SCHOOL-TO-WORK TRANSITION AND YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT

Öz

Many employment studies refer to the period between the end of compulsory education and the transition to constant employment as the ‘transition process from school to working life’. Evaluations of this time period from college graduates’ points of view show that their better jobs and more money expectation levels regarding the labour market are higher than those of vocational high school/high school graduates. The transition process from school to working life—a complex period that lacks a specific beginning and end—is a time in which a young person generally encounters the labour market for the first time, evaluates his/her own abilities and qualifications and makes a realistic evaluation of the education that he/she has received as it pertains to job opportunities. While completing the transition period substantially depends on looking for a job with an awareness of one’s qualifications, other important issues include both the number and qualifications of businesses in the economy. Increasing unemployment rates and changing working conditions are affecting youth as well. As a consequence, youth unemployment rates have reached high levels in general worldwide, although they vary from country to country. The lack of employment opportunities in Turkey and the resulting loss of positive motivation and hope for the future are critical challenges for the current generation of young people. Overall, 1 in every 5 Turkish youths aged 15–34 in the labour force is unable to find a job during the transition from education to work life, while only 19% had their first job (longer than 3 months) after completing 3 or more years of education.[1] Two surveys were conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) on the transition of young people to working life:  The 2009 survey was the Transition to Young People’s Labour Market and the 2016 survey was The Entry of Young People into The Labour Market. Because these surveys contained different questions, the current study was based on only the 2016 survey. In addition, this paper reviews recent policy innovations for improving youth employment prospects.

---

[1] http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21865

Anahtar Kelimeler

• School-to-Work Transition,Youth Unemployment,Youth Employment in Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Aslantepe, G. (2007). Küresel istihdam eğilimleri ve gençlerin işsizliği (Global employment trends and youth unemployment). TİSK Akademi, Özel Sayı (Special Issue): 1, 53-57.
2. Belen, E. (2008). Gençler: eğitimsiz, işsiz ve atıl (Youth: uneducated, unemployed, inactive). Retrived March 21, 2012 from http://tisk.org.tr/isveren_sayfa.asp?yazi_id=2089&id=100
3. Bergemann, A. & Berg, G. J. (2006). Active labor market policy effects for women in Europe: a survey. Retrived August 12, 2006 from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=939501
4. Brauns, H. et. all. (2001). Education and unemployment: Patterns of labor market entry in France, United Kingdom and West Germany. Retrived March 10, 2010 from http://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de
5. Canbey - Özgüler, V. (2007). İş arama teorisi, sosyal ağlar ve internet (Job search theory, social networks and internet). Anadolu Üniversitesi Ya. No.1728, İİBF. Ya. No. 198, Eskişehir. DPT (2007). Dokuzuncu Beş Yıllık Kalkına Planı 2007-2013 (9th Development Plan 2007-2013). Retrived March 5, 2009 from http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/plan9.pdf Gündoğan, N. (2005). Okuldan çalışma hayatına geçiş: örnek uygulamalar (Transition school-to-work: sample applications). İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası Toker Dereli’ ye Armağan, 55 (1), 105-122.
6. Heinz, W.R. ve Alison, T. (2005). Laerning and Work Transition Policies in A Comperative Perspective: Canada, Germany, (Ed.) Bascia, N. et. all. International Handbook of Educational Policy, Spinger: Great Britain, 847-864.
7. Kabaklarlı, E. & Gür, M. (2011). Türkiye’de genç işsizlik sorunu ve ekonomik belirleyicilerinin uzun dönem eş bütünleşme analizi (Youth unemployment problem in turkey and analysis of economic determinants with co-entegration model). 1-16, Retrieved April 22, 2012 from, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/iletişim/esar-kabaklarli-murat-gur.pdf
8. Kerckhoff, A. C. (2000). Transition from school-to-work in comparative perspective. In Hallinan, M. T. (Ed.) Handbook of The Sociology of Education (pp.453-473). New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.

9. Lehmann, W. (2005). Choosing to labor: structure and agency in school-work transition. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 30 (3), 325-350. Mare, R. D.; Winship, C. & Kubitschek, W. N. (1984). The transition from youth to employment to adult: understanding the age pattern of employment. The American Journal of Sociology, 90 (2), 326-358.
10. Marteen, H. and Wolbers, J. (2007). Labor market entry a comparative perspective on school-to-work transitions in 11 European countries. Acta Sociologica, 50 (3), 189-210.
11. McEwen, W. J. (1978). Bridging the information gap, The Journal of Consumer Research, 4 (4), 247-251.
12. OECD (2008). Türkiye’ nin gelecek nesillerine yatırım yapmak: okuldan işe geçiş ve Türkiye’nin kalkınmasi (Investigating in Turkey’s next generation: school-to-work transition and development in Turkey). Rapor No: 44048 TU, OECD, Retrieved June 3, 2009 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/.../Youth_Employment_Study-tr.pdf
13. Oğuzlar, A. (2007). İşsizliğe etki eden değişkenlerin medyan parlatma tekniğiyle analizi (Variables affecting unemployment analysis with median polish technique). Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 21 (1), 103-117.
14. Richard, H. L. &Baum, C. L. (2002). An analysis of the linkages between high school allowance high school market place work and academic success in higher education. The High School Journal, 85 (3), 1-12.
15. Rosenbaum, J. E.; Kariya, T.; Settersten, R. & Maier T. (1990). Market and network theories of the transition from high school to work: their application to industrialized societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 263-299.
16. Rosenbaum, J. E. ve Kariya T (1991). Do School Achievements Affect the Early Jobs of High School Graduates in the United Satates and Japan, Sociology of Education, 64 (2), 79-95.
17. Ryan, P. (2001). The school-to-work transition: a cross-national perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, 39 (1), 34-92.
18. Seçer, B. (2006). Uluslararası boyutuyla genç işsizliği ve gençlere yönelik istihdam politikaları (Youth unemployment with international dimension and youth employment policies). TİSK Akademi, 11, 79-95.
19. UNDP (2008). Türkiye’de insani gelişme raporu: Türkiye’de Gençlik (Human development report: The youth in Turkey). Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı Türkiye Temsilciliği: Ankara, Retrieved April 3, 2012 from http://www.undp.org.tr/publicationsdocuments/NHDR_tr.pdf
20. Yeldan, E. & Ercan, H. (2011). Growth, employment policies and economic linkages: Turkey. 1-59, ILO Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No: 84.
21. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/publics/ed_emp/emp_policy/documents/publication/wcms-166, (Accessed on 14.05.2017).
22. http://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/youth-employment/work-for youth/WCMS_191853/lang--en/index.htm, (Accessed on 21.01.2017).
23. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_105100.pdf, (Accessed on 03.04.2018).
24. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21865, (Accessed on 05.07.2018).
25. https://unevoc.unesco.org/network/up/TVET_STRATEGY_PAPER_2014-2018.pdf, (Accessed on 02.02.2018).