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Energy Regionalism in Wider Europe: Sub-Regional Energy Dynamics and the EU’s Eastern Partnership

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 67 - 100, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1387050

Öz

This article investigates energy regionalism in wider Europe, examining extra-regional and intra-regional challenges. In recent years, the European Union (EU) has taken concrete steps to enhance its energy security and reduce its dependence on Russia. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has further highlighted the critical dimension of the energy crisis between Russia and the EU. This study emphasizes the vital role of sub-regional energy dynamics in regional policy formulation and criticizes the EU's regional approach. In this realm, the article assesses the EU's Eastern Partnership through the Caucasus Eastern Partnership countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) and the Northeast Europe Eastern Partnership countries (Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus). Thus, countries' recent initiatives will be investigated to demonstrate how they cope with issues of energy security. In the end, the article underlines the necessity for the adoption of tailor-made sub-regional energy policies by the EU. For Northeast Europe Eastern Partnership countries, the EU needs to support energy market liberalization and stability, invest in critical infrastructural developments, foster effective dispute resolution mechanisms, and maintain transparent transit conditions. For Caucasus Eastern Partnership countries, the EU needs to facilitate multilateral energy cooperation and dialogue, promote energy market liberalization, and facilitate energy interconnection. In short, strong political leadership and continuous efforts to foster collaboration and interconnectivity in wider Europe are necessary to enhance energy security.

Kaynakça

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Geniş Avrupa'da Enerji Bölgeciliği: Alt Bölgesel Enerji Dinamikleri ve AB'nin Doğu Ortaklığı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 67 - 100, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1387050

Öz

Bu makale hem bölge dışı hem de bölge içi zorlukları inceleyerek geniş Avrupa'da enerji bölgeselciliğini araştırmaktadır. Son yıllarda Avrupa Birliği (AB) enerji güvenliğini arttırmak ve Rusya'ya olan bağımlılığını azaltmak için somut adımlar atmıştır. Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı işgali, Rusya ile AB arasındaki enerji krizinin kritik boyutunu daha da vurgulamıştır. Bu çalışma, bölgesel politika oluşturmada alt-bölgesel enerji dinamiklerinin hayati rolünü vurgulamakta ve AB'nin bölgesel yaklaşımını eleştirmektedir. Bu çerçevede makale, AB'nin Doğu Ortaklığı'nı Kafkasya Doğu Ortaklığı ülkeleri (Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, Gürcistan) ve Kuzeydoğu Avrupa Doğu Ortaklığı ülkeleri (Ukrayna, Moldova, Belarus) üzerinden değerlendirmektedir. Böylece, ülkelerin enerji güvenliği meseleleriyle nasıl başa çıktıklarını göstermek için son dönemdeki girişimleri incelenecektir. Makalenin sonunda, AB tarafından özelleştirilmiş alt-bölgesel enerji politikalarının benimsenmesi gerekliliğinin altı çizilmektedir. Kuzeydoğu Avrupa Doğu Ortaklığı ülkeleri için AB'nin enerji piyasasının liberalleşmesini ve istikrarını desteklemesi, kritik altyapı gelişmelerine yatırım yapması, etkili anlaşmazlık çözüm mekanizmalarını teşvik etmesi ve şeffaf transit koşullarını sürdürmesi gerekmektedir. Kafkasya Doğu Ortaklığı ülkeleri için AB'nin çok taraflı enerji iş birliği ve diyaloğunu desteklemesi, enerji piyasasının serbestleşmesini teşvik etmesi ve enerji bağlantılarının kolaylaştırılması gerekmektedir. Kısacası, enerji güvenliğini arttırmak için güçlü bir siyasi liderlik ve Avrupa çapında iş birliğini ve karşılıklı bağlantıyı teşvik etmeye yönelik aralıksız gayret gereklidir.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. “Comparative Regionalism: A Field Whose Time Has Come?” The International Spectator 47, no.1 (2012): 3–15.
  • Alieva, Leila, and Natalia Shapovalova, eds. “Energy Security in the South Caucasus: Views from the Region”. FRIDE Working Paper (2015): 1-25.
  • Astapenia, Ryhor, and Dzmitry Balkunets. “Belarus-Russia Relations After the Ukraine Conflict” Ostrogorski Centre and Belarus Digest: Minsk and London (2016): 1-23.
  • Boute, Anatole. Energy Security Along the New Silk Road: Energy Law and Geopolitics in Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (2019).
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap De Wilde. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, (1998).
  • Casier, Tom. “Russia’s Energy Leverage over the EU: Myth or Reality?” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 12, no.4 (2011): 493-508.
  • Correlje, Aad, and Coby Van der Linde. “Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics: A European Perspective” Energy Policy 34, no.5 (2006): 532-543.
  • Cottey, Andrew. “Sub-regional Cooperation in Europe: An Assessment”. EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies (2009): 1-24.
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  • Henderson, James, and Kong Chyong. “Do Future Russian Gas Pipeline Exports to Europe Matter Anymore?” The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 131 (2023): 1-27.
  • Högselius, Per, and Arne Kaijser. “Energy Dependence in Historical Perspective: The Geopolitics of Smaller Nations”. Energy Policy 127 (2019): 438-444.
  • Hook, Glenn D., and Ian Kearns, eds. Subregionalism and World Order. London: Macmillan Press LTD, (1999). International Energy Agency. “Armenia 2022” (2022). Retrieved from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8328cc7c-e65e-4df1-a96f-514fdd0ac31e/Armenia2022EnergyPolicyReview.pdf
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  • International Energy Agency. “Ukraine Key Energy Statistics 2022” (2023). Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/countries/ukraine
  • International Renewable Energy Agency. “Renewable Energy Statistics 2023” (2023). Retrieved from https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_energy_statistics_2023.pdf?rev=7b2f44c294b84cad9a27fc24949d2134
  • Jamalov, Rovshan and Tahmasib Alizada. “Energy Security and Energy Union Perspectives for Azerbaijan” (2015). Retrieved from https://cesd.az/new/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Energy_security_and_Energy_union_perspectives_for_Azerbaijan_CESD_Policy_Paper.pdf
  • Jirušek, Martin, Tomáš Vlček, and James Henderson. “Russia’s Energy Relations in Southeastern Europe: An Analysis of Motives in Bulgaria and Greece”. Post-Soviet Affairs 33, no.5 (2017): 335-355.
  • Kapanadze, Sergi. “Georgia’s Vulnerability to Russian Pressure Points”. European Council on Foreign Relations 106 (2014): 1-10.
  • Khan, Samia, and Robert Van Wynsberghe. “Cultivating the Under-Mined: Cross-Case Analysis as Knowledge Mobilization” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 9, no.1 (2008): 1-27.
  • Knodt, Michèle and Jörg Kemmerzell, eds. Handbook of Energy Governance in Europe. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, (2022).
  • Konarzewska, Natalia. “Armenia’s Gas Dispute with Russia”. The Central Asia- Caucasus Analyst, April 29, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13570-armenias-gas-dispute-with-russia.html
  • Kropatcheva, Elena. “Playing Both Ends Against the Middle: Russia's Geopolitical Energy Games with the EU and Ukraine” Geopolitics 16, no.3 (2011): 553-573.
  • Legucka, Agnieszka, and Agata Włodkowska. “The Eastern Partnership as a Contested Neighbourhood: The Role of External Actors-The EU and Russia” Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs 25, no:4 (2021): 37-50.
  • Mammadov, Rauf. “Belarus’s Role in East European Energy Geopolitics”. The Jamestown Foundation, January 31, 2020. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/belaruss-role-in-east-european-energy-geopolitics/
  • Novikau, Aliaksandr. “Conceptualizing and Achieving Energy Security: The Case of Belarus” Energy Strategy Reviews 26 (2019): 1-11.
  • Phillips, Nicola. “Hemispheric Integration and Subregionalism in the Americas” International Affairs 79, no.2 (2003): 327-349.
  • Pirani, Simon, and Jack Sharples. “The Russia-Ukraine Gas Transit Deal: Opening A New Chapter”. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 64 (2020): 1-9.
  • Pirani, Simon. “Ukraine's Energy Policy and Prospects for the Gas Sector”. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 106 (2021): 1-23.
  • Ravenhill, John. “East Asian Regionalism: Much Ado About Nothing?” Review of International Studies 35, no. S1 (2009): 215-235.
  • Republic of Armenia. “Republic of Armenia Energy Sector Development Strategic Program to 2040”. (2020). Retrieved from http://www.mtad.am/u_files/file/energy/Energy%20Strategy_%20Jan%2014%202021_English.pdf Richter, Philipp M., and Franziska Holz. “All Quiet on The Eastern Front? Disruption Scenarios of Russian Natural Gas Supply to Europe” Energy Policy 80 (2015): 177-189.
  • Siddi, Marco. “The EU’s Gas Relationship with Russia: Solving Current Disputes and Strengthening Energy Security” Asia Europe Journal 15 (2017): 107-117.
  • Simon, Sonja, Ivan Filiutsich and Nastassia Bekish. “Energy Revolution: A Sustainable Belarus Energy Outlook”. Heinrich Boell Foundation (2018): 1-120.
  • Srivastava, Leena, and Neha Misra. “Promoting Regional Energy Co-Operation in South Asia” Energy Policy 35, no.6 (2007): 3360-3368.
  • The Eastern Partnership. “Facts and Figures About EU-Belarus Relations” (2021). Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/44399/685-annex-5-c-belarus-factsheet.pdf
  • The European Council. “EU Relations with Belarus” (2021). Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/belarus/
  • The Republic of Moldova. “Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova to the Year 2030” (2012). Retrieved from https://www.serviciilocale.md/public/files/Energy_Strategy_2030_Final.pdf
  • The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). “National Sustainable Energy Action Plan of Azerbaijan” (2018). Retrieved from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/project-monitoring/unda/16_17X/E2_A2.3/Action_Plan_of_Azerbaijan-new-03.12.2019.pdf
  • The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). “The Best Practices in Sustainable Energy in Belarus, on Gaps in Implementing Sustainable Energy Practices, Challenges for Their Implementation” (2018). Retrieved from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/project-monitoring/unda/16_17X/A2.1_Implement_Natl_CS/Belarus_SE4All.pdf
  • Tow, William T. Subregional Security Cooperation in the Third World. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, (1990).
  • Wilson, Andrew. “Moldova’s Gas Deal with Russia: David Tries to Draw with Goliath”. European Council on Foreign Relations, November 4, 2021. Retrieved from https://ecfr.eu/article/moldovas-gas-deal-with-russia-david-draws-with-goliath/
  • Yue, Chia Siow. “Regionalism and Subregionalism in ASEAN: The Free Trade Area and Growth Triangle Models”. Regionalism versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements 6 (1997): 275-312.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Eray Erbil 0000-0002-4112-0135

Oktay Tanrısever 0000-0003-0874-1324

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Erbil, Eray, ve Oktay Tanrısever. “Energy Regionalism in Wider Europe: Sub-Regional Energy Dynamics and the EU’s Eastern Partnership”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 67-100. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1387050.