BREXİT KARARINI MEŞRULAŞTIRMA ARACI OLARAK TÜRKİYE’NİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYELİĞİ: AYRILMA YANLISI AKTÖRLERİN SÖYLEMLERİNİN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 181 - 223, 21.07.2023

Ayçe Sepli , Gökhan Koçer

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1327073

Öz

Bu çalışma, Birleşik Krallık’ta Avrupa Birliği (AB) referandumuna giden süreçte yürütülen ayrılma kampanyasını incelemekte ve referandum tartışmalarını şekillendiren ayrılma yanlısı aktörler olarak ön plana çıkan Vote Leave (VL) ve Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi’nin (UKIP) yürüttüğü kampanyaya odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’nin AB üyeliğine ilişkin olarak gerçekleşen tartışmalar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada temel amaç, ayrılma yanlısı aktörlerin Türkiye’nin üyeliği hakkında ürettikleri Avrupa şüpheci söylemler aracılığıyla inşa etmeye çalıştıkları AB temsillerini ortaya koyarak, Brexit kararını nasıl meşrulaştırmaya çalıştıklarını açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Çalışmada, araştırma metodu olarak söylemsel-tarihsel yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, ayrılma yanlısı söylemlerde, Türkiye’nin olası üyeliği araçsallaştırılarak, AB ve Birleşik Krallık’ın AB üyeliğinin devam etmesi durumu sorunsallaştırılmıştır. Bu da, Avrupa şüpheciliğinin söylemsel olarak yeniden üretilmesini sağlayarak Brexit yönünde verilen oylara zemin hazırlama işlevi görmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brexit, AB Referandumu, Birleşik Krallık, Türkiye, Söylem Analizi

Kaynakça

• Anderson, Christopher J. ve Reichert, M.Shawn. “Economic Benefits and Support for Membership in the E.U.: A Cross-National Analysis”, Journal of Public Policy 15, no 3 (1995): 231-249.
• Arıboğan, Deniz Ülke. Duvar: Tarih Geri Dönüyor, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2017.
• Avşar, Büşra ve Kansu, Ayça Ferda. “Benzerlikler ve Farklılıklar Işığında Avrupalılığın Psikopolitiği”, içinde Travmaların Gölgesinde: Politik Psikoloji, editör Deniz Ülke Arıboğan, 229-327, İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2020.
• Aydın-Düzgit, Senem. “Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkilerine Postyapısalcı Yaklaşım: Almanya Örneğinde Dış Politika ve Söylem Analizi”, Uluslararası İlişkiler 8, no 29 (2011): 49-70.
• Aydın-Düzgit, Senem. “Avrupa Birliği Kurumlarının Türkiye Söylemlerinde Bir Güvenlik Topluluğu Olarak Avrupa”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no 2 (2015): 99-112.
• Aydın-Düzgit, Senem ve Rumelili, Bahar. “Discourse Analysis: Strenghts and Shortcomings”, All Azimuth 8, no 2 (2019): 284-305.
• Balcı, Ali. “Diskors ve Pratik Olarak Dış Politika”, Uluslararası İlişkiler 4, no 15 (2007): 67-87.
• Becker, Sascha O., Fetzer, Thiemo ve Novy, Dennis. “Who Voted For Brexit? A Comprehensive District-Level Analysis”, Centre For Economic Performance Discussion Paper No 1480, (2017): 1-62.
• Cameron, David. “EU Speech at Bloomberg”, GOV.UK, (23.01.2013), Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 18, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/eu-speech-at-bloomberg.
• Carreras, Miguel, Irepoglu Carreras, Yasemin ve Bowler, Shaun. “Long-Term Economic Distress, Cultural Backlash, And Support For Brexit”, Comparative Political Studies, (2019): 1–29, doi:10.1177/0010414019830714.
• Churchill, Winston. “Churchill’s Speech in Zurich”, Churchill in Zurich, (19.09.1946), Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 24, 2020, https://www.churchill-in-zurich.ch/en/churchill/en-churchills-zurcher-rede/.
• Connelly, Rana İzci. “Avrupa Şüpheciliği ve Türkiye: Nasıl Bir Avrupa?”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 23, no 2 (2015): 59-77.
• Dennison, James ve Geddes, Andrew. “Brexit and the Perils of ‘Europeanised’ Migration”, Journal of European Public Policy 25, no 8 (2018): 1-17, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2022, doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1467953.
• European Commission. “European Commission opens way for decision by JUune on visa-free travel for citizens of Turkey”, (04.05.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 20, 2023 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_1622.
• European Council. “European Council, 18-19 February 2016”, (19.02.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 24, 2021, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2016/02/18-19/.
• Farage, Nigel. “Britain must leave the EU and control own borders, says Nigel Farage”, Express, Son Güncelleme: Şubat 11, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 7, 2021, https://www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/643337/Britain-leave-EU-control-borders-Nigel-Farage.
• Farage, Nigel. “Debates-Preparation of the European Council meeting of 17 and 18 March 2016 and outcome of the EU-Turkey summit (debate)”, European Parliament, (09.03.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2, 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-8-2016-03-09-INT-3-038-0000_EN.html.
• Farage, Nigel. “NIGEL FARAGE: Why we must vote LEAVE in the EU referendum”, Express, Son Güncelleme Haziran 21, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 26, 2021, https://www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/681776/nigel-farage-eu-referendum-brexit-vote-leave-independence-ukip.
• Fitzgibbon, John. “Citizens against Europe? Civil Society and Eurosceptic Protest in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Denmark”, Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no 1 (2007): 105-121, doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02302.x.
• Flood, Christopher ve Usherwood, Simon. “Positions, Dispositions, Transitions: A model of Group Alignment on EU Integration” (55th Annual Conference of the Political Studies Association’da sunulan tebliğ, University of Leeds, Nisan 5-7, 2005), Erişim Tarihi: Mart 30, 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228490382.
• Gabel, Matthew ve Palmer, Harvey D. “Understanding Variation in Public Support for European Integration”, European Journal of Social Science 27 no 1 (1995): 3-19.
• Goodwin, Matthew J. ve Heath, Oliver. “The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result”, The Political Quarterly, (2016): 1-10.
• Goodwin, Matthew ve Milazzo, Caitlin. “Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit”, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Special Issue Article, (2017): 1-15, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2021, doi: 10.1177/1369148117710799.
• Hall, Peter. “The Roots of Brexit: 1992, 2004, and the European Union Expansion”, Foreign Affairs, (28.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 21, 2023, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-kingdom/2016-06-28/roots-brexit.
• Hobolt, Sara B. “The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent”, Journal of European Public Policy 23, no 9 (2016): 1259-1277, doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1225785.
• Hobolt, Sara B. ve de Vries, Catherine E. “Public Support for European Integration”, The Annual Review of Political Science 19, (2016): 413-432, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 7, 2021, doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044157.
• Hooghe, Liesbet. “What Drives Euroskepticism? Party-Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity”, European Union Politics 8, no 1(2007): 5-12, doi:10.1177/1465116507073283.
• Hooghe, Liesbet ve Marks, Gary. “Calculation, Community and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration”, European Union Politics 6, no 4 (2005): 419–443, doi:10.1177/1465116505057816.
• Hooghe, Liesbet ve Marks, Gary. “Sources of Euroscepticism”, Acta Politica 42, (2007): 119-127, doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500192.
• Hooghe, Liesbet ve Marks, Gary. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus”, British Journal of Political Science 39, no 1(2009): 1-23, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2021, doi:10.1017/S0007123408000409.
• Hopkin, Jonathan. “When Polanyi Met Farage: Market Fundamentalism, Economic Nationalism, And Britain’s Exit From The European Union”, The British Journal Of Politics And International Relations, Special Issue Article, (2017): 1–14.
• Ipsos MORI, “Concern about immigration rises as EU vote approaches”, (23.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 26, 2023, https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/concern-about-immigration-rises-eu-vote-approaches.
• Jones, Alistair. Britain and the European Union, Edinburg: Edinburgh Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2007, eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost), Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 1, 2018, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzE5NDE1NF9fQU41?sid=60af5d6b-e901-47d5-a09c-e4de1fee57c0@sessionmgr101&vid=3&format=EB&rid=1.
• Kopecky, Petr ve Mudde, Cas. “The Two Sides of Euroscepticism: Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe”, European Union Politics 3, no 3 (2002): 297-326.
• Kress, Gunther. “Critical Discourse Analysis”, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 11, (1990): 84-89, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 3, 2021, doi: 10.1017/S0267190500001975.
• McCormick, John. Avrupa Birliği Siyaseti, 1. Baskı, Ankara: Adres Yayınları, 2015.
• McLaren, Laruen M. “Public Support for the European Union: Cost/Benefit Analysis or Perceived Cultural Threat?”, The Journal of Politics 64, no 2 (2002): 551-566.
• Milliken, Jennifer. “The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods”, European Journal of International Relations 5, no 2 (1999): 225-254.
• Samur, Hakan. “Birleşik Krallık-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri”, içinde Avrupa Birliği ve Üye Devletler: AB15 Üzerine Bir İnceleme, editör Ercüment Tezcan ve İlhan Aras, 213-260, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2016.
• Sepli, Ayçe. “Birleşik Krallık’ta Avrupa Şüpheciliği: 2016 Avrupa Birliği Referandumu” (Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022).
• Steenbergen, Marco R., Edwards, Erica E. ve de Vries, Catherine E. “Who’s Cueing Whom? Mass-Elite Linkages and the Future of European Integration”, European Union Politics 8, no 1 (2007): 13-35, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 21, 2022, doi: 10.1177/1465116507073284
• Stewart, Heather ve Mason, Rowena. “Nigel Farage's anti-migrant poster reported to police”, The Guardian, (16.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Mart 8, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants.
• Szczerbiak, Aleks ve Taggart, Paul. “Theorising Party-Based Euroscepticism Problems of Definition, Measurement and Causality”, 8th Biannual International Conference of the European Union Studies Association Conference’ta sunulan tebliğ, Nashville, Mart 27-29, 2003, Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 20, 2023, http://aei.pitt.edu/6562/
• Taggart, Paul. “A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems”, European Journal of Political Research 33, no 3 (1998): 363-388.
• Taggart, Paul ve Szczerbiak, Aleks. “Coming from the Cold? Euroscepticism, Government Participation and Party Positions on Europe”, Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no 1 (2013): 17-37, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2022, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02298.x.
• T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin Tarihçesi”, Son Güncelleme: Şubat 12, 2020, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 7, 2023, https://www.ab.gov.tr/turkiye-ab-iliskilerinin-tarihcesi_111.html.
• The Electoral Commission, “The 2016 EU referendum: Report on the 23 June 2016 referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union”, Son Güncelleme: Temmuz 29, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 20, 2023, https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/report-23-june-2016-referendum-uks-membership-european-union.
• Uberoi, Elise. “European Union Referendum”, House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper Number CBP 7639, (29.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 15, 2020, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7639/CBP-7639.pdf.
• UKIP, “We are better off outside the EU”, (04.04.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20160628171025/http://www.ukip.org/we_are_better_off_outside_the_eu#.
• UKIP, “It's not just difficult to control our borders within the EU, it's impossible”, (24.04.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20160628171947/http://www.ukip.org/it_s_not_just_difficult_to_control_our_borders_within_the_eu_it_s_impossible.
• UKIP, “True EU immigration figure 250,000 a year higher than first thought”, (12.05.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20160628171220/http://www.ukip.org/true_eu_immigration_figure_250_000_a_year_higher_than_first_thought.
• Usherwood, Simon ve Startin, Nicholas. “Euroscepticism as a Persistent Phenomenon”, Journal of Common Market Studies 51 no 1 (2013): 1-16, doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02297.x.
• Van Djik, Teun A. “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis”, Discourse and Society 4, no 2 (1993): 249-283.
• Van Leuween, Theo ve Wodak, Ruth. “Legitimizing immigration control: a discourse-historical analysis”, Discourse Studies 1, no 1 (1999): 83-118.
• Vasilopoulou, Sofia. “Continuity and Change in the Study of Euroscepticism: Plus ça change?”, Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no 1 (2013): 153-168, Erişim Tarihi: 5 Kasım 2021, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02306.x.
• Vasilopoulou, Sofia. “UK Euroscepticism and the Brexit Referendum”, The Political Quarterly 87, no 2 (2016): 219-227.
• VL, “Why Vote Leave”, (t.y.), Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 23, 2021, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/why_vote_leave.html.
• VL, “Priti Patel: Uncontrolled migration is putting unsustainable pressures on our public services”, (18.04.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 22, 2021, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/_priti_patel_the_shortage_of_primary_school_places_is_yet_another_example_of_how_uncontrolled_migration_is_putting_unsustainable_pressures_on_our_public_services.html.
• VL, “Michael Gove: ‘The Facts of Life Say Leave’”, (19.04.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 8, 2021, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/michael_gove_the_facts_of_life_say_leave.html.
• VL, “Letter to the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary - Getting the facts clear on Turkey”, (16.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 27, 2023, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/letter_to_the_prime_minister_and_foreign_secretary_getting_the_facts_clear_on_turkey.html
• VL. “Vote Leave for a Fairer Britain”, (22.06.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2, 2023, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/vote_leave_for_a_fairer_britain.html. YouTube. “UKIP Leader Nigel Farage's keynote speech from UKIP's Spring Conference in Llandudno”, (27.02.2016), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 7, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pehGu7dp1tw.
• Walker, Nigel. “Brexit Timeline: events leading to the UK’s exit from the European Union”, House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper Number 7960, (06.01.2021), Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2021, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7960/.
• Wodak, Ruth. “The discourse-historical approach”, içinde Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis: Introducing Qualitative Methods, editör Ruth Wodak ve Michael Mayer, 63-94, London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001.
• Wodak, Ruth. ““We have the character of an island nation” A discourse-historical analysis of David Cameron’s “Bloomberg Speech” on the European Union”, European University Institute, Working Papers, RSCAS 2016/36 (2016): 1-25, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Global Governance Programme-224.