Araştırma Makalesi
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Avrupa Birliği’yle Hindistan Arasında Sonuçlanamayan Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması Müzakereleri: İki Seviyeli Oyun Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 69 - 93, 05.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148605

Öz

Bu makale, Avrupa Birliği’yle Hindistan arasındaki serbest ticaret anlaşması müzakere sürecinin zorluklarını incelemektedir. 2006 yılında başlatılan ve bir dönem kesintiye uğrayan görüşmeler on beş yılı aşkın bir süre zarfında tamamlanamamıştır. Bu makalede, Robert Putnam’ın iki-seviyeli oyun modeli kullanılarak, ulusal alanın müzakere sürecinin uzamasındaki rolü analiz edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, müzakereye taraf aktörlerin taviz alanları (win-set) araştırılmakta, baskı grupları, siyasi yapı, siyasi kültür gibi iç faktörlerden hangilerinin uzlaşıyı zorlaştırdığı incelenmektedir. Avrupa Birliği’yle Hindistan arasındaki serbest ticaret anlaşması müzakere sürecine yönelik bu analiz temelinde, Birliğin ortak ticaret politikası kapsamında yürütmekte olduğu ticaret müzakerelerinin sıklıkla uzun süre gerektirmesinin nedenlerine ilişkin de bulgular
elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Business Standard. “India-EU FTA not possible without India cutting car tariffs: EU Ambassador”, 1 March 2019, https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-eu-fta-not-possible-without-india-cutting-car-tariffs-eu-ambassador-119030101264_1.html.
  • Calcutta High Court. Union of India v. Manmull Jain and Ors., 11 August 1954, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/310509/.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Global Europe: Competing in the World, COM(2006) 567 final, 2006.
  • Conconi, Paola, Cristina Herghelegiu and Laura Puccio. “EU trade agreements: To mix or not to mix, that is the question”, Journal of World Trade, 55(2), (2021): 231-260.
  • Court of Justice of the European Union. “The free trade agreement with Singapore cannot, in its current form, be concluded by the EU alone”, 16 May 2017, Press Release No 52/17, https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-05/cp170052en.pdf.
  • Deccan Herald. “The high command: Triggering new lows for decades”, 8 August 2021, https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/the-high-command-triggering-new-lows-for-decades-1017371.html.
  • Die Bundeskanzlerin. “Rede von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel zur 63. Deutsch-Indischen Handelskammer am 02. November 2019 in Neu-Delhi”, 2 November 2019, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-de/aktuelles/rede-von-bundeskanzlerin-merkel-zur-63-deutsch-indischen-handelskammer-am-02-november-2019-in-neu-delhi-1687998.
  • Eberhardt, Pia and Dharmendra Kumar. “Trade Invaders: How Big Business is driving the EU-India Free Trade Negotiations”, Corporate Europe Observatory, 2010.
  • Ecorys. “Trade Sustainability Impact Assessment of the FTA between the European Union and the Republic of India”, Interim Report - Phase 2, 2008.
  • European Commission. “Countries and regions – India”, 10 September 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india.
  • European Commission. “Overview of FTA and other trade negotiations”, January 2022, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “EU-India trade relations: Assessment and perspectives”, 6 September 2021, Directorate-General for External Policies, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/653646/EXPO_IDA(2021)653646_EN.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 26 March 2009 on an EU-India Free Trade Agreement”, P6_TA(2009)0189, Strasbourg, 2009.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 25 November 2010 on human rights and social and environmental standards in international trade agreements”, P7_TA(2010)0434, Strasbourg, 2010.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 11 May 2011 on the state of play in the EU-India Free Trade Agreement negotiations”, P7_TA(2011)0224, Strasbourg, 2011.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. “A guide to EU procedures for the conclusion of international trade agreements”, Members' Research Service, 2016.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. “Assessing the potential impact of an EU-India trade agreement”, Cost of Non- Europe Report, 2020.
  • European Union. Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, C326/1, Volume 55, 2012.
  • Felbermayr, Gabriel, Devashish Mitra, Rahel Aichele and Jasmin Gröschl. “Europe and India: Relaunching a Troubled Trade Relationship”, Ifo Forschungsberichte 80, Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, 2017.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “India at a glance”, 2021, https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/.
  • Fritz, Thomas. Globalising Hunger: Food Security and the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Berlin: FDCL-Verlag, 2011.
  • Hansen, Thomas. “Democracy against the law: Reflections on India’s Illiberal Democracy”, in Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India, eds. Angana Chatterji, Thomas Hansen and Christophe Jaffrelot, 19-40, New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Khandekar, Gauri and Jayshree Sengupta. “EU-India Free Trade: Make or Break”, Agora Asia-Europe Policy Brief, FRIDE, 2012.
  • Khorana, Sangeeta and Nicholas Perdikis. “EU-India Free Trade Agreement: Deal or No Deal?”, South Asia Economic Journal, 11(2), (2010): 181-206.
  • Kumar, Mukesh. “Nature of Indian Federalism: An Analysis of Historical Basis and Problems”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 7(1), (2018): 42-47.
  • Kumar, Saurabh. “The Political Economy of EU-India FTA”, CUTS International, Briefing Paper No.10, 2013.
  • Larsén, Magdalena Frennhoff. “The Increasing Power of the European Parliament: Negotiating the EU-India Free Trade Agreement”, International Negotiation, 22, (2017): 1-26.
  • La Via Campesina. “Farmers, people living with HIV and small traders protest against the EU India Free Trade Agreement”, 14 February 2012, https://viacampesina.org/en/farmers-people-living-with-hiv-and-small-traders-protest-against-the-eu-india-free-trade-agreement.
  • Médecins Sans Frontières. “EU-India free trade deal puts millions of lives at risk”, 9 April 2013, https://www.msf.org/eu-india-free-trade-deal-puts-millions-lives-risk.
  • Ministry of External Affairs of India. “Guidelines concerning the conclusion of international agreements”, 16 January 2018, https://www.mea.gov.in/images/SoP-on-Treaty-Making-16012018.pdf.
  • Powell, Sophie. “The EU-India FTA: Initial Observations From A Development Perspective”, Traidcraft, 2008.
  • Putnam, Robert. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, 42(3), (1988): 427-460.
  • Raihan, Selim. “European Union-India bilateral free trade agreement: Potential implications for the excluded low-income economies in Asia and Africa”, in Challenges and Opportunities for Trade and Financial Integration in Asia and the Pacific, ed. Mia Mikic, 66-92 New York: United Nations Publication, 2009.
  • Reuters. “Germany's Merkel renews push for FTA with India, pledges green funds”, 2 November 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-germany/germanys-merkel-renews-push-for-fta-with-india-pledges-green-funds-idUSKBN1XC03X.
  • Reuters. “Modi, Merkel push for revival of India-EU trade talks”, 5 October 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/india-germany-eu-trade-modi-merkel-idUKKCN0RZ0WQ20151005.
  • Roy, Amrita and Somesh Mathur. “Brexit and India–EU Free Trade Agreement”, Journal of Economic Integration, 31(4), (2016): 740-773.
  • Sahoo, Niranjan. “Mounting Majoritarianism and Political Polarization in India”, in Political Polarization in South and Southeast Asia: Old Divisions, New Dangers, eds. Thomas Carothers and Andrew O’Donohue, 9-24, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2020.
  • The Economic Times. “FTAs are against Make in India, need to approach EU pact with caution: SIAM”, 21 June 2019, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/ftas-are-against-make-in-india-need-to-approach-eu-pact-with-caution-siam/articleshow/69890551.cms?from=mdr.
  • The Economic Times. “Indian pharma sector fears India-European Union FTA could imperil local industry”, 28 March 2013, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/indian-pharma-sector-fears-india-european-union-fta-could-imperil-local-industry/articleshow/19229098.cms.
  • The Hindu. “How much party discipline is too much?”, 14 November 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-much-party-discipline-is-too-much/article37485103.ece.
  • World Bank. “Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%) - European Union”, 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS?locations=EU.
  • World Bank. “Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%) - India”, 2019 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MRCH.SM.AR.ZS?locations=IN.
  • Wouters, Jan, Idesbald Goddeeris, Bregt Natens and Filip Ciortuz. “Some Critical Issues in the EU–India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations”, European Law Journal, 20(6), (2014): 848-869.
  • Zingel, Wolfgang-Peter. “India-EU FTA: Indian Bilateralism vs. South Asian Regionalism?”, in Regional Cooperation in South Asia: Socio-economic, Spatial, Ecological and Institutional Aspects, eds. Sumana Bandyopadhyay, André Torre, Paulo Casaca and Tomaz Dentinho, 285-305, Springer, 2017.

THE LONG-DRAWN-OUT FREE TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INDIA: A TWO-LEVEL GAME ANALYSIS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 69 - 93, 05.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148605

Öz

This article examines the arduous free trade agreement negotiations between the European Union and India. The talks, which started in 2006 and were suspended for a while, could not lead to an agreement in more than 15 years. By employing the two-level game theory, developed by Robert Putnam, this article attempts to explore the role of the domestic realm on the extension of the negotiations. Therefore, it
investigates the win-sets of the negotiating parties, by focusing on the domestic factors such as interest groups, political structure and political culture in order to determine which of these factors make it difficult to find common ground. On the basis of the said analysis regarding the free trade agreement negotiations between the European Union and India, this article further aims at finding out why trade
negotiations pursued by the European Union usually require a long period of time.

Kaynakça

  • Business Standard. “India-EU FTA not possible without India cutting car tariffs: EU Ambassador”, 1 March 2019, https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-eu-fta-not-possible-without-india-cutting-car-tariffs-eu-ambassador-119030101264_1.html.
  • Calcutta High Court. Union of India v. Manmull Jain and Ors., 11 August 1954, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/310509/.
  • Commission of the European Communities. Global Europe: Competing in the World, COM(2006) 567 final, 2006.
  • Conconi, Paola, Cristina Herghelegiu and Laura Puccio. “EU trade agreements: To mix or not to mix, that is the question”, Journal of World Trade, 55(2), (2021): 231-260.
  • Court of Justice of the European Union. “The free trade agreement with Singapore cannot, in its current form, be concluded by the EU alone”, 16 May 2017, Press Release No 52/17, https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-05/cp170052en.pdf.
  • Deccan Herald. “The high command: Triggering new lows for decades”, 8 August 2021, https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/the-high-command-triggering-new-lows-for-decades-1017371.html.
  • Die Bundeskanzlerin. “Rede von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel zur 63. Deutsch-Indischen Handelskammer am 02. November 2019 in Neu-Delhi”, 2 November 2019, https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-de/aktuelles/rede-von-bundeskanzlerin-merkel-zur-63-deutsch-indischen-handelskammer-am-02-november-2019-in-neu-delhi-1687998.
  • Eberhardt, Pia and Dharmendra Kumar. “Trade Invaders: How Big Business is driving the EU-India Free Trade Negotiations”, Corporate Europe Observatory, 2010.
  • Ecorys. “Trade Sustainability Impact Assessment of the FTA between the European Union and the Republic of India”, Interim Report - Phase 2, 2008.
  • European Commission. “Countries and regions – India”, 10 September 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india.
  • European Commission. “Overview of FTA and other trade negotiations”, January 2022, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/december/tradoc_118238.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “EU-India trade relations: Assessment and perspectives”, 6 September 2021, Directorate-General for External Policies, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/653646/EXPO_IDA(2021)653646_EN.pdf.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 26 March 2009 on an EU-India Free Trade Agreement”, P6_TA(2009)0189, Strasbourg, 2009.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 25 November 2010 on human rights and social and environmental standards in international trade agreements”, P7_TA(2010)0434, Strasbourg, 2010.
  • European Parliament. “Resolution of 11 May 2011 on the state of play in the EU-India Free Trade Agreement negotiations”, P7_TA(2011)0224, Strasbourg, 2011.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. “A guide to EU procedures for the conclusion of international trade agreements”, Members' Research Service, 2016.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. “Assessing the potential impact of an EU-India trade agreement”, Cost of Non- Europe Report, 2020.
  • European Union. Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, C326/1, Volume 55, 2012.
  • Felbermayr, Gabriel, Devashish Mitra, Rahel Aichele and Jasmin Gröschl. “Europe and India: Relaunching a Troubled Trade Relationship”, Ifo Forschungsberichte 80, Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, 2017.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “India at a glance”, 2021, https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/.
  • Fritz, Thomas. Globalising Hunger: Food Security and the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Berlin: FDCL-Verlag, 2011.
  • Hansen, Thomas. “Democracy against the law: Reflections on India’s Illiberal Democracy”, in Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India, eds. Angana Chatterji, Thomas Hansen and Christophe Jaffrelot, 19-40, New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Khandekar, Gauri and Jayshree Sengupta. “EU-India Free Trade: Make or Break”, Agora Asia-Europe Policy Brief, FRIDE, 2012.
  • Khorana, Sangeeta and Nicholas Perdikis. “EU-India Free Trade Agreement: Deal or No Deal?”, South Asia Economic Journal, 11(2), (2010): 181-206.
  • Kumar, Mukesh. “Nature of Indian Federalism: An Analysis of Historical Basis and Problems”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 7(1), (2018): 42-47.
  • Kumar, Saurabh. “The Political Economy of EU-India FTA”, CUTS International, Briefing Paper No.10, 2013.
  • Larsén, Magdalena Frennhoff. “The Increasing Power of the European Parliament: Negotiating the EU-India Free Trade Agreement”, International Negotiation, 22, (2017): 1-26.
  • La Via Campesina. “Farmers, people living with HIV and small traders protest against the EU India Free Trade Agreement”, 14 February 2012, https://viacampesina.org/en/farmers-people-living-with-hiv-and-small-traders-protest-against-the-eu-india-free-trade-agreement.
  • Médecins Sans Frontières. “EU-India free trade deal puts millions of lives at risk”, 9 April 2013, https://www.msf.org/eu-india-free-trade-deal-puts-millions-lives-risk.
  • Ministry of External Affairs of India. “Guidelines concerning the conclusion of international agreements”, 16 January 2018, https://www.mea.gov.in/images/SoP-on-Treaty-Making-16012018.pdf.
  • Powell, Sophie. “The EU-India FTA: Initial Observations From A Development Perspective”, Traidcraft, 2008.
  • Putnam, Robert. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, 42(3), (1988): 427-460.
  • Raihan, Selim. “European Union-India bilateral free trade agreement: Potential implications for the excluded low-income economies in Asia and Africa”, in Challenges and Opportunities for Trade and Financial Integration in Asia and the Pacific, ed. Mia Mikic, 66-92 New York: United Nations Publication, 2009.
  • Reuters. “Germany's Merkel renews push for FTA with India, pledges green funds”, 2 November 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-germany/germanys-merkel-renews-push-for-fta-with-india-pledges-green-funds-idUSKBN1XC03X.
  • Reuters. “Modi, Merkel push for revival of India-EU trade talks”, 5 October 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/india-germany-eu-trade-modi-merkel-idUKKCN0RZ0WQ20151005.
  • Roy, Amrita and Somesh Mathur. “Brexit and India–EU Free Trade Agreement”, Journal of Economic Integration, 31(4), (2016): 740-773.
  • Sahoo, Niranjan. “Mounting Majoritarianism and Political Polarization in India”, in Political Polarization in South and Southeast Asia: Old Divisions, New Dangers, eds. Thomas Carothers and Andrew O’Donohue, 9-24, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2020.
  • The Economic Times. “FTAs are against Make in India, need to approach EU pact with caution: SIAM”, 21 June 2019, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/ftas-are-against-make-in-india-need-to-approach-eu-pact-with-caution-siam/articleshow/69890551.cms?from=mdr.
  • The Economic Times. “Indian pharma sector fears India-European Union FTA could imperil local industry”, 28 March 2013, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/indian-pharma-sector-fears-india-european-union-fta-could-imperil-local-industry/articleshow/19229098.cms.
  • The Hindu. “How much party discipline is too much?”, 14 November 2021, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-much-party-discipline-is-too-much/article37485103.ece.
  • World Bank. “Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%) - European Union”, 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS?locations=EU.
  • World Bank. “Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%) - India”, 2019 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.TAX.MRCH.SM.AR.ZS?locations=IN.
  • Wouters, Jan, Idesbald Goddeeris, Bregt Natens and Filip Ciortuz. “Some Critical Issues in the EU–India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations”, European Law Journal, 20(6), (2014): 848-869.
  • Zingel, Wolfgang-Peter. “India-EU FTA: Indian Bilateralism vs. South Asian Regionalism?”, in Regional Cooperation in South Asia: Socio-economic, Spatial, Ecological and Institutional Aspects, eds. Sumana Bandyopadhyay, André Torre, Paulo Casaca and Tomaz Dentinho, 285-305, Springer, 2017.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yusuf Gökhan Atak 0000-0002-8070-8230

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Atak, Yusuf Gökhan. “THE LONG-DRAWN-OUT FREE TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INDIA: A TWO-LEVEL GAME ANALYSIS”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 21, sy. 1 (Ağustos 2022): 69-93. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1148605.