THE EFFECT OF WORKPLACE FRIENDSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST AND JOB SATISFACTION. ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FOR-PROFIT AND NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS? A CASE STUDY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 30.11.2023

Can Biçer

Öz

This study examines the effect of workplace friendship on organizational trust and job satisfaction. The main purpose of this study is to explore whether there any differences of the effect of workplace friendship on organizational trust and job satisfaction in for-profit and non-profit organizations. Previous studies have maintained that workplace friendship has effects on both employees’ work behaviors and organizational outcomes. So, in this study, the relationships between workplace friendship and employee work behaviors have been examined within the concept of whether there are any different outcomes between profit and non-profit organizations. The data have been collected via face-to-face survey method and conducted to 279 employees working at for-profit, an iron and steel works and 81 employees working a non-profit organization, Kızılay, in Karabük, Turkey. The study results have revealed that the workplace friendship has various effects on organizational trust and job satisfaction and based on the findings of the data, this study provided that workplace friendship has significant correlations and relationship with organizational trust and job satisfaction ranging from low to high levels in both for-profit and non-profit organizations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Workplace Friendship, Organizational Trust, Job Satisfaction

Kaynakça

• Amunkete, S., & Rothmann, S. (2015). Authentic leadership, psychological capital, job satisfaction and intention to leave in state-owned enterprises. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(4), 271-281.
• Austin, C. (2009). An investigation of workplace friendships and how it influences career advancement and job satisfaction: A qualitative case study. Unpublished PhD’s thesis. Capella University, United States. Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: a literature review. Management Research & Practice, 3(4).
• Bader, H. A., Hashim, I. H., & Zaharim, N. M. (2013). Workplace Friendships among Bank Employees in E astern L ibya. Digest of Middle East Studies, 22(1), 94-116.
• Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter Jr, M. N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62, 217-230.
• Burch, A. (2018). Workplace Friendship, Privacy Management and Identity Negotiation: An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska at Omaha).
• Burkus, D. (2017). Work Friends Make Us More Productive (Except When They Stress Us Out). Organizational Culture, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2017/05/work-friends-make-us-more-productive-except-when-they-stress-us-out Accessed: 20.08.2019.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş.(2007) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
• Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Beverly Hills:Sage Publications Inc.
• Chiristensen, B. L., Johnson, R. B. Turner, L. A. (2015) Research Methods, Design and Analysis, Twelfth Edition, England: Pearson Education Limited.
• Daboval, J., Comish, R., Swindle, B., & Gaster, W. (1994). A trust inventory for small businesses. In Small Businesses Symposium.
• Dickie, C. (2009). Exploring Workplace Friendships in Business: Cultural Variations of Employee Behaviour. Research & Practice in Human Resource Management, 17(1).
• Dotan, H. (2009, August). Workplace friendships: origins and consequences for managerial effectiveness. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2009, No. 1, pp. 1-6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
• Dotan, H. (2007). Friendship ties at work: Origins, evolution and consequences for managerial effectiveness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA.
• Gordon, J., & Hartman, R. L. (2009). Affinity-seeking strategies and open communication in peer workplace relationships. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(3), 115-125.
• Halbesleben, J. R., & Wheeler, A. R. (2008). The relative roles of engagement and embeddedness in predicting job performance and intention to leave. Work & Stress, 22(3), 242-256.
• Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostics survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
• Hamilton, E.A. (2007). Firm friendship: Examining functions and outcomes of workplace friendship among law firm associates (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Boston College. Boston, MA.
• Hegney D, Tuckett A, Parker D, Eley RM. (2010). Workplace violence: Differences in perceptions of nursing work between those exposed and those not exposed - a cross sector analysis. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(2): 188-202.
• Herman, H. M., Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2008). A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 195-211.
• Johnston CS, Luciano EC, Maggiori C, Ruch W, Rossier J. (2013). Validation of the German version of the career adapt-abilities scale and its relation to orientations to happiness and work stress. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83: 295–304.
• Judge, T. A., Zhang, S. C., & Glerum, D. R. (2020). Job satisfaction. Essentials of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs, 207-241.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. 5. Baskı, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kayış, A. (2009). Güvenirlik Analizi, Ed.; Kalaycı Ş. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4. Baskı, New York: The Guilford Press.
• Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
• Landis, E. A., Vick, C. L., & Novo, B. N. (2015). Employee Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 12(5).
• Lee, J. J., & Ok Ph D, C. (2011). Effects of workplace friendship on employee job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, turnover intention, absenteeism, and task performance.
• Li, Y., Liu, Z., Qin, K., Cui, J., Zeng, X., Ji, M., ... & Li, Y. (2021). Organizational trust and safety operation behavior in airline pilots: The mediating effects of organizational identification and organizational commitment. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102018.
• Li, C. (2017). Does Friendship Make Employees Better Citizens? (Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University). Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. (2013). Ethical leadership and job performance in China: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 86(4), 564-584.
• Lopes Morrison, R. (2005). Informal relationships in the workplace: Associations with job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions (Doctoral dissertation, Massey University).
• Mao, H. Y. (2006). The relationship between organizational level and workplace friendship. The international journal of human Resource Management, 17(10), 1819-1833.
• Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734.
• Min J. (2014). The relationships between emotional intelligence, job stress, and quality of life among tour guides. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(10): 1170-1190.
• Methot, J. R., Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Christian, J. S. (2016). Are workplace friendships a mixed blessing? Exploring tradeoffs of multiplex relationships and their associations with job performance. Personnel psychology, 69(2), 311-355.
• Morrison, R. L., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & In, M. H. (2016). Friendship among coworkers. The psychology of friendship, 123-140.
• Morrison, R. (2004). Informal Relationships in the Workplace: Associations with Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 114-128.
• Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
• Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Potgieter, I. L., Coetzee, M., & Ferreira, N. (2018). The role of career concerns and workplace friendship in the job embeddedness-retention practices satisfaction link. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 44(1), 1-9.
• Rath T. (2006). Vital friends: The people you can’t afford to live without. New York, NY: Gallup Press. Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of business and psychology, 10(2), 141-154.
• Ross, J.A. (1997). Does friendship improve job performance? Harvard Business Review, 75, 8-9. Özdamar, K. (2001) Spss İle Biyoistatistik, 4. Basım, Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
• Sekaran, U. ve Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. 7. Baskı, Chichester: Wiley.
• Sias, P. M. (2005). Workplace relationship quality and employee information experiences. Communication studies, 56(4), 375-395.
• Sias, P. M., Heath, R. G., Perry, T., Silva, D., & Fix, B. (2004). Narratives of workplace friendship deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal relationships, 21(3), 321-340.
• Sias, P.M., & Cahill, D.J. (1998). From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 62, 273-299.
• Şeşen, H. (2010). Kontrol Odağı, Genel Öz Yeterlik, İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışına Etkisi: Ankara’da Bulunan Kamu Kurumlarında Bir Araştıorma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 195-220.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. USA: Pearson Education Limited.
• Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendships at work and job satisfaction. Journal of social and personal relationships, 12(2), 199-215.
• Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of management review, 23(3), 513-530.
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46 (Özel Sayı) 74-85.
• Zhang, Y., Sun, J. M., Shaffer, M. A., & Lin, C. H. (2021). High commitment work systems and employee well‐being: The roles of workplace friendship and task interdependence. Human Resource Management.
• Zhu, H., Wang, P., & Bart, C. (2016). Board processes, board strategic involvement, and organizational performance in for-profit and non-profit organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(2), 311-328, 511–518.