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Effects of physical activity on the musculoskeletal system in the aging process: Gerocynesıologıcal perspective and adaptation mechanisms

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 70, 149 - 165, 30.12.2024

Öz

ABSTRACT
The multidisciplinary field of gerokinesiology studies how physical exercise affects aging on a biological, psychological, and social level. Understanding the effects of aging on human physiology and creating plans to improve people's quality of life are the main goals of this area. The musculoskeletal system experiences the most notable alterations as people age. Reduced bone mineral density (osteopenia and osteoporosis), decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia), and decreased connective tissue flexibility are important markers of the physical impacts of aging. Mobility and the capacity to live independently may be negatively impacted by these changes. This article offers a thorough analysis of how aging affects the musculoskeletal system, the molecular processes that underlie these changes, and the significance of consistent exercise in the adaptation processes. By maintaining muscular strength and flexibility, physical exercise can help halt the course of diseases like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Additionally, by fortifying bones and connective tissues, it can reduce the likelihood of falls and accidents. In addition to its medical impacts, exercise is considered an essential strategy for promoting older individuals' psychological and social well-being. According to the body of scientific research, regular exercise has the ability to improve quality of life, preserve functional independence, and slow down the aging process. These assessments highlight the value of gerokinesiology as a framework for encouraging and enforcing physical exercise among senior citizens. As a result, the article also provides suggestions for leading a healthy life as one ages.

ÖZET
Gerokinesiyoloji, yaşlanma sürecinde fiziksel aktivitenin biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal boyutlardaki etkilerini inceleyen disiplinler arası bir bilim dalıdır. Bu alan, özellikle yaşlanmanın insan fizyolojisi üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya ve bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmaya yönelik stratejiler geliştirmeye odaklanmaktadır. Yaşlanma sürecinde en belirgin değişiklikler kas-iskelet sistemi üzerinde görülmektedir. Kas kütlesindeki azalma (sarkopeni), kemik mineral yoğunluğunun düşmesi (osteopeni ve osteoporoz) ve bağ dokularında esnekliğin kaybolması, yaşlanmanın fiziksel etkilerinin başlıca göstergeleridir. Bu süreçler, bireylerin hareket kabiliyeti ve bağımsız yaşam becerilerini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir. Makale, yaşlanmanın kas-iskelet sistemi üzerindeki etkilerini detaylı bir şekilde incelerken, bu etkilerin altında yatan biyolojik mekanizmaları ve düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin adaptasyon süreçlerindeki rolünü de ele almaktadır. Fiziksel aktivite, kas gücünü ve esnekliği koruyarak sarkopeni ve osteoporoz gibi durumların ilerlemesini yavaşlatabilir. Ayrıca, kemik ve bağ dokularının dayanıklılığını artırarak düşme ve yaralanma risklerini azaltabilir. Egzersiz, yalnızca biyolojik etkileriyle değil, aynı zamanda yaşlı bireylerin psikolojik ve sosyal sağlıklarını destekleyen önemli bir araç olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin yaşlanma sürecini yavaşlatma, fonksiyonel bağımsızlığı sürdürme ve bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmadaki potansiyeli, mevcut bilimsel literatür ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler, gerokinesiyolojinin yaşlı bireylerde fiziksel aktivitenin teşvik edilmesi ve uygulanması için önemli bir rehber olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale, bu bulgular doğrultusunda, yaşlılıkta sağlıklı bir yaşamın sürdürülmesine yönelik önerilere de yer vermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530.
  • Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., & Vaupel, J. W. (2009). Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. The Lancet, 374(9696), 1196-1208.
  • Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., Cocreham, S., Johannsen, N., Johnson, W., Kramer, K., ... & Earnest, C. P. (2010). Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 304(20), 2253-2262.
  • Colcombe, S., Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125-130.
  • Cornelissen, V. A., Smart, N. A. (2013). Exercise training for blood pressure: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2(1), e004473.
  • Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., ... & Zamboni, M. (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing, 48(1), 16-31.
  • Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017-3022.
  • Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., ... & Evans, W. J. (1994). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(25), 1769-1775.
  • Forbes, D., Forbes, S. C., Blake, C. M., Thiessen, E. J., & Forbes, S. (2015). Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). CD006489.
  • Frontera, W. R., Meredith, C. N., O'Reilly, K. P., & Evans, W. J. (1990). Strength training and determinants of VO2max in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(1), 329-333.
  • Goodman, C. A. (2019). Role of mTORC1 in mechanically induced increases in translation and skeletal muscle mass. Journal of applied physiology, 127(2), 581-590.
  • Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., & Heaton, R. K. (2004). Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophrenia research, 72(1), 41-51.
  • Greendale, G. A., Huang, M. H., Karlamangla, A. S., Seeger, L., & Crawford, S. (2009). Yoga decreases kyphosis in senior women and men with adult-onset hyperkyphosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(9), 1569-1579.
  • Hagberg J.M., Allen W.K., Seals D.R., Hurley B.F., Ehsani A.A., and Holloszy J.O.A. (1985). H emodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 2041-2046.
  • Chen, W., Li, M., Li, H., Lin, Y., & Feng, Z. (2023). Tai Chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1236050.
  • Chighizola, C. B., Favalli, E. G., & Meroni, P. L. (2014). Novel mechanisms of action of the biologicals in rheumatic diseases. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 47(1), 6-16.
  • Johnell, O., & Kanis, J. (2006). An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis International, 17, 1726-1733.
  • Jones, C. J., & Rose, D. J. (2005). Physical activity instruction of older adults. Human Kinetics. UK
  • Soygüden, Aydoğan, Cerit, Emrah, (2015). The Importance of Exercise Applications for Elderly, Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8(1), 197-224.
  • Kohrt, W. M., Bloomfield, S. A., Little, K. D., Nelson, M. E., & Yingling, V. R. (2004). Physical activity and bone health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(11), 1985-1996.
  • Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2009). Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(6), 2040-2048.
  • Liu, C. J., & Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3).
  • Lexell, J. (1995). Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(Spec No), 11-16.
  • Liu, C. J., Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. The Cochrane Library.
  • Loeser, R. F. (2010). Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 26(3), 371-386.
  • Mitchell, W. K., et al. (2012). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 260.
  • Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., ... & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1094.
  • Peterson, M. D., Rhea, M. R., Sen, A., & Gordon, P. M. (2010). Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews, 9(3), 226-237.
  • Raisz, L. G. (2005). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: Concepts, conflicts, and prospects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(12), 3318-3325.
  • Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity–a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC public health, 13, 1-9.
  • Rejeski, W. J., & Mihalko, S. L. (2001). Physical activity and quality of life in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(Suppl_2), 23-35.
  • Sheehan, E. P. (1978). Aging and society. Journal of Social Issues, 34(2), 10-15.
  • Sherrington, C., Michaleff, Z. A., Fairhall, N., Paul, S. S., Tiedemann, A., Whitney, J., ... & Lord, S. R. (2017). Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(24), 1750-1758.
  • Tanaka, H., Dinenno, F. A., Monahan, K. D., Clevenger, C. M., DeSouza, C. A., & Seals, D. R. (2000). Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation, 102(11), 1270-1275.
  • Owsley, C. (2011). Aging and vision. Vision research, 51(13), 1610-1622.
  • TUIK. (2023). Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • Wolf, S. L., Barnhart, H. X., Kutner, N. G., McNeely, E., Coogler, C., Xu, T., & Atlanta FICSIT Group. (1996). Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(5), 489-497.
  • Wolff, I. V., Van Croonenborg, J. J., Kemper, H. C. G., Kostense, P. J., & Twisk, J. W. R. (1999). The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre-and postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 9, 1-12.
  • Yaffe, K., Barnes, D., Nevitt, M, Lui, LY., Kenneth Covinsky, K. (2001). A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161.14: 1703- 1708.

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN THE AGING PROCESS: GEROCYNESIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 70, 149 - 165, 30.12.2024

Öz

ABSTRACT
The multidisciplinary field of gerokinesiology studies how physical exercise affects aging on a biological, psychological, and social level. Understanding the effects of aging on human physiology and creating plans to improve people's quality of life are the main goals of this area. The musculoskeletal system experiences the most notable alterations as people age. Reduced bone mineral density (osteopenia and osteoporosis), decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia), and decreased connective tissue flexibility are important markers of the physical impacts of aging. Mobility and the capacity to live independently may be negatively impacted by these changes. This article offers a thorough analysis of how aging affects the musculoskeletal system, the molecular processes that underlie these changes, and the significance of consistent exercise in the adaptation processes. By maintaining muscular strength and flexibility, physical exercise can help halt the course of diseases like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Additionally, by fortifying bones and connective tissues, it can reduce the likelihood of falls and accidents. In addition to its medical impacts, exercise is considered an essential strategy for promoting older individuals' psychological and social well-being. According to the body of scientific research, regular exercise has the ability to improve quality of life, preserve functional independence, and slow down the aging process. These assessments highlight the value of gerokinesiology as a framework for encouraging and enforcing physical exercise among senior citizens. As a result, the article also provides suggestions for leading a healthy life as one ages.
ÖZET
Gerokinesiyoloji, yaşlanma sürecinde fiziksel aktivitenin biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal boyutlardaki etkilerini inceleyen disiplinler arası bir bilim dalıdır. Bu alan, özellikle yaşlanmanın insan fizyolojisi üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya ve bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmaya yönelik stratejiler geliştirmeye odaklanmaktadır. Yaşlanma sürecinde en belirgin değişiklikler kas-iskelet sistemi üzerinde görülmektedir. Kas kütlesindeki azalma (sarkopeni), kemik mineral yoğunluğunun düşmesi (osteopeni ve osteoporoz) ve bağ dokularında esnekliğin kaybolması, yaşlanmanın fiziksel etkilerinin başlıca göstergeleridir. Bu süreçler, bireylerin hareket kabiliyeti ve bağımsız yaşam becerilerini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir. Makale, yaşlanmanın kas-iskelet sistemi üzerindeki etkilerini detaylı bir şekilde incelerken, bu etkilerin altında yatan biyolojik mekanizmaları ve düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin adaptasyon süreçlerindeki rolünü de ele almaktadır. Fiziksel aktivite, kas gücünü ve esnekliği koruyarak sarkopeni ve osteoporoz gibi durumların ilerlemesini yavaşlatabilir. Ayrıca, kemik ve bağ dokularının dayanıklılığını artırarak düşme ve yaralanma risklerini azaltabilir. Egzersiz, yalnızca biyolojik etkileriyle değil, aynı zamanda yaşlı bireylerin psikolojik ve sosyal sağlıklarını destekleyen önemli bir araç olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin yaşlanma sürecini yavaşlatma, fonksiyonel bağımsızlığı sürdürme ve bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmadaki potansiyeli, mevcut bilimsel literatür ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler, gerokinesiyolojinin yaşlı bireylerde fiziksel aktivitenin teşvik edilmesi ve uygulanması için önemli bir rehber olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale, bu bulgular doğrultusunda, yaşlılıkta sağlıklı bir yaşamın sürdürülmesine yönelik önerilere de yer vermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530.
  • Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., & Vaupel, J. W. (2009). Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. The Lancet, 374(9696), 1196-1208.
  • Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., Cocreham, S., Johannsen, N., Johnson, W., Kramer, K., ... & Earnest, C. P. (2010). Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 304(20), 2253-2262.
  • Colcombe, S., Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125-130.
  • Cornelissen, V. A., Smart, N. A. (2013). Exercise training for blood pressure: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2(1), e004473.
  • Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., ... & Zamboni, M. (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing, 48(1), 16-31.
  • Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017-3022.
  • Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., ... & Evans, W. J. (1994). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(25), 1769-1775.
  • Forbes, D., Forbes, S. C., Blake, C. M., Thiessen, E. J., & Forbes, S. (2015). Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). CD006489.
  • Frontera, W. R., Meredith, C. N., O'Reilly, K. P., & Evans, W. J. (1990). Strength training and determinants of VO2max in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(1), 329-333.
  • Goodman, C. A. (2019). Role of mTORC1 in mechanically induced increases in translation and skeletal muscle mass. Journal of applied physiology, 127(2), 581-590.
  • Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., & Heaton, R. K. (2004). Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophrenia research, 72(1), 41-51.
  • Greendale, G. A., Huang, M. H., Karlamangla, A. S., Seeger, L., & Crawford, S. (2009). Yoga decreases kyphosis in senior women and men with adult-onset hyperkyphosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(9), 1569-1579.
  • Hagberg J.M., Allen W.K., Seals D.R., Hurley B.F., Ehsani A.A., and Holloszy J.O.A. (1985). H emodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 2041-2046.
  • Chen, W., Li, M., Li, H., Lin, Y., & Feng, Z. (2023). Tai Chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1236050.
  • Chighizola, C. B., Favalli, E. G., & Meroni, P. L. (2014). Novel mechanisms of action of the biologicals in rheumatic diseases. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 47(1), 6-16.
  • Johnell, O., & Kanis, J. (2006). An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis International, 17, 1726-1733.
  • Jones, C. J., & Rose, D. J. (2005). Physical activity instruction of older adults. Human Kinetics. UK
  • Soygüden, Aydoğan, Cerit, Emrah, (2015). The Importance of Exercise Applications for Elderly, Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8(1), 197-224.
  • Kohrt, W. M., Bloomfield, S. A., Little, K. D., Nelson, M. E., & Yingling, V. R. (2004). Physical activity and bone health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(11), 1985-1996.
  • Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2009). Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(6), 2040-2048.
  • Liu, C. J., & Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3).
  • Lexell, J. (1995). Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(Spec No), 11-16.
  • Liu, C. J., Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. The Cochrane Library.
  • Loeser, R. F. (2010). Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 26(3), 371-386.
  • Mitchell, W. K., et al. (2012). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 260.
  • Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., ... & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1094.
  • Peterson, M. D., Rhea, M. R., Sen, A., & Gordon, P. M. (2010). Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews, 9(3), 226-237.
  • Raisz, L. G. (2005). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: Concepts, conflicts, and prospects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(12), 3318-3325.
  • Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity–a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC public health, 13, 1-9.
  • Rejeski, W. J., & Mihalko, S. L. (2001). Physical activity and quality of life in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(Suppl_2), 23-35.
  • Sheehan, E. P. (1978). Aging and society. Journal of Social Issues, 34(2), 10-15.
  • Sherrington, C., Michaleff, Z. A., Fairhall, N., Paul, S. S., Tiedemann, A., Whitney, J., ... & Lord, S. R. (2017). Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(24), 1750-1758.
  • Tanaka, H., Dinenno, F. A., Monahan, K. D., Clevenger, C. M., DeSouza, C. A., & Seals, D. R. (2000). Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation, 102(11), 1270-1275.
  • Owsley, C. (2011). Aging and vision. Vision research, 51(13), 1610-1622.
  • TUIK. (2023). Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • Wolf, S. L., Barnhart, H. X., Kutner, N. G., McNeely, E., Coogler, C., Xu, T., & Atlanta FICSIT Group. (1996). Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(5), 489-497.
  • Wolff, I. V., Van Croonenborg, J. J., Kemper, H. C. G., Kostense, P. J., & Twisk, J. W. R. (1999). The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre-and postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 9, 1-12.
  • Yaffe, K., Barnes, D., Nevitt, M, Lui, LY., Kenneth Covinsky, K. (2001). A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161.14: 1703- 1708.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tıbbi Fizyoloji (Diğer), Egzersiz Fizyolojisi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ebru Bardaş Özkan 0009-0001-8752-125X

Mehtap Odabaşı 0000-0001-7914-4506

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 70

Kaynak Göster

APA Bardaş Özkan, E., & Odabaşı, M. (2024). Effects of physical activity on the musculoskeletal system in the aging process: Gerocynesıologıcal perspective and adaptation mechanisms. Anadolu Bil Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 19(70), 149-165.


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