Araştırma Makalesi
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Expecting the Same Results From Dissimilar Legal Texts: An Assessment of Association Agreements of Türkiye and Greece

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 101 - 127, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1344921

Öz

In this article, the Association Agreements of Greece, which signed the first association agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC), and then Türkiye, which signed a similar agreement, were compared. It has been argued for a long time that the Athens and Ankara Agreements concluded by the EEC at that time were alike agreements, and that the Ankara Agreement was even “inspired” by the Athens Agreement. This article tries to reveal that although the aims and purposes of these Agreements are similar, they diverge considerably when examined closely both in spirit and wording. It is understood that the protection shown and the political support given to Greece played an important role in the major difference in their functioning and speed. The argument of the article is that the Athens Agreement was prepared from the very beginning by the EEC to bring Greece to full membership as quickly as possible. Indeed, thanks to this agreement, Greece entered the customs union with the EEC in 1968 and became a full member of the Union in 1981. The Ankara Agreement with Türkiye, on the other hand, appears to be a derivative agreement very close to the Athens Agreement at first glance, but it is an agreement with different important clauses and a “deliberately” weakened regulative power. As a result, the Ankara Agreement, which is still in force and forms the legal basis of the relations of Türkiye with the EU, neither at the time it was signed nor today has the proper content to carry Türkiye into full membership. It is not meaningful in this context to expect equal results from legal texts that differ in this way. This paper attempts to prove this assertion.

Kaynakça

  • "Abkommen zur Grundung einer Assoziation zwischen der EWG und Griechenland(Agreement establishing an association between the EEC and Greece)." Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 361/29. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f8e2f9f4-75c8-4f62-ae3f-b86ca5842eee.0008.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • “Additional Protocol and Financial Protocol signed on 23 November 1970, annexed to the Agreement establishing the Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey and on measures to be taken for their entry into force - Final Act - Declarations, Official Journal of the European Communities OJ L293, 29.12.1972. " https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A21970A1123%2801%29
  • "Agreement on measures and procedures required for the implementation of the Agreement establishing an Association between the EEC and Turkey". 64/737/EEC:Official Journal 217, 29/12/1964. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f8e2f9f4-75c8-4f62-ae3f-b86ca5842eee.0008.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • "Commission Opinion on Greek Application for Membership of the European Communities. " Bulletin of the European Communities, (1976).http://aei.pitt.edu/961/1/enlargement_greek_opinion_COM_76_30.pdf
  • "Council Decision of 25 September 1961 on the conclusion of the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Greece (63/106/EEC). " Offical Journal of the European Communities, No 293/63. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31963D0106&from=HR
  • Deschamps, Etienne , and Christian Lekl. "The Accession of Greece. " CVCE, 2016. https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/61a2a7a5-39a9-4b06-91f8-69ae77b41515/publishable_en.pdf.
  • Feld, Werner. "The Association Agreements of the European Communities: A Comparative Analysis. International Organization 19, no. 2 (1965): 223–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2705812.pdf
  • "Interview with Hans-August Lücker: The Association Agreement between Greece and the EEC (Bonn, 15 May 2006). " CVCE, November 8, 2016. https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/interview_with_hans_august_lucker_the_association_agreement_between_greece_and_the_eec_bonn_15_may_2006-en-c0a40276-36e3-4263-ad73-888578b88254.html.
  • "Judgment of the Court of 20 September 1990. - S. Z. Sevince v Staatssecretaris van Justitie. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Raad van State - Netherlands. - EEC-Turkey Association Agreement - Decisions of the Association Council - Direct effect. - Case C-192/89. ", 1990. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61989CJ0192&from=EN
  • "Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974. - R. & V. Haegeman v Belgian State. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles - Belgium. - Case 181-73." 1974. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61973CJ0181 "Judgment of the Court of 30 September 1987. - Meryem Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart - Germany. - Association agreement between the EEC and Turkey - Freedom of movement for workers. - Case 12/86. " 1987. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61986CJ0012&from=EN
  • Karluk, Rıdvan. Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye (European Union and Türkiye). 8th ed. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2005.
  • Nolte, George. "Freizügigkeit nach dem Assoziationsvertrag EWG-Türkei: Auslegungskompetenz, Unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit und Familiennachzug (Freedom of Movement according to the EEC-Turkey Association Treaty: Interpretation Competence, Direct Applicability and Family Reunification) ". Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Vol. 47, (1987): 755-77. https://www.zaoerv.de/47_1987/47_1987_4_t_755_777.pdf
  • "Opinion of Mr Advocate General Darmon delivered on 10 November 1992. Kazim Kus v Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof - Germany. EEC-Turkey Association Agreement - Decision of the Council of Association - Concept of legal employment - Right of residence. Case C-237/91. " 1992. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61991CC0237&from=EN
  • Oran, Baskın ed. "Türk Dış Politikası (Turkish Foreign Policy)." 7th ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2003. Tsalicoglou, Iacovos S. Negotiating for Entry: The Accession of Greece to the European Community. Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1995.

Farklı Hukuk Metinlerinden Benzer Sonuçlar Beklemek: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Ortaklık Anlaşmalarının Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 101 - 127, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1344921

Öz

Bu makalede Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu ile ilk ortaklık anlaşması imzalayan Yunanistan ve ardından benzer bir anlaşmayı imzalayan Türkiye’nin ortaklık anlaşmaları karşılaştırılmıştır. O zamanki adıyla AET’nin imzaladığı Atina ve Ankara Anlaşmalarının benzer anlaşmalar oldukları, hatta Ankara Anlaşmasının Atina Anlaşmasından esinlenildiği uzun süredir savunulmuştur. Bu makale, bu Anlaşmaların hedefleri ve yapılış amaçları benzer olsa da hem ruhu hem de lafzı yakından incelendiğinde önemli derecede ayrıştıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. İşleyiş ve tempolarında ortaya çıkan farklılıkta ise Yunanistan’a gösterilen himaye ve verilen siyasi desteğin önemli rol oynadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Makalenin iddiası şudur: Atina Anlaşması AET tarafından en başından Yunanistan’ı en hızlı şekilde tam üyeliğe taşımak için hazırlanmıştır. Bu anlaşma sayesinde Yunanistan 1968 yılında AET ile gümrük birliğine girmiş, 1981 yılında da Birliğe tam üye olabilmiştir. Türkiye ile yapılan Ankara Anlaşması ise, ilk bakışta Atina Anlaşmasına benzer şekilde düzenlenmiş bir türev anlaşma gibi görülse de önemli maddeleri farklı şekilde düzenlenmiş ve yaptırım gücü bilinçli olarak zayıflatılmış bir anlaşmadır. Sonuç olarak, halen yürürlükte olan Ankara Anlaşması, AB ile olan ilişkilerimizin (müzakere eden ülke statüsü ile birlikte) hukuki temelini oluşturmaktadır. Ancak, bu anlaşma Atina Anlaşması’nın aksine, ne imzalandığı dönemde ne bugün Türkiye’yi tam üyeliğe taşıyacak bir içerik ve kapsama sahip olmamıştır. Bu şekilde farklılaşan hukuki metinlerden benzer sonuçları beklemek de bu bağlamda anlamlı değildir. Elinizdeki çalışma bu tezi kanıtlamaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • "Abkommen zur Grundung einer Assoziation zwischen der EWG und Griechenland(Agreement establishing an association between the EEC and Greece)." Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 361/29. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f8e2f9f4-75c8-4f62-ae3f-b86ca5842eee.0008.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • “Additional Protocol and Financial Protocol signed on 23 November 1970, annexed to the Agreement establishing the Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey and on measures to be taken for their entry into force - Final Act - Declarations, Official Journal of the European Communities OJ L293, 29.12.1972. " https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A21970A1123%2801%29
  • "Agreement on measures and procedures required for the implementation of the Agreement establishing an Association between the EEC and Turkey". 64/737/EEC:Official Journal 217, 29/12/1964. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f8e2f9f4-75c8-4f62-ae3f-b86ca5842eee.0008.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • "Commission Opinion on Greek Application for Membership of the European Communities. " Bulletin of the European Communities, (1976).http://aei.pitt.edu/961/1/enlargement_greek_opinion_COM_76_30.pdf
  • "Council Decision of 25 September 1961 on the conclusion of the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Greece (63/106/EEC). " Offical Journal of the European Communities, No 293/63. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31963D0106&from=HR
  • Deschamps, Etienne , and Christian Lekl. "The Accession of Greece. " CVCE, 2016. https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/61a2a7a5-39a9-4b06-91f8-69ae77b41515/publishable_en.pdf.
  • Feld, Werner. "The Association Agreements of the European Communities: A Comparative Analysis. International Organization 19, no. 2 (1965): 223–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2705812.pdf
  • "Interview with Hans-August Lücker: The Association Agreement between Greece and the EEC (Bonn, 15 May 2006). " CVCE, November 8, 2016. https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/interview_with_hans_august_lucker_the_association_agreement_between_greece_and_the_eec_bonn_15_may_2006-en-c0a40276-36e3-4263-ad73-888578b88254.html.
  • "Judgment of the Court of 20 September 1990. - S. Z. Sevince v Staatssecretaris van Justitie. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Raad van State - Netherlands. - EEC-Turkey Association Agreement - Decisions of the Association Council - Direct effect. - Case C-192/89. ", 1990. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61989CJ0192&from=EN
  • "Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1974. - R. & V. Haegeman v Belgian State. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles - Belgium. - Case 181-73." 1974. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61973CJ0181 "Judgment of the Court of 30 September 1987. - Meryem Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart - Germany. - Association agreement between the EEC and Turkey - Freedom of movement for workers. - Case 12/86. " 1987. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61986CJ0012&from=EN
  • Karluk, Rıdvan. Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye (European Union and Türkiye). 8th ed. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 2005.
  • Nolte, George. "Freizügigkeit nach dem Assoziationsvertrag EWG-Türkei: Auslegungskompetenz, Unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit und Familiennachzug (Freedom of Movement according to the EEC-Turkey Association Treaty: Interpretation Competence, Direct Applicability and Family Reunification) ". Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Vol. 47, (1987): 755-77. https://www.zaoerv.de/47_1987/47_1987_4_t_755_777.pdf
  • "Opinion of Mr Advocate General Darmon delivered on 10 November 1992. Kazim Kus v Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof - Germany. EEC-Turkey Association Agreement - Decision of the Council of Association - Concept of legal employment - Right of residence. Case C-237/91. " 1992. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:61991CC0237&from=EN
  • Oran, Baskın ed. "Türk Dış Politikası (Turkish Foreign Policy)." 7th ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2003. Tsalicoglou, Iacovos S. Negotiating for Entry: The Accession of Greece to the European Community. Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1995.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

T. Mesut Eren 0000-0002-6991-0251

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Eren, T. Mesut. “Expecting the Same Results From Dissimilar Legal Texts: An Assessment of Association Agreements of Türkiye and Greece”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 101-27. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1344921.

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