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Avrupa Birliği Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları: Başlangıcından Günümüze Bağlamsal Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 129 - 161, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1365595

Öz

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) 1957 Roma Antlaşması’ndan günümüze toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği politikalarının tarih içindeki gelişimini dönemsel olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. AB’nin eşitlik politikaları uluslararası alanda belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır; bu sebeple toplumsal cinsiyet politikalarının tarihsel oluşum sürecini anlamak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışma, AB belgelerinin analizi yoluyla, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği politikalarında benimsenen eşitlik yaklaşımlarını, odaklanılan konuları ve kullanılan politika araçlarını incelemektedir. AB başlangıçta ekonomik bir iş birliği olarak kurulmuş olmasına rağmen zaman içinde farklı alanlara genişlemiştir ancak sosyal politikalar açısından hâlâ piyasa odaklı bir yaklaşımı sürdürmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet politikaları özellikle istihdam odaklıdır; bu da eşitsizlik meselesinin piyasa önceliklerine göre ele alındığına işaret etmektedir. Bu politikalar genellikle piyasayla doğrudan ilgili oldukları durumlarda bağlayıcı önlemler içermektedir ancak diğer durumlarda daha zayıf düzenlemelere tabi tutuldukları veya gündeme alınması için AB içinde veya dışında uzun ve zorlu çabalar gerektiği gözlemlenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akpınar, Taner. “AB İşgücü Piyasasında Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığının Boyutları ve Ortadan Kaldırmaya Yönelik Çabalar.” SBF Dergisi no 60, 4 (2015):1-22.
  • Aslan Akman, Canan. “Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği.” İçinde Yarım Asrın Ardından: Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri, editörler Belgin Akçay ve Sinem Akgül Açıkmeşe, 449-468. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Booth, Christine ve Cinnamon Benneth. “Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Towards a New Conception and Practice of Equal Opportunities?” The European Journal of Women’s Studies 9, no 4 (2002): 430-46.
  • Chieregato, Elisa. “A Work-Life Balance For All? Assessing the Inclusiveness of EU Directive 2019/1158.” International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations no 36, 1 (2020): 59-80.
  • Cichowski, Rachel A. “Judicial Rulemaking and the Institutionalization of European Union Sex Equality Policy.” İçinde The Institutionalization of Europe, editörler Alec Stone Sweet, Wayne Sandholtz ve Neil Fligstein, 113-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız. Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinin Temel Kavramları. Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği. Ankara: CEİD, 2021. Eryılmaz, Sevinç. “Avrupa Birliği’nde ve Türkiye’de Kadın.” İçinde Avrupa Birliği Hakkında Merak Ettikleriniz, editör Ayhan Kaya, 275-288. Hiperlink Yayınları, 2013.
  • European Commission. “Types of EU law.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023a). https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/types-eu-law_en.
  • European Commission. “The Task Force on Equality of the European Commission.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023b). https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy/task-force-equality-european-commission_en#the-task-force-on-equality-of-the-european-commission.
  • European Commission. “Union of equality: The First Year of Actions and Achievements.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023c). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_7941. EIGE. “Intersectionality.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023. https://eige.europa.eu/publications-resources/thesaurus/terms/1050.
  • Finnemore, Martha ve Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no 4 (1998): 887-917.
  • Fredman, Sandra. Intersectional Discrimination in EU Gender Equality and Non-Discrimination Law. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, European Commission, 2016.
  • Gregory, Jeanne. “Sexual Harassment: The Impact of EU Law in the Member States.” İçinde Gender Policies in the European Union, editör Mariagrazia Rossilli. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
  • Günder, Zeynep ve Gamze Aşçıoğlu Öz, “Avrupa Birliği Cinsiyet Eşitliği İlkesi Perspektifinden Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi.” Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi no 20, 48 (2020): 601-642.
  • Koray, Meryem. “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de ‘Cinsiyet’ Eşitliği Politikaları: Sol-Feminist Bir Eleştiri.” Çalışma ve Toplum no 2, 29 (2011): 13-54.
  • Krizsán, A., M. Paantjens ve I. van Lamoen. “Domestic Violence: Women’s Problem?” ECPR Standing Group on the European Union, Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, Bologna, June 24-26, 2004.
  • Lewis, Jane. “Work/family Reconciliation, Equal Opportunities and Social Policies: the Interpretation of Policy Trajectories at the EU level and the Meaning of Gender Equality.” Journal of European Public Policy 13, no 3 (2006): 420-37.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela. “Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process.” Social Politics 12 (2005): 412-32.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Petra Meier. “Gender Mainstreaming in the EU: Incorporating a Feminist Reading?” European Journal of Women’s Studies 13, no 2 (2006): 151-66.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Petra Meier. “European Union Gender Policy Since Beijing: Shifting Concepts and Agendas.” İçinde Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe, editör Mieke Verloo, 51-75. Budapest: CEU Press, 2007.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Lise Rolandsen Agustín. “Intersectionality in European Union Policymaking: The Case of Gender-Based Violence.” Politics 36, no 4 (2016): 364-73.
  • Masselot, Annick. “The State of Gender Equality Law in the European Union.” European Law Journal 13, no 2 (2007): 152-68.
  • Meier, Petra, Emanuela Lombardo, Maria Bustelo ve Maro Pantelidou Maloutas. “Gender Mainstreaming and the Bench Marking Fallacy of Women in Political Decision-Making.” The Greek Review of Social Research 117 (2005): 35-61.
  • Pollack, Mark A. ve Emilie Hafner-Burton. “Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy no 7, 3 (2000): 432-56.
  • Rossilli, Mariagrazia. “The European Union’s Gender Policies.” İçinde Gender Policies in the European Union, editör Mariagrazia Rossilli. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
  • Roth, Silke. Gender Politics in the Expanding European Union: Mobilization, Inclusion, Exclusion. Berghahn Books, 2008.
  • Sayın, Aysun. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Kadın-Erkek Eşitliği Politikalarına Feminist Perspektiften Bakış.” Toplum ve Demokrasi no 2, 4 (2008): 1-14.
  • Stratigaki, Maria. “The Cooptation of Gender Concepts in EU Policies: The Case of Reconciliation of Work and Family.” Social Politics no 11, 1 (2004): 30-56. Stratigaki, Maria. “Gender Mainstreaming vs. Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy. European Journal of Women’s Studies no 12, 2 (2005): 165-86.
  • Walby, Sylvia. Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
  • Walby, Sylvia. “The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime.” Social Politics no 11, 1 (2004): 4-29.
  • Woodward, Alison E. “Too Late for Mainstreaming? Taking Stock in Brussels.” Journal of European Social Policy no 18, 3 (2008): 289-302.
  • van der Vleuten, Anna. The Price of Gender Equality: Member States and Governance in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
  • Young, Brigitte. “Disciplinary Neoliberalism in the European Union and Gender Politics.” New Political Economy no 5, 1 (2000): 77-98.
  • Zippel, Kathrin. “Transnational Advocacy Networks and Policy Cycles in the European Union: The Case of Sexual Harassment.” Social Policies no 11, 1 (2004): 57-85.
  • Zippel, Kathrin S. “Gender Equality Politics in the Changing European Union: The European Union Anti-Discrimination Directive and Sexual Harassment.” Center for European Studies Working Paper Series no 134, 2006. Direktifler Directive 75/117/EEC “The approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women,” OJ L 45, 19.2.1975.
  • Directive 76/207/EEC “Implementing the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions,” OJ L 39, 14.2.1976.
  • Directive 79/7/EEC “The progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security,” OJ L 6, 10.1.1979.
  • Directive 86/378/EEC “Implementing of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes,” OJ L 225, 12.8.1986.
  • Directive 86/613/EEC “The application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity, including agriculture, in a self-employed capacity, and on the protection of self-employed women during pregnancy and motherhood,” OJ L 359, 19.12.1986.
  • Directive 92/85/EEC “The Introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC),” OJ L 348, 28.11.1992.
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  • Directive 97/80/EC “The burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex,” OJ L 14, 20.1.1998.
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  • Directive 2004/80/EC “Relating to compensation to crime victims,” OJ L 261, 6.8.2004.
  • Directive 2004/113/EC “Implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services,” OJ L 373, 21.12.2004.
  • Directive 2006/54/EC “The implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast)” OJ L 204, 26.7.2006.
  • Directive 2010/18/EU “Implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC,” OJ L 68, 18.3.2010.
  • Directive 2010/41/EU “The application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity and repealing Council Directive 86/613/EEC,” OJ L 180, 15.7.2010.
  • Directive 2011/36/EU “Preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA,” OJ L 101, 15.4.2011.
  • Directive 2011/93/EU “Combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA,” OJ L 335, 17.12.2011.
  • Directive 2011/99/EU “The European protection order,” OJ L 338, 21.12.2011.
  • Directive 2012/29/EU “Establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA,” J L 315, 14.11.2012.
  • Directive (EU) 2019/1158 “Work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU,” OJ L 188, 12.7.2019.
  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 “Improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures,” PE/59/2022/INIT.
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  • European Parliament Resolution on “women in decision-making centers,” OJ C 262, 10.10.1988.
  • Council Resolution on the “protection of the dignity of women and men at work,” 90/C 157/02, 29.05.1990.
  • Council Resolution on the “third medium- term Community action programme on equal opportunities for women and men (1991 to 1995),” OJ C 142, 31.5.1991.
  • Council Resolution on “women in decision-making bodies,” OJ C 61, 28.2.1994.
  • Council Resolution on the “balanced participation of men and women in decision-making,” OJ C 168, 4.7.1995.
  • European Parliament Resolution on the “need to establish a European wide campaign for zero tolerance of violence against women,” A4-0250/1997.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “women in decision-making,” OJ C 346, 4.12.2000.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “intersectional discrimination in the European Union: the socio-economic situation of women of African, Middle-Eastern, Latin-American and Asian descent (2021/2243(INI)),” OJ C 47, 7.2.2023.
  • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1079(1996) on the “increased representation of women in the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly,” 20.03.1996.
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  • Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Resolution 303(2010) on “achieving sustainable gender equality in local and regional political life,” 19.03.2010. Tavsiyeler Council Recommendation 84/635/EEC on the “promotion of positive action for women,” OJ L 331, 19.12.1984.
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  • Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1413(1999) on “equal representation in political life,” 10.01.2000.
  • Council Recommendation Rec(2003)3 on “balanced participation of women and men in political and public decision-making,” 12.03.2003.
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  • Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Recommendation 390(2016) on “women’s political participation and representation at local and regional levels,” 20.10.2016.
  • Bilgilendirmeler, Raporlar ve Diğerleri
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  • COM (98) 122 “Progress Report from the Commission on the Follow up of the Communication: Incorporating Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in All Commission Activities and Policies.” Brussels: European Commission, 04.03.1998.
  • COM (2000) 120 “Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on the Implementation of Council Recommendation 96/694 of 2nd December 1996 on the Balanced Participation of Women and Men in the Decision-Making Process.”
  • COM (2000) 334 “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions.” OJ C 337E , 28.11.2000.
  • COM/2017/0252 “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions an Initiative to Support Work-Life Balance for Working Parents and Carers.” 26.04.2017.
  • COM/2020/565 “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Union of equality: EU anti-racism action plan 2020-2025.” 18.09.2020.
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  • COM/2022/105 “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on combating violence against women and domestic violence.” 08.03.2022.
  • Decision 2000/407/EC “Relating to gender balance within the committees and expert groups established by it.” OJ L 154, 27.6.2000.
  • EU accession to the Istanbul Convention, 12 Ekim 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/eu-accession-to-the-istanbul-convention.html
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European Union Gender Equality Policies: A Contextual Analysis from Their Inception to Today

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 129 - 161, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1365595

Öz

This study investigates the key stages in the development of European Union (EU) gender equality policies since their inception with the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Given the substantial impact of EU equality policies on the international stage, it is essential to understand how these policies have been formulated within their historical context. By analyzing key EU policy documents, this study delves into the focal areas of gender policies, the changes these areas have undergone over time, the adopted approaches to equality, and how these processes have interacted with feminist debates and broader social and economic transformations. While the EU, initially established as an economic organization, has expanded its focus to various policy domains over time, it continues to maintain a market-oriented approach to shaping social policies. EU gender equality policies are notably centered on the labor market, reflecting the influence of market priorities on addressing issues of inequality. Gender equality policies tend to include binding measures especially when they directly relate to market concerns. However, in other instances, these policies are either diluted into less stringent regulations or require protracted struggles, both within and outside the EU, to be included on the policy agenda.

Kaynakça

  • Akpınar, Taner. “AB İşgücü Piyasasında Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığının Boyutları ve Ortadan Kaldırmaya Yönelik Çabalar.” SBF Dergisi no 60, 4 (2015):1-22.
  • Aslan Akman, Canan. “Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği.” İçinde Yarım Asrın Ardından: Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri, editörler Belgin Akçay ve Sinem Akgül Açıkmeşe, 449-468. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Booth, Christine ve Cinnamon Benneth. “Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Towards a New Conception and Practice of Equal Opportunities?” The European Journal of Women’s Studies 9, no 4 (2002): 430-46.
  • Chieregato, Elisa. “A Work-Life Balance For All? Assessing the Inclusiveness of EU Directive 2019/1158.” International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations no 36, 1 (2020): 59-80.
  • Cichowski, Rachel A. “Judicial Rulemaking and the Institutionalization of European Union Sex Equality Policy.” İçinde The Institutionalization of Europe, editörler Alec Stone Sweet, Wayne Sandholtz ve Neil Fligstein, 113-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız. Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliğinin Temel Kavramları. Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği. Ankara: CEİD, 2021. Eryılmaz, Sevinç. “Avrupa Birliği’nde ve Türkiye’de Kadın.” İçinde Avrupa Birliği Hakkında Merak Ettikleriniz, editör Ayhan Kaya, 275-288. Hiperlink Yayınları, 2013.
  • European Commission. “Types of EU law.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023a). https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/types-eu-law_en.
  • European Commission. “The Task Force on Equality of the European Commission.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023b). https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy/task-force-equality-european-commission_en#the-task-force-on-equality-of-the-european-commission.
  • European Commission. “Union of equality: The First Year of Actions and Achievements.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023 (2023c). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_22_7941. EIGE. “Intersectionality.” Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 20, 2023. https://eige.europa.eu/publications-resources/thesaurus/terms/1050.
  • Finnemore, Martha ve Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no 4 (1998): 887-917.
  • Fredman, Sandra. Intersectional Discrimination in EU Gender Equality and Non-Discrimination Law. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, European Commission, 2016.
  • Gregory, Jeanne. “Sexual Harassment: The Impact of EU Law in the Member States.” İçinde Gender Policies in the European Union, editör Mariagrazia Rossilli. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
  • Günder, Zeynep ve Gamze Aşçıoğlu Öz, “Avrupa Birliği Cinsiyet Eşitliği İlkesi Perspektifinden Türk Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi.” Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi no 20, 48 (2020): 601-642.
  • Koray, Meryem. “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de ‘Cinsiyet’ Eşitliği Politikaları: Sol-Feminist Bir Eleştiri.” Çalışma ve Toplum no 2, 29 (2011): 13-54.
  • Krizsán, A., M. Paantjens ve I. van Lamoen. “Domestic Violence: Women’s Problem?” ECPR Standing Group on the European Union, Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, Bologna, June 24-26, 2004.
  • Lewis, Jane. “Work/family Reconciliation, Equal Opportunities and Social Policies: the Interpretation of Policy Trajectories at the EU level and the Meaning of Gender Equality.” Journal of European Public Policy 13, no 3 (2006): 420-37.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela. “Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process.” Social Politics 12 (2005): 412-32.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Petra Meier. “Gender Mainstreaming in the EU: Incorporating a Feminist Reading?” European Journal of Women’s Studies 13, no 2 (2006): 151-66.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Petra Meier. “European Union Gender Policy Since Beijing: Shifting Concepts and Agendas.” İçinde Multiple Meanings of Gender Equality A Critical Frame Analysis of Gender Policies in Europe, editör Mieke Verloo, 51-75. Budapest: CEU Press, 2007.
  • Lombardo, Emanuela ve Lise Rolandsen Agustín. “Intersectionality in European Union Policymaking: The Case of Gender-Based Violence.” Politics 36, no 4 (2016): 364-73.
  • Masselot, Annick. “The State of Gender Equality Law in the European Union.” European Law Journal 13, no 2 (2007): 152-68.
  • Meier, Petra, Emanuela Lombardo, Maria Bustelo ve Maro Pantelidou Maloutas. “Gender Mainstreaming and the Bench Marking Fallacy of Women in Political Decision-Making.” The Greek Review of Social Research 117 (2005): 35-61.
  • Pollack, Mark A. ve Emilie Hafner-Burton. “Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy no 7, 3 (2000): 432-56.
  • Rossilli, Mariagrazia. “The European Union’s Gender Policies.” İçinde Gender Policies in the European Union, editör Mariagrazia Rossilli. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
  • Roth, Silke. Gender Politics in the Expanding European Union: Mobilization, Inclusion, Exclusion. Berghahn Books, 2008.
  • Sayın, Aysun. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Kadın-Erkek Eşitliği Politikalarına Feminist Perspektiften Bakış.” Toplum ve Demokrasi no 2, 4 (2008): 1-14.
  • Stratigaki, Maria. “The Cooptation of Gender Concepts in EU Policies: The Case of Reconciliation of Work and Family.” Social Politics no 11, 1 (2004): 30-56. Stratigaki, Maria. “Gender Mainstreaming vs. Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy. European Journal of Women’s Studies no 12, 2 (2005): 165-86.
  • Walby, Sylvia. Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
  • Walby, Sylvia. “The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime.” Social Politics no 11, 1 (2004): 4-29.
  • Woodward, Alison E. “Too Late for Mainstreaming? Taking Stock in Brussels.” Journal of European Social Policy no 18, 3 (2008): 289-302.
  • van der Vleuten, Anna. The Price of Gender Equality: Member States and Governance in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
  • Young, Brigitte. “Disciplinary Neoliberalism in the European Union and Gender Politics.” New Political Economy no 5, 1 (2000): 77-98.
  • Zippel, Kathrin. “Transnational Advocacy Networks and Policy Cycles in the European Union: The Case of Sexual Harassment.” Social Policies no 11, 1 (2004): 57-85.
  • Zippel, Kathrin S. “Gender Equality Politics in the Changing European Union: The European Union Anti-Discrimination Directive and Sexual Harassment.” Center for European Studies Working Paper Series no 134, 2006. Direktifler Directive 75/117/EEC “The approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women,” OJ L 45, 19.2.1975.
  • Directive 76/207/EEC “Implementing the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions,” OJ L 39, 14.2.1976.
  • Directive 79/7/EEC “The progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security,” OJ L 6, 10.1.1979.
  • Directive 86/378/EEC “Implementing of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes,” OJ L 225, 12.8.1986.
  • Directive 86/613/EEC “The application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity, including agriculture, in a self-employed capacity, and on the protection of self-employed women during pregnancy and motherhood,” OJ L 359, 19.12.1986.
  • Directive 92/85/EEC “The Introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC),” OJ L 348, 28.11.1992.
  • Directive 96/34/EC “The Framework Agreement on Parental Leave concluded by UNICE, CEEP, and the ETUC,” OJ L 145, 19/06/96.
  • Directive 97/80/EC “The burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex,” OJ L 14, 20.1.1998.
  • Directive 97/81/EC “Concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC,” OJ L 14, 20.1.1998.
  • Directive 2000/43/EC “Implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin,” OJ L 180/22.
  • Directive 2000/78/EC “Establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation,” OJ L 303/16.
  • Directive 2002/73/EC “Amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions,” OJ L 269, 5.10.2002.
  • Directive 2004/80/EC “Relating to compensation to crime victims,” OJ L 261, 6.8.2004.
  • Directive 2004/113/EC “Implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services,” OJ L 373, 21.12.2004.
  • Directive 2006/54/EC “The implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast)” OJ L 204, 26.7.2006.
  • Directive 2010/18/EU “Implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC,” OJ L 68, 18.3.2010.
  • Directive 2010/41/EU “The application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity and repealing Council Directive 86/613/EEC,” OJ L 180, 15.7.2010.
  • Directive 2011/36/EU “Preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA,” OJ L 101, 15.4.2011.
  • Directive 2011/93/EU “Combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA,” OJ L 335, 17.12.2011.
  • Directive 2011/99/EU “The European protection order,” OJ L 338, 21.12.2011.
  • Directive 2012/29/EU “Establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA,” J L 315, 14.11.2012.
  • Directive (EU) 2019/1158 “Work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU,” OJ L 188, 12.7.2019.
  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 “Improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures,” PE/59/2022/INIT.
  • Directive (EU) 2023/970 “To strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms,” OJ L 132, 17.5.2023. İlke Kararları Council Resolution “concerning a social action programme,” OJ C 13, 12.2.1974.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “violence against women,” OJ C 176, 14.7.1986.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “women in decision-making centers,” OJ C 262, 10.10.1988.
  • Council Resolution on the “protection of the dignity of women and men at work,” 90/C 157/02, 29.05.1990.
  • Council Resolution on the “third medium- term Community action programme on equal opportunities for women and men (1991 to 1995),” OJ C 142, 31.5.1991.
  • Council Resolution on “women in decision-making bodies,” OJ C 61, 28.2.1994.
  • Council Resolution on the “balanced participation of men and women in decision-making,” OJ C 168, 4.7.1995.
  • European Parliament Resolution on the “need to establish a European wide campaign for zero tolerance of violence against women,” A4-0250/1997.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “women in decision-making,” OJ C 346, 4.12.2000.
  • European Parliament Resolution on “intersectional discrimination in the European Union: the socio-economic situation of women of African, Middle-Eastern, Latin-American and Asian descent (2021/2243(INI)),” OJ C 47, 7.2.2023.
  • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1079(1996) on the “increased representation of women in the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly,” 20.03.1996.
  • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1348(2003) on “gender-balanced representation in the Parliamentary Assembly,” 30.09.2003.
  • Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Resolution 303(2010) on “achieving sustainable gender equality in local and regional political life,” 19.03.2010. Tavsiyeler Council Recommendation 84/635/EEC on the “promotion of positive action for women,” OJ L 331, 19.12.1984.
  • Council Recommendation 96/694/EC on the “balanced participation of women and men in the decision-making process,” OJ L 319, 10.12.1996.
  • Commission Recommendation 92/131/EEC on the “protection of the dignity of women and men at work,” OJ L 049, 24.02.1992.
  • Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1413(1999) on “equal representation in political life,” 10.01.2000.
  • Council Recommendation Rec(2003)3 on “balanced participation of women and men in political and public decision-making,” 12.03.2003.
  • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Recommendation 1899(2010) on “increasing women’s representation in politics through the electoral system,” 27.01.2010.
  • Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Recommendation 390(2016) on “women’s political participation and representation at local and regional levels,” 20.10.2016.
  • Bilgilendirmeler, Raporlar ve Diğerleri
  • Council of Europe. “1st General Report on GREVIO’S Activities.” Council of Europe, 2020.
  • COM (90) 449 “Equal Opportunities for Women and Men: The Third Medium-Term Community Action Programme 1991-1995,” 6.11.1990.
  • COM (96) 650 “Annual Report from the Commission: Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in the European Union.” Brussels: European Commission, 1997.
  • COM (98) 122 “Progress Report from the Commission on the Follow up of the Communication: Incorporating Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in All Commission Activities and Policies.” Brussels: European Commission, 04.03.1998.
  • COM (2000) 120 “Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on the Implementation of Council Recommendation 96/694 of 2nd December 1996 on the Balanced Participation of Women and Men in the Decision-Making Process.”
  • COM (2000) 334 “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions.” OJ C 337E , 28.11.2000.
  • COM/2017/0252 “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions an Initiative to Support Work-Life Balance for Working Parents and Carers.” 26.04.2017.
  • COM/2020/565 “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Union of equality: EU anti-racism action plan 2020-2025.” 18.09.2020.
  • COM/2020/152 “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025.” 05.03.2020.
  • COM/2022/105 “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on combating violence against women and domestic violence.” 08.03.2022.
  • Decision 2000/407/EC “Relating to gender balance within the committees and expert groups established by it.” OJ L 154, 27.6.2000.
  • EU accession to the Istanbul Convention, 12 Ekim 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/eu-accession-to-the-istanbul-convention.html
  • European Commission. EU Gender Equality Law. A Report by Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Luxembourg, 2008.
  • European Commission. European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality, European Gender Equality Law Review No. 1/2010, 2010a.
  • European Commission. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Synthesis Report on Violence against women and the role of gender equality, social inclusion and health strategies. Belgium, 2010b.
  • European Parliament. Violence against Women. Note by Directorate-General Internal Policies Policy Department C Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Brussels, European Parliament, 2005.
  • European Parliament. Women’s Rights and Gender Equality: Basic information. Notice to Members by Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, 2009.
  • EWL. Position on the Communication from the Commission: Incorporating Equal Opportunities for Women and Men into All Community Policies and Activities. Brussels, 1996.
  • Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on “mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters.” OJ L 181, 29.6.2013.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa Birliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Pelin Kılınçarslan 0000-0003-2534-8444

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kılınçarslan, Pelin. “Avrupa Birliği Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları: Başlangıcından Günümüze Bağlamsal Bir İnceleme”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 129-61. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1365595.

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Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.