Research Article

How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis

Volume: 8 Number: 2 March 10, 2026
EN TR

How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis

Abstract

Aims: To evaluate and compare the readability and informational quality of current large language models (LLMs) in providing patient information about urodynamics (UD) testing. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted on October 1, 2025, analyzed five widely used LLMs-ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Grok 4, Deepseek v3.1, and Microsoft Copilot. The top 25 UD-related keywords, excluding six of them, searched on Google Trends (2004-2025), were entered into each chatbot using identical prompts. Outputs were independently evaluated using the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) and DISCERN instruments to evaluate text quality and reliability, while Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE) and Grade Level (FKGL) indices measured readability. Additionally, each LLM was asked to generate a visual depiction of a UD setting to assess the educational potential of AI-based multimodal content. Results: The evaluated LLMs showed significant differences in readability and informational quality (p=0.001). Gemini achieved the highest FKRE score (49.0±8.4) and the lowest FKGL (9.4±1.3), indicating superior readability. Deepseek achieved the highest QAMAI (27.7±1.5) and DISCERN (71.5±6.4) scores, indicating superior quality and reliability. Copilot demonstrated lower readability and consistency scores compared with the other evaluated models. AI-generated visualizations of UD settings (using Gemini, GPT-5, Grok, Copilot, and DALL-E) effectively depicted the main components of the procedures. Conclusion: LLMs show significant variability in the quality, accuracy, and readability of UD-related patient information. Deepseek delivered the most accurate and structured content, whereas Gemini provided the most understanable language. Continuous validation, guideline-based fine-tuning, and expert supervision are essential before AI chatbots can be reliably adopted in patient education and urology practice.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None

Ethical Statement

No ethical approval was needed because this is not a human study, but only online information was used.

References

  1. Lenherr SM, Clemens JQ. Urodynamics: with a focus on appropriate indications. Urol Clin North Am. 2013;40(4):545-557. doi:10.1016/j.ucl. 2013.07.001
  2. Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from a urological perspective. Digestion. 2004;69(2):93-101. doi:10.1159/000077875
  3. Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):1930-1940. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8
  4. Biswas SS. Role of Chat GPT in public health. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;51 (5):868-869. doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7
  5. Davis R, Eppler M, Ayo-Ajibola O, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence-powered large language models application in disseminating appropriate and readable health information in urology. J Urol. 2023;210(4):688-694. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000003615
  6. Schardt, D. ChatGPT is amazing. But beware its hallucinations. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2023.
  7. Temel MH, Erden Y, Bağcıer F. Information Quality and Readability: ChatGPT's Responses to the Most Common Questions About Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg. 2024;181: e1138-e1144. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.062
  8. Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Abbate V, et al. Validation of the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool: a new tool to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;281(11):6123-6131. doi:10.1007/s00405-024-08710-0

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Urology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 10, 2026

Submission Date

December 4, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 8 Number: 2

APA
Doğan, Ç., & Şahin, M. F. (2026). How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, 8(2), 218-223. https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1836376
AMA
1.Doğan Ç, Şahin MF. How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. 2026;8(2):218-223. doi:10.38053/acmj.1836376
Chicago
Doğan, Çağrı, and Mehmet Fatih Şahin. 2026. “How Much Can Large Language Models of Artificial Intelligence Inform Patients about Urodynamics? A Comparative Analysis”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8 (2): 218-23. https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1836376.
EndNote
Doğan Ç, Şahin MF (March 1, 2026) How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8 2 218–223.
IEEE
[1]Ç. Doğan and M. F. Şahin, “How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis”, Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 218–223, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.38053/acmj.1836376.
ISNAD
Doğan, Çağrı - Şahin, Mehmet Fatih. “How Much Can Large Language Models of Artificial Intelligence Inform Patients about Urodynamics? A Comparative Analysis”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8/2 (March 1, 2026): 218-223. https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1836376.
JAMA
1.Doğan Ç, Şahin MF. How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. 2026;8:218–223.
MLA
Doğan, Çağrı, and Mehmet Fatih Şahin. “How Much Can Large Language Models of Artificial Intelligence Inform Patients about Urodynamics? A Comparative Analysis”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 218-23, doi:10.38053/acmj.1836376.
Vancouver
1.Çağrı Doğan, Mehmet Fatih Şahin. How much can large language models of Artificial Intelligence inform patients about urodynamics? A comparative analysis. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. 2026 Mar. 1;8(2):218-23. doi:10.38053/acmj.1836376

 

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