BRAIN DRAIN TOWARD EU AND ITS IMPACT ON LABOR MARKET: ALBANIAN CASE

Yıl 2021, , 371 - 384, 30.10.2021

Xhentila Tataj , Emrah Akbaş

https://doi.org/10.32953/abad.916062

Cited By: 2

Öz

This paper analyzes the relationship that exists between human capital and the labor market. The focus of this study is the labor market in Albania. Albania, being a developing country, is facing the loss of its workforce as a result of the brain drain. The study analyzes the role of international migration policies in the management of this phenomenon. It emphasizes the role of the EU in acquiring skilled people from developing countries including Albania. It estimates that Albania has now turned into a sending country of workforce because the number of young people who have left Albania in recent years to migrate toward the EU has increased. Two of the main consequences of this phenomenon are the decrease in the workforce and the crisis in the pension system. The study also shows that despite Albania is one of the youngest middle-aged countries in Europe, brain drain has caused population decline.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human Capital, Population Decline, Labor Market, EU, Migration Policies.

AB'YE DOĞRU BEYİN GÖÇÜ VE İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINA ETKİSİ: ARNAVUTLUK ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Bu makale, insan sermayesi ile işgücü piyasası arasında var olan ilişkiyi analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası Arnavutluk'taki işgücü piyasasıdır. Gelişmekte olan bir ülke olan Arnavutluk, beyin göçü nedeniyle iş gücü kaybıyla uğraşmaktadır. Makalede, bu olgunun yönetiminde uluslararası göç politikalarının rolünü analiz edilmektedir. Arnavutluk da dahil olmak üzere gelişmekte olan ülkelerden vasıflı insanlar kazanmasında AB'nin rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Makalede, Arnavutluk'un son yıllarda AB'ye göç etmek için Arnavutluk'tan ayrılan gençlerin sayısı arttığı için gönderen bir işgücü ülkesine dönüştüğünü vurgulamaktadır. Bu olgunun temel sonuçlarından ikisi işgücünün azalması ve emeklilik sistemindeki krizdir. Çalışma ayrıca, Arnavutluk'un Avrupa'nın en genç orta yaşlı ülkelerinden biri olmasına rağmen, beyin göçünün nüfusun azalmasına neden olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beşeri Sermaye, Nüfus Azalması, İşgücü Piyasası, AB, Göç Politikaları

Kaynakça

• BEINE, Michel; DOCQUIER Frederic, “Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers”, The Economic Journal, April 2008, p. 631-652.
• CONIGLIO, Nicola, “Human Capital Accumulation and Migration in a Peripheral EU Region: the Case of Basilicata”, ERSA Conference Papers, 2003, p. 1-30.
• DOCQUIER, Frédéric; CARNIERO, Machado, “Global Competition for Attracting Talents and the World Economy", IRES Discussion Papers, 2014, p. 1-37.
• DZVIMBO, Kuzvinetsa, “The International Migration of Skilled Human Capital from Developing Countries”, World Bank Conference Paper, September 2003, p. 1-17.
• GEDESHI, Ilir; KING, Rusell, “Research Study into Brain Gain: Reversing Brain Drain with the Albanian Scientific Diaspora”, Albania: UNDP, 2018, p. 1-65.
• GEIGER, Martin, “Mobility, Development, Protection, EU-Integration! The IOM’s National Migration Strategy for Albania”, Migration, Minorities and Citizenship, 15 (32), 2010, p. 141-159.
• GERMENJI, Etleva; MILO, Lindita, “Return and Labour Status at Home: Evidence from Returnees in Albania”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9 (4), 2009, p. 497-517.
• KARMA, Emiljan, “Modern Emigration: Negative Effects in Albanian Economy”, Euro-Balkan Law and Economics Review, 1 (2), 2020, p. 67-84.
• KING, Rusell; GEDESHI, Ilir, “New Trends in Potential Migration from Albania”, CESS Center for Economic and Social Studies, 2018, p. 1-87.
• KING, Rusell; NIKAS, Christos, “Economic Growth through Remittances: Lessons from the Greek Experience of the 1960s Applicable to the Albanian Case”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 2005, 7 (2), p. 235-257.
• KING, Rusell; VULLNETARI, Julie, “Migration and Development in Albania”, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, 2003, p. 1-57.
• MAHROUM, Sami, “Highly Skilled Globetrotters: Mapping the International Migration of Human Capital”, R&D Management, 30 (1), December 2002, p. 168-185.
• MUSARAJ, Arta, “Albania, the Human Factor and Sustainable Development: A Lesson from the Present”, Academicus International Scientific Journal, (4), 2011, p. 35-41.
• OLAGUNJU, Kehinde; OGUNDARI Kolawole, “Welfare Impact of Globalization in Developing Countries: Examining the Mediating Role of Human Capital”, Economies, 7 (84), 2019, p. 1-24.
• SOLIMANO, Andres, “Globalizing Talent and Human Capital: Implications for Developing Countries”, Macroeconomía Del Desarrollo, (15), August 2002, p. 1-44.
• STARK, Oded, “Rethinking the Brain Drain”, World Development, 32 (1), 2004, p. 15-22.
• VELDE, Willem Dirk, “Globalisation and Education: What do the Trade, Investment and Migration Literatures Tell us?”, ODI Working Paper, 2005, p. 1-69.
• Sitography: INSTAT, Albanian Institute of Statistics, http://www.instat.gov.al/en/statistical-literacy/the-population-of-albania/ (last accessed:06.04.2021)