Press, 1994.
  • Reynaert, Vicky. “Preoccupied with the Market: the EU as a Promoter of ‘Shallow’ Democracy in the Mediterranean.” European Foreign Affairs Review 16, no 5 (2011): 623-637. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Foreign+Affairs+Review/16.5/EERR2011042.
  • Risse, Thomas ve Kathryn Sikkink. “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction.” içinde The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, editörler Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp ve Kathryn Sikkink, 1-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Risse-Kappen, Thomas. “Democratic Peace – Warlike Democracies: A Social Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Argument.” European Journal of International Relations 1, no 4 (1995): 491-517. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2022. doi.org/10.1177/1354066195001004005.
  • Rosenau, James N. Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems. New York: The Free Press, 1969.
  • Saatçioğlu, Beken. “Avrupa Birliği ve Demokratikleşme.” içinde Avrupa Birliği: Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, editörler Belgin Akçay ve İlke Göçmen, 767-788. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank ve Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 11, no 4 (2004): 669-687. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/1350176042000248089.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank ve Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Introduction: Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe.” içinde The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, editörler Frank Schimmelfennig ve Ulrich Sedelmeier, 1-28. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank, Stefan Engert ve Heiko Knobel. “Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey.” Journal of Common Market Studies 41, no 3 (2003): 495-518. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00432.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe.” International Organization 59, no 4 (2005): 827-860. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050290.
  • Schmitter, Philippe C. “An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey.” içinde Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, editörler Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter ve Laurance Whitehead, 3-10. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
  • Schmitter, Philippe C. ve Imco Brouwer. “Conceptualizing, Researching and Evaluating Democracy Promotion and Protection.” EUI Working Paper SPS, Ekim 5, 1999. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/id/995/.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London & New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Sedelmeier, Ulrich. “Europeanisation in New Member and Candidate States.” Living Reviews in European Governance 6, no 1 (2011): 1-52. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. DOI:10.12942/lreg-2011-1.
  • Silander, Daniel. Democracy From the Outside-In? The Conceptualization and Significance of Democracy Promotion. Sweden: Växjö University Press, 2005.
  • Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Government Networks: The Heart of the Liberal Democratic Order.” içinde Democratic Governance and International Law, editörler Gregory H. Fox ve Brad R. Roth, 199-236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Sodaro, Michael. Comparative Politics: A Global Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.
  • Stahn, Andreas ve Vera van Hüllen. “Different Actors, Different Tools? Approaching EU and US Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean and the Newly Independent States.” European Union Studies Association’ın yıllık toplantısında sunulan tebliğ, Montreal, Kanada, Mayıs 17-19, 2007.
  • Stein, Arthur A. “The Politics of Linkage.” World Politics 33, no 1 (1980), 62-81. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.2307/2010255.
  • Stewart, Susan. “The Interplay of Domestic Contexts and External Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus.” Democratization 16, no 4 (2009): 804-824. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13510340903083034.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob. Russia vs. the EU: The Competition for Influence in Post-Soviet States. Boulder & London: First Forum Press, 2014.
  • Usul, Ali Resul. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Demokrasi/Siyasi Şartlılığında Çekme-İtme Dengesi ve Bu Dengenin Bozulması.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 5, no 17 (2008): 105-12., Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/539812.
  • Ünalp Çepel, Zühal. “Demokrasinin Güçlenmesi – Sivil Toplum Tartışmalarında Bir Dış Aktör Olarak Avrupa Birliği.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 16, no 1 (2017): 33-60. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/847173.
  • Vandeputte, Nathan ve Laura Luciani. “European Union Democracy Assistance: An Academic State of Play.” European Partnership for Democracy, Aralık 2018, 1, 1-22, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. https://epd.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/EU-Democracy-Assistance.pdf.
  • Veebel, Viljar. “European Union’s Positive Conditionality Model in Pre-Accession Process.” TRAMES 13, no 3 (2009): 207-231. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145017.
  • Wæver, Ole. The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on post Sovereign Security Orders. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. “Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges.” Third World Quarterly 21, no 5 (2000): 795-814. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/713701075.
  • Welzel, Christian. “Theories of Democratization.” içinde Democratization, editörler Christian W. Haerpfer, Partick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart ve Christian Welzel, 21-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Wendt, Alexander. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review 88, no 2 (1994): 384-396. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2944711.pdf.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Wetzel, Anne. “Governance Perspective: Democratic Governance Promotion through Functional Cooperation.” içinde The Substance of EU Democracy Promotion: Concepts and Cases, editörler Anne Wetzel ve Jan Orbie, 58-67. The UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Whitehead, Laurence. “International Aspects of Democratisation.” içinde Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, editörler Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter ve Laurence Whitehead, 3-46. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
  • Whitehead, Laurence. “Three International Dimensions of Democratization.” içinde The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, editör Laurence Whitehead, 3-25. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Wolff, Jonas ve Iris Wurm. “Towards a Theory of External Democracy Promotion: A Proposal for Theoretical Classification.” Security Dialogue 42, no 1 (2011): 77-96. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0967010610393551.
  • Wolff, Jonas. “Democracy Promotion and Civilian Power: The Example of Germany’s ‘Value-Oriented’ Foreign Policy.” German Politics 22, no 4 (2013): 477-493. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 13, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2013.853043.
  • Yılmaz, Nihat ve K. Caner Doğan. “Avrupa Birliği (AB) Talepleri Doğrultusunda Çek ve Romanya Cumhuriyetleri’nin Demokratikleşme Reformları.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, no 39 (2013): 15-29. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=231427.
  • Youngs, Richard. “Democracy Promotion as External Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy 16, no 6 (2009): 895-915. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13501760903088272.
  • Youngs, Richard. “European Union Democracy Promotion Policies: Ten Years On.” European Foreign Affairs Review 6, no 3 (2001): 355-373. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Foreign+Affairs+Review/6.3/383253.

The European Union’s Democracy Promotion: Main Strategies and Approaches

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 1 - 42, 05.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148588

Öz

The European Union (EU) has evolved as an international actor with democracy promotion agenda since the 1990s. The EU approaches to democracy promotion by transferring its norms, values, rules and standards to third countries especially through its enlargement and neighbourhood policies. This study considers the lack of conceptual and theoretical studies on the subject in Turkish literature. It
discusses the content, instruments, methods and approaches of democracy promotion as a foreign policy phenomenon, and the reasons for external actors’ impact on other states’ democratisation processes. The models along with instruments and mechanisms used by the EU in democracy promotion are examined. Thus, it contributes to Turkish literature on the EU’s democracy promotion by drawing on the literature on democratisation and Europeanisation.

Kaynakça

  • Abdibaitova-Pala, Burulkan. “Demokratikleştirme Bağlamında Kırgızistan-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri.” içinde Bağımsızlığının 30. Yılında Kırgız Cumhuriyeti: Dış Politika ve Uluslararası İlişkiler, editörler Burulkan Abdibaitova-Pala, Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 2021.
  • Akgül Durakçay, Fulya ve Asiye Gün Güneş Gülal. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Doğu Komşularına Yönelik Yaklaşımında Demokrasi Teşviki.” Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, no 3 (2018): 289-310. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 9. 2022, doi: 10.30784/epfad.489242.
  • Akgül Durakçay, Fulya ve Özge Bozkaya. “Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası’nda Demokrasi Teşviki: Ermenistan Örneği ve İç Dinamiklerin Değerlendirilmesi.” İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 6, no 2 (2019): 223-247. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 9, 2022. doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.486612.
  • Alihodžić, Sead. “The Mechanics of Democracy Promotion Tools: Bridging the Knowledge-To-Practice Gap.” Development in Practice 26, no 4 (2016): 431-443. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2016.1162767.
  • Avery, Graham. “EU Expansion and Wider Europe.” içinde The European Union: How Does It Work, editörler Daniel Kenealy, John Peterson ve Richard Corbett, 163-186. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Balkır, Canan ve Diğdem Soyaltın. Avrupalılaşma: Tarih, Kavram, Kuram ve Türkiye Uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Baracani, Elena. “US and EU Strategies for Promoting Democracy.” içinde The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe’s Role in the World, editör Federiga Bindi, 320-335. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Beichelt, Timm. “The Research Field of Democracy Promotion.” Living Reviews in Democracy, (2012): 1-13. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 14, 2022. https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/cis-dam/CIS_DAM_2015/WorkingPapers/Living_Reviews_Democracy/Beichelt.pdf.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Bidzina Lebanidze. “‘The Transformative Power of Europe’ beyond Enlargement: the EU’s Performance in Promoting Democracy in Its Neighbourhood.” East European Politics 33, no 1 (2017): 17-35. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1280473.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Thomas Risse. “One Size Fits All! EU Policies for the Promotion of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law.” Center for Development, Democracy, and the Rule of Law’un çalıştayında sunulan tebliğ, Stanford University, Ekim 4-5, 2004.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. ve Vera van Hüllen. “One Voice, One Message, But Conflicting Goals: Cohesiveness and Consistency in the European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 21, no 7 (2014): 1033-1049. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2014.912147.
  • Börzel, Tanja A., Yasemin Pamuk ve Andreas Stahn. “Democracy or Stability? EU and US Engagement in the Southern Caucasus.” içinde Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, editörler Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse ve Michael A. McFaul, 150-184. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Bridoux, Jeff ve Milja Kurki. “Cosmetic Agreements and the Cracks Beneath: Ideological Convergences and Divergences in US and EU Democracy Promotion in Civil Society.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 28, no 1 (2015): 55-74. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2014.902653.
  • Brinks, Daniel ve Michael Coppedge. “Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 39, no 4 (2006): 463-489. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 24, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0010414005276666.
  • Burlyuk, Olga ve Natalia Shapovalova. “‘Veni, Vidi, … Vici?’ EU Performance and Two Faces of Conditionality towards Ukraine.” East European Politics 33, no 1 (2017): 36-55. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1280470.
  • Carbone, Maurizio. “The European Union, Good Governance and Aid Co-ordination.” Third World Quarterly 31, no 1 (2010), 13-29. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25677753.pdf.
  • Carothers, Thomas. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?.” Journal of Democracy 20, no 1 (2009): 5-19. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Carothers-20-1.pdf.
  • Chalmers, Douglas A. “Internationalized Domestic Politics in Latin America the Institutional Role of Internationally Based Actors.” 1993, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 12, 2021. http://www.columbia.edu/~chalmers/IntDomPol.htm.
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization 59, no 4 (2006): 801-826. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3877829.pdf.
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change.” International Organization 55, no 3 (2001): 553-588. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/00208180152507551.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “the European Union’s Role in Promoting Human Rights and Democratisation in Third Countries.” COM(2001) 252 final, Brüksel, Mayıs 8, 2001.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Governance in the European Consensus on Development: Towards a Harmonised Approach within the European Union.” COM(2006) 421 final, Brüksel, Ağustos 30, 2006.
  • Council of the European Union. Council Conclusions on Democracy Support in the EU’s External Relations. 2974th External Relations Council meeting, Brüksel, Kasım 17, 2009.
  • Cox, Robert ve Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Dandashly, Assem. “EU democracy promotion and the dominance of the security-stability nexus,” Mediterranean Politics 23, no 1 (2018): 62-82. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2017.1358900.
  • Demirtaş, Birgül. “AB’nin Dönüştürücü Gücü ve Batı Balkanlar’da Demokratikleşme Süreci: Başarılanlar ve Başarılamayanlar.” içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri, editörler Sanem Baykal, Sinem Akgül Açıkmeşe, Belgin Akçay ve Çağrı Erhan, 179-210. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2018.
  • Diamond, Larry. “Introduction: In Search of Consolidation.” içinde Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, editörler Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu ve Hung-mao Tien, xiii-xlvii. Baltimore & London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  • Diamond, Larry. “Is Pakistan the (Reverse) Wave of the Future?.” Journal of Democracy 11, no 3 (2000): 91-106. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi:10.1353/jod.2000.0050.
  • Efegil, Ertan ve Neziha Musaoğlu. “Demokratikleştirme Bağlamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Orta Doğu Politikası.” Akademik Orta Doğu 3, no 1 (2008): 165-174. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. http://www.akademikortadogu.com/belge/ortadogu5%20makale/ertan%20efegil_neziha_musaoglu.pdf.
  • European Parliament. Human Rights and Democracy Clauses in the EU’s International Agreements. Eylül 29, 2005.
  • European Parliament. The European Neighbourhood Policy. Fact Sheets on the European Union. 2017.
  • Fiorino, Ann. “The Evolution of International Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 40, no 3 (1996): 363-389. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2600716.pdf.
  • Freyburg, Tina, Sandra Lavenex, Frank Schimmelfennig, Tatiana Skripka ve Anne Wetzel. Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation: The European Union and Its Neighbourhood. The United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Fukuyama, Francis ve Michael McFaul. “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?.” The Washington Quarterly Winter (2007): 23-45. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/wash.2007.31.1.23.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press, 1992.
  • Gawrich, Andrea, Inna Melnykovska ve Rainer Schweichert. “Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP: The Case of Ukraine.” KFG The Transformative Power of Europe Working Paper no 3, Ağustos 2009, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/en/v/transformeurope/publications/working_paper/wp/wp3/WP_03_August_Melnykovska_Gawrich_Schweickert.pdf.
  • Gershman, Carl. “Democracy as Policy Goal and Universal Value.” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations Winter/Spring (2005): 19-38. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/democracy-as-a-universal-value/.
  • Grabbe, Heather. The EU’s Transformative Power: Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1971.
  • Hobson, Christopher ve Milja Kurki. “Introduction: The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion.” içinde The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, editörler Christopher Hobson ve Milja Kurki, 1-16. London & New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Holden, Barry. “Introduction.” içinde Global Democracy: Key Debates, editör Barry Holden, 1-13. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hout, Wil. “Governance and Development: Changing EU Policies.” Third World Quaterly 31, no 1 (2010): 1-12. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/01436590903557298.
  • Huber, Daniela. Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy: Identity and Interests in US, EU and Non-Western Democracies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. “A ‘Tragic Actor’? A Realist Perspective on ‘Ethical Power Europe’.” International Affairs 84, no 1 (2008): 29-44. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25144713.pdf.
  • Jahn, Beate. “Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies in International Affairs.” International Organization 59, no 1 (2005): 177-207. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3877882.pdf.
  • Kelley, Judith G. Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Kelley, Judith. “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 44, no 1 (2006): 29-55. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00613.x.
  • Knopf, Jeffrey W. “The Importance of International Learning.” Review of International Studies 29, no 2 (2003): 185-207. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20097845.pdf.
  • Kubicek, Paul J. “International Norms, the European Union, and Democratisation: Tentative Theory and Evidence.” içinde The European Union and Democratisation, editör Paul J. Kubicek, 1-29. London & New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Lavenex, Sandra ve Frank Schimmelfennig. “EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?.” Democratization 18, no 4 (2011): 885-909, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.584730.
  • Levitsky, Steven ve Lucan Way. “International Linkage and Democratisation.” Journal of Democracy 16, no 3 (2005): 20-34. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. DOI:10.1353/jod.2005.0048.
  • Lloyd, Lindsay. “European Approaches to Democracy Promotion.” International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis 65, no 3 (2010): 547-559. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762017
  • Lohmann, Susanne. “Linkage Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no 1 (1997): 38-67. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041001003.
  • Magen, Amichai ve Michael A. McFaul. “Introduction: American and European Strategies to Promote Democracy – Shared Values, Common Challenges, Divergent Tools?.” içinde Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, editörler Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse ve Michael A. McFaul, 1-33. England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no 2 (2002): 235-258. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 15, 2021. DOI:10.1111/1468-5965.00353.
  • March James G. ve Johan P. Olsen. “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52, no 4 (1998): 943-969. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2601363.pdf.
  • McFaul, Michael. “Democracy Promotion as a World Value.” The Washington Quarterly 28, no 1 (2004): 147-163. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. doi.org/10.1162/0163660042518189.
  • Moncrieffe, Joy Marie. “Reconceptualizing Political Accountability.” International Political Science Review 19, no 4 (1998): 387-406. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/019251298019004004.
  • Monten, Jonathan. “The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy.” International Security 29, no 4 (2005): 112-156. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4137499.pdf.
  • Moravcsik, Andrew. “The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe.” International Organization 54, no 2 (2000): 217-252. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/origins.pdf.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Single European Act. No L 169/1, Haziran 29, 1987.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts. 97/C 340/01, Kasım 10, 1997.
  • Official Journal of the European Communities. Treaty on European Union. 92/C 191/01, Temmuz 29, 1992.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union. C 326/13, Ekim 26, 2012.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community. 2007/C 306/01, Aralık 17, 2007.
  • Önsoy Murat, ve Gürol Baba. “One Size Does Not Fit All: An Analysis of US and EU Democracy Promotion in the Western Balkans.” Gazi Akademik Bakış 11, no 22 (2018): 15-39. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 17, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/495790.
  • Özer, Yonca. “AB’ye Üyelik Sürecinde Türkiye’de Demokratikleşme.” Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no 2 (2015): 143-168. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/622350.
  • Özkurt, Fatma Zeynep. “European Union Democracy Promotion via Conditionality in Regional Context.” İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4, no 2 (2017): 1-21. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 17, 2022. DOI: 10.17336/igusbd.324178.
  • Pace, Michelle. “Paradoxes and Contradictions in EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean: The Limits of EU Normative Power.” Democratization 16, no 1 (2009): 39-58. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13510340802575809.
  • Panke, Diana ve Thomas Risse. “Liberalism.” içinde International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. editörler Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki ve Steve Smith, 89-108. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Peceny, Mark. “A Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Peace: The Ambiguous Case of the Spanish-American War.” Journal of Peace Research 34, no 4 (1997): 415-430. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 14, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0022343397034004004.
  • Peceny, Mark. Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  • Pevehouse, John C. “Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratisation.” International Organization 56, no 3 (2002): 515-549. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3078587.pdf.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey. “The European Union, Democratic Conditionality and Transnational Party Linkages: The Case of Eastern Europe.” içinde Democracy without Borders: Transnationalization and Conditionality in New Democracies, editör Jean Grugel, 59-75. London & New York: Routledge, 1999.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey. “The international dimension of democratisation: theory, practice and inter-regional comparisons.” içinde Building Democracy? The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe, editörler Geoffrey Pridham, Eric Herring ve George Sanford, 7-29. London & Washington: Leicester University Press, 1994.
  • Reynaert, Vicky. “Preoccupied with the Market: the EU as a Promoter of ‘Shallow’ Democracy in the Mediterranean.” European Foreign Affairs Review 16, no 5 (2011): 623-637. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Foreign+Affairs+Review/16.5/EERR2011042.
  • Risse, Thomas ve Kathryn Sikkink. “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction.” içinde The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, editörler Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp ve Kathryn Sikkink, 1-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Risse-Kappen, Thomas. “Democratic Peace – Warlike Democracies: A Social Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Argument.” European Journal of International Relations 1, no 4 (1995): 491-517. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2022. doi.org/10.1177/1354066195001004005.
  • Rosenau, James N. Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems. New York: The Free Press, 1969.
  • Saatçioğlu, Beken. “Avrupa Birliği ve Demokratikleşme.” içinde Avrupa Birliği: Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, editörler Belgin Akçay ve İlke Göçmen, 767-788. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank ve Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 11, no 4 (2004): 669-687. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/1350176042000248089.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank ve Ulrich Sedelmeier. “Introduction: Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe.” içinde The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, editörler Frank Schimmelfennig ve Ulrich Sedelmeier, 1-28. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank, Stefan Engert ve Heiko Knobel. “Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey.” Journal of Common Market Studies 41, no 3 (2003): 495-518. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00432.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe.” International Organization 59, no 4 (2005): 827-860. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050290.
  • Schmitter, Philippe C. “An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey.” içinde Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, editörler Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter ve Laurance Whitehead, 3-10. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
  • Schmitter, Philippe C. ve Imco Brouwer. “Conceptualizing, Researching and Evaluating Democracy Promotion and Protection.” EUI Working Paper SPS, Ekim 5, 1999. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/id/995/.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London & New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Sedelmeier, Ulrich. “Europeanisation in New Member and Candidate States.” Living Reviews in European Governance 6, no 1 (2011): 1-52. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. DOI:10.12942/lreg-2011-1.
  • Silander, Daniel. Democracy From the Outside-In? The Conceptualization and Significance of Democracy Promotion. Sweden: Växjö University Press, 2005.
  • Slaughter, Anne-Marie. “Government Networks: The Heart of the Liberal Democratic Order.” içinde Democratic Governance and International Law, editörler Gregory H. Fox ve Brad R. Roth, 199-236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Sodaro, Michael. Comparative Politics: A Global Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.
  • Stahn, Andreas ve Vera van Hüllen. “Different Actors, Different Tools? Approaching EU and US Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean and the Newly Independent States.” European Union Studies Association’ın yıllık toplantısında sunulan tebliğ, Montreal, Kanada, Mayıs 17-19, 2007.
  • Stein, Arthur A. “The Politics of Linkage.” World Politics 33, no 1 (1980), 62-81. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2021. doi.org/10.2307/2010255.
  • Stewart, Susan. “The Interplay of Domestic Contexts and External Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus.” Democratization 16, no 4 (2009): 804-824. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 16, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13510340903083034.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob. Russia vs. the EU: The Competition for Influence in Post-Soviet States. Boulder & London: First Forum Press, 2014.
  • Usul, Ali Resul. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Demokrasi/Siyasi Şartlılığında Çekme-İtme Dengesi ve Bu Dengenin Bozulması.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 5, no 17 (2008): 105-12., Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/539812.
  • Ünalp Çepel, Zühal. “Demokrasinin Güçlenmesi – Sivil Toplum Tartışmalarında Bir Dış Aktör Olarak Avrupa Birliği.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 16, no 1 (2017): 33-60. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/847173.
  • Vandeputte, Nathan ve Laura Luciani. “European Union Democracy Assistance: An Academic State of Play.” European Partnership for Democracy, Aralık 2018, 1, 1-22, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 9, 2021. https://epd.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/EU-Democracy-Assistance.pdf.
  • Veebel, Viljar. “European Union’s Positive Conditionality Model in Pre-Accession Process.” TRAMES 13, no 3 (2009): 207-231. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145017.
  • Wæver, Ole. The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on post Sovereign Security Orders. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. “Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges.” Third World Quarterly 21, no 5 (2000): 795-814. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 22, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/713701075.
  • Welzel, Christian. “Theories of Democratization.” içinde Democratization, editörler Christian W. Haerpfer, Partick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart ve Christian Welzel, 21-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Wendt, Alexander. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review 88, no 2 (1994): 384-396. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2944711.pdf.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Wetzel, Anne. “Governance Perspective: Democratic Governance Promotion through Functional Cooperation.” içinde The Substance of EU Democracy Promotion: Concepts and Cases, editörler Anne Wetzel ve Jan Orbie, 58-67. The UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Whitehead, Laurence. “International Aspects of Democratisation.” içinde Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, editörler Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter ve Laurence Whitehead, 3-46. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
  • Whitehead, Laurence. “Three International Dimensions of Democratization.” içinde The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, editör Laurence Whitehead, 3-25. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Wolff, Jonas ve Iris Wurm. “Towards a Theory of External Democracy Promotion: A Proposal for Theoretical Classification.” Security Dialogue 42, no 1 (2011): 77-96. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2021. doi.org/10.1177/0967010610393551.
  • Wolff, Jonas. “Democracy Promotion and Civilian Power: The Example of Germany’s ‘Value-Oriented’ Foreign Policy.” German Politics 22, no 4 (2013): 477-493. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 13, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2013.853043.
  • Yılmaz, Nihat ve K. Caner Doğan. “Avrupa Birliği (AB) Talepleri Doğrultusunda Çek ve Romanya Cumhuriyetleri’nin Demokratikleşme Reformları.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, no 39 (2013): 15-29. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 23, 2022. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=231427.
  • Youngs, Richard. “Democracy Promotion as External Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy 16, no 6 (2009): 895-915. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/13501760903088272.
  • Youngs, Richard. “European Union Democracy Promotion Policies: Ten Years On.” European Foreign Affairs Review 6, no 3 (2001): 355-373. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 21, 2021. https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Foreign+Affairs+Review/6.3/383253.
Toplam 112 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fulya Akgül Durakçay Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0200-7911

Sedef Eylemer Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0688-9256

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Akgül Durakçay, Fulya, ve Sedef Eylemer. “AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN DEMOKRASİ TEŞVİKİ: TEMEL STRATEJİLER VE YAKLAŞIMLAR”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 21, sy. 1 (Ağustos 2022): 1-42. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148588.