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Endemik Beyşehir Kurbağası (Pelophylax caralitanus)’nda Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ve Ranavirus ile Ko-enfeksiyon Yaygınlığının Araştırılması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 239 - 246, 14.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.577595

Öz

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) ve Ranavirus (Rv), dünya çapında amfibi
populasyonlarının hızla azalmasından sorumlu patojenler arasındadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2012-2013 yılları arasında
Güneybatı Anadolu Bölgesi'ndeki Göller Bölgesi'nde yaşayan endemik Beyşehir
kurbağa populasyonunda her iki patojenin varlığını saptamaktır.
Her bir patojen ve koenfeksiyon varlığı sırasıyla
%48,6, % 10,3 ve % 7,0 oranında tespit edildi ve göllerin ve yıllar arasında
yaygınlık oranlarında farklılıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de
endemik Beyşehir kurbağası (Pelophylax
caralitanus)
’nda Bd ve Rv'si ile Rv enfeksiyonu ve ko-enfeksiyonunun ilk
rapordur. Her iki patojen tarafından da enfeksiyon olmasına rağmen, P.caralitanus populasyonunun azalmasında
ne kadar etkili olduğu tespit edilmemiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Alford, R.A., & Richards, S.J. (1999). Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 133-165.
  • Arıkan, H. (1988). On a new form Rana ridibunda from Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Mecmuası, 53, 81-87.
  • Beebee T.J., & Griffiths, R.A. (2005). The amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology. Biological Conservation, 125, 271-285.
  • Berger, L., Speare, R., Daszak, P., Green, D.E., Cunningham, A.A., Goggin, C.L., Slocombe, R., Ragan, M.A., Hyatt, A.D., McDonald, K.R., Hines, H.B., Lips, K.R.,
  • Marantelli, G., & Parkes, H. (1998). Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rainforests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings Natural Academy Science USA, 95, 9031-9036.
  • Blaustein, A.R., & Wake, D.B. (1995). The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Scientific American, 272, 52-57.
  • Budak, A., Tok, C.V., & Ayaz, D. (2000). On specimens of Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 Anura: Ranidae collected from Işıklı Lake Çivril-Denizli. Turkish Journal of Zoology 24,135-137.
  • Brunner, J.L., Schock, D.M., & Collins, J.P. (2007). Transmission dynamics of the amphibian ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 77, 87-95
  • Chinchar, V.G. (2002). Ranaviruses family iridoviridae: emerging cold-blooded killers. Archives of Virology, 147, 447-470.
  • Chinchar, V.G., Hyatt, A., Miyazaki, T., & Williams, T. (2009), Family iridoviridae: poor viral relations no longer. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 328, 123-170.
  • Cullen, B.R., & Owens, L. (2002). Experimental challenge and clinical cases of bohle iridovirus BIV in native Australian anurans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 49, 83-92.
  • Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P., & Bennett, P.M. (2007). Experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo) to common frogs (Rana temporaria). Epidemiology and Infection, 135,1213-1216
  • Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Green, G.E., & Speare, R. (1999). Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population decline. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5: 735-748.
  • Daszak P, Cunningham A. A., & Hyatt A.D. (2003). Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions, 9, 141-150.
  • Erismis, U.C., Konuk, M., Yoldas, T., Agyar, P., Yumuk, D., & Korcan. S.E. (2014). Survey of Turkey’s endemic amphibians for chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 111 (2),153-157.
  • Fijan, N., Matasin, Z., Petrinec, Z., Valpotic, I., & Zwillingberg, L.O. (1991). Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from green frog Rana esculenta. Veterinarski Arhiv, 61, 151-158.
  • Fox, S.F, Greer, A.L., Torres-Cervantes, R., & Collins, J.P. (2006). First case of ranavirus associated morbidity and mortality in natural populations of the south american frog Atelognathus patagonicus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 72, 87-92.
  • Frances, C.C., Halder, J.B., Daniel, O., Bielby, J., Semenov, M.,A., Jombart, T., Loyau-Schmeller, D.S., Cunningham, A.A., Rowcliffe, M., Gardner, T.W.J., Bosch, J., & Fisher, M.C. (2106). Climate forcing of an emerging pathogenic fungus across a montane multi-host community. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society Biological sciences, 371, 1-8.
  • Galli, L., Pereira, A., Marquez, A., & Mazzoni, R. (2006). Ranavirus detection by PCR in cultured ladpoles Rana catesbeiana Shaw 1802 from South America. Aquaculture, 257, 78-82.
  • Gardner, T.W.J., Walker S., Bosch J., Hyatt. A.D., Cunningham, A. A., & Fisher, M.C. (2005). Chytrid fungus in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 1639-1641.
  • Göçmen, B., Veith, M., Iğci, N., Akman, B., Godmann, O., & Wagner, N. (2013). No detection of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in terrestrial Turkish salamanders (Lyciasalamandra) despite its occurrence in syntopic frogs (Pelophylax bedriagae). Salamandra, 491, 51-55.
  • Hoverman, J., Mihaljevic, J., Richgels, K., Kerby, J., & Johnson, P. (2012). Widespread co-occurrence of virulent pathogens within California amphibian communities. EcoHealth 9, 288-292.
  • Hoverman, J.T., Gray, M.J., Haislip, N.A., & Miller, D.L. (2011). Phylogeny, life history, and ecology contribute to differences in amphibian susceptibility to ranaviruses. EcoHealth 8, 301-319.
  • Hyatt, A.D., Boyle, D.G., Olsen, V., Boyle, D.B., Berger, L., Obendorf, D., Dalton, A., Kriger, K., Hero, M., Hines, H., Phillott, R., Campbell, R., Marantelli, G., Gleason, F., & Colling, A. (2007). Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases Of Aquatic Organisms, 73, 175-192.
  • Hyatt, A.D., Williamson, M., Coupar, B.E., Middleton, D., Hengstberger, S.G., Gould, A.R., Selleck, P., Wise, T.G., Kattenbelt, J., Cunningham, A. A., & Lee, J. (2002). First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons Chondropython viridis. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 38, 239-252.
  • Jdeidi, T., Bilgin, C.C., & Kence, M. (2001). New localities extend the range of Rana bedriagae caralitana Arikan, 1988 Anura: Ranidae further west and suggest specific status. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25,153-158.
  • Kilpatrick, A.M., Briggs, C.J., & Daszak, P. (2010). The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: An emerging disease of amphibians. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25,109-118.
  • Kriger K.M., Hero, J.M., & Ashton, K.J. (2006). Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using pcr assay. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 71, 149–154.
  • Kriger, K. M., & Hero, J. M. (2007). The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is nonrandomly distributed across amphibian breeding habitats. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 781-788.
  • Laurance, W. F. (2008). Global warming and amphibian extinctions in eastern Australia. Austral Ecology, 33, 1-9.
  • Lesbarreres, D., Balseiro, A., Brunner, J., Chinchar, V.G., Duffus, A., Kerby, J., Miller, D.L., Robert, J., Schock, D.M., Waltzek, T., & Gray, M.J. (2012). Ranavirus: past, present and future. Biology Letters, 8, 481-483.
  • Marantelli, G., Berger, L., Speare, R., & Keegan, L. (2004). Changes in distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and keratin during tadpole development leading to high mortality after metamorphosis. Pacific Conservation Biology, 10, 173-179.
  • Miller D.L., Rajeev, S., Gray, M. J., & Baldwin, C.A. (2007). Frog virus 3 infection, cultured American bullfrogs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 342-343.
  • Miller, D.L., Rajeev, S., Brookins, M., Cook, J., Whittington, L., & Baldwin, C. A. (2008). Concurrent infection with Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and Aeromonas in a captive anuran colony. Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 39, 445-449.
  • Miller, D., Gray, M., & Storfer, A. (2011). Ecopathology of ranaviruses infecting amphibians. Viruses, 3, 2351-2373
  • Picco, A. M., Brunner, J. L., & Collins, J. P. (2007). Susceptibility of the endangered California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense, to ranavirus infection. The Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43, 286–290.
  • Picco, A. M., & Collins, J. P. (2008). Amphibian commerce as a likely source of pathogen pollution. Conservation Biology, 22, 1582-1589.
  • Rachowicz, L. J., & Vrendenburg, V.T. (2004). Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 61,75-83.
  • Reshetnikov, A. N., Chestnut, T., Brunner, J. L., Charles, K., Nebergall, E. E., & Olso, D. H. (2014). Detection of the emerging amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in Russia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 110, 235-240.
  • Rothermel, B. B., Walls, S. C., Mitchell, J. C., Dodd, Jr. C. K., Irwin, L. K., Green, D. E., Vazquez, V. M., Petranka, J. W., & Stevenson, D.J. (2008). Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 82, 3-18.
  • Schock, D. M., Ruthig, G. R., Collins, J. P., Kutz, S. J., Carriere, S., Gau, R. J., Veitch, A., Larter, N. C., Tate, D. P., Guthrie, G., Allaire, D. G., & Popko, R. (2010). Amphibian chytrid fungus and ranaviruses in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 92, 231-240
  • Souza, M. J., Gray, M. J., Colclough, P., & Miller, D. L. (2012). Prevalence of infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in eastern Tennessee. The Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48, 560-566
  • Speare, R., & Smith, J. R. (1992). An iridovirus-like agent isolated from the burrowing frog, Lymnodynastes ornatus in northern Autralia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 14, 51-57.
  • Spitzen, A., Spikmans, F., Bosman, W., & Zeeuw, M. (2013). Rapid enigmatic decline drives the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) to the edge of extinction in the Netherlands. Amphibia Reptilia 34, 233-239.
  • Voyles, J. S., Johnson, L. R., Briggs, C. J., Cashins, S. D., Alford, R. A., Berger, L., Skerratt, L. F., Speare, R., & Rosenblum, E. B. (2012). Temperature alters reproductive life history patterns in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a lethal pathogen associated with the global loss of amphibians. Ecology and Evolution 2, 2241-2249.
  • Warne, R. W., Bumbard, B., Grange, S., Vredenburg, V. T., & Catenazzi, A. (2016). Co-infection by chytrid fungus and ranaviruses in wild and harvested frogs in the tropical Andes. PlosOne, 11(1), 1-15.
  • Whittington, R.J., Becker, J.A. & Dennis, M.M. (2010). Iridovirus infections in finfish critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses. Journal of Fish Disease, 33, 95-122.

Investigation of Prevalence of Co-Infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus in Endemic Beyşehir Frog (Pelophylax caralitanus)

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 239 - 246, 14.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.577595

Öz

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Ranavirus (Rv) are among the pathogens
responsible for the rapid decline of amphibian populations worldwide. The aim
of this study is to determine the presence of both pathogens in the endemic
Beyşehir frog population living in the Lakes Region in the southwestern Anatolia
between 2014-2015 years.  Prevalences of
each pathogen and co-infections (i.e., presence infection with both of Bd and
Rv in same animal) were 48.6 %, 10.3 % and 7.0 % respectively and differences
in prevalences were detected among lakes and years. This study  is the first report of Rv infection and co-infection
with Bd and Rv of endemic Beyşehir frog (Pelophylax
caralitanus)
in Turkey. Although there are infection by both pathogens, it
is unclear that how effective in declining of P.caralitanus population.  

Kaynakça

  • Alford, R.A., & Richards, S.J. (1999). Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 133-165.
  • Arıkan, H. (1988). On a new form Rana ridibunda from Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Mecmuası, 53, 81-87.
  • Beebee T.J., & Griffiths, R.A. (2005). The amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology. Biological Conservation, 125, 271-285.
  • Berger, L., Speare, R., Daszak, P., Green, D.E., Cunningham, A.A., Goggin, C.L., Slocombe, R., Ragan, M.A., Hyatt, A.D., McDonald, K.R., Hines, H.B., Lips, K.R.,
  • Marantelli, G., & Parkes, H. (1998). Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rainforests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings Natural Academy Science USA, 95, 9031-9036.
  • Blaustein, A.R., & Wake, D.B. (1995). The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Scientific American, 272, 52-57.
  • Budak, A., Tok, C.V., & Ayaz, D. (2000). On specimens of Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 Anura: Ranidae collected from Işıklı Lake Çivril-Denizli. Turkish Journal of Zoology 24,135-137.
  • Brunner, J.L., Schock, D.M., & Collins, J.P. (2007). Transmission dynamics of the amphibian ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 77, 87-95
  • Chinchar, V.G. (2002). Ranaviruses family iridoviridae: emerging cold-blooded killers. Archives of Virology, 147, 447-470.
  • Chinchar, V.G., Hyatt, A., Miyazaki, T., & Williams, T. (2009), Family iridoviridae: poor viral relations no longer. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 328, 123-170.
  • Cullen, B.R., & Owens, L. (2002). Experimental challenge and clinical cases of bohle iridovirus BIV in native Australian anurans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 49, 83-92.
  • Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P., & Bennett, P.M. (2007). Experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo) to common frogs (Rana temporaria). Epidemiology and Infection, 135,1213-1216
  • Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Green, G.E., & Speare, R. (1999). Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population decline. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5: 735-748.
  • Daszak P, Cunningham A. A., & Hyatt A.D. (2003). Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions, 9, 141-150.
  • Erismis, U.C., Konuk, M., Yoldas, T., Agyar, P., Yumuk, D., & Korcan. S.E. (2014). Survey of Turkey’s endemic amphibians for chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 111 (2),153-157.
  • Fijan, N., Matasin, Z., Petrinec, Z., Valpotic, I., & Zwillingberg, L.O. (1991). Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from green frog Rana esculenta. Veterinarski Arhiv, 61, 151-158.
  • Fox, S.F, Greer, A.L., Torres-Cervantes, R., & Collins, J.P. (2006). First case of ranavirus associated morbidity and mortality in natural populations of the south american frog Atelognathus patagonicus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 72, 87-92.
  • Frances, C.C., Halder, J.B., Daniel, O., Bielby, J., Semenov, M.,A., Jombart, T., Loyau-Schmeller, D.S., Cunningham, A.A., Rowcliffe, M., Gardner, T.W.J., Bosch, J., & Fisher, M.C. (2106). Climate forcing of an emerging pathogenic fungus across a montane multi-host community. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society Biological sciences, 371, 1-8.
  • Galli, L., Pereira, A., Marquez, A., & Mazzoni, R. (2006). Ranavirus detection by PCR in cultured ladpoles Rana catesbeiana Shaw 1802 from South America. Aquaculture, 257, 78-82.
  • Gardner, T.W.J., Walker S., Bosch J., Hyatt. A.D., Cunningham, A. A., & Fisher, M.C. (2005). Chytrid fungus in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 1639-1641.
  • Göçmen, B., Veith, M., Iğci, N., Akman, B., Godmann, O., & Wagner, N. (2013). No detection of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in terrestrial Turkish salamanders (Lyciasalamandra) despite its occurrence in syntopic frogs (Pelophylax bedriagae). Salamandra, 491, 51-55.
  • Hoverman, J., Mihaljevic, J., Richgels, K., Kerby, J., & Johnson, P. (2012). Widespread co-occurrence of virulent pathogens within California amphibian communities. EcoHealth 9, 288-292.
  • Hoverman, J.T., Gray, M.J., Haislip, N.A., & Miller, D.L. (2011). Phylogeny, life history, and ecology contribute to differences in amphibian susceptibility to ranaviruses. EcoHealth 8, 301-319.
  • Hyatt, A.D., Boyle, D.G., Olsen, V., Boyle, D.B., Berger, L., Obendorf, D., Dalton, A., Kriger, K., Hero, M., Hines, H., Phillott, R., Campbell, R., Marantelli, G., Gleason, F., & Colling, A. (2007). Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Diseases Of Aquatic Organisms, 73, 175-192.
  • Hyatt, A.D., Williamson, M., Coupar, B.E., Middleton, D., Hengstberger, S.G., Gould, A.R., Selleck, P., Wise, T.G., Kattenbelt, J., Cunningham, A. A., & Lee, J. (2002). First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons Chondropython viridis. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 38, 239-252.
  • Jdeidi, T., Bilgin, C.C., & Kence, M. (2001). New localities extend the range of Rana bedriagae caralitana Arikan, 1988 Anura: Ranidae further west and suggest specific status. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25,153-158.
  • Kilpatrick, A.M., Briggs, C.J., & Daszak, P. (2010). The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: An emerging disease of amphibians. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25,109-118.
  • Kriger K.M., Hero, J.M., & Ashton, K.J. (2006). Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using pcr assay. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 71, 149–154.
  • Kriger, K. M., & Hero, J. M. (2007). The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is nonrandomly distributed across amphibian breeding habitats. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 781-788.
  • Laurance, W. F. (2008). Global warming and amphibian extinctions in eastern Australia. Austral Ecology, 33, 1-9.
  • Lesbarreres, D., Balseiro, A., Brunner, J., Chinchar, V.G., Duffus, A., Kerby, J., Miller, D.L., Robert, J., Schock, D.M., Waltzek, T., & Gray, M.J. (2012). Ranavirus: past, present and future. Biology Letters, 8, 481-483.
  • Marantelli, G., Berger, L., Speare, R., & Keegan, L. (2004). Changes in distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and keratin during tadpole development leading to high mortality after metamorphosis. Pacific Conservation Biology, 10, 173-179.
  • Miller D.L., Rajeev, S., Gray, M. J., & Baldwin, C.A. (2007). Frog virus 3 infection, cultured American bullfrogs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 342-343.
  • Miller, D.L., Rajeev, S., Brookins, M., Cook, J., Whittington, L., & Baldwin, C. A. (2008). Concurrent infection with Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and Aeromonas in a captive anuran colony. Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 39, 445-449.
  • Miller, D., Gray, M., & Storfer, A. (2011). Ecopathology of ranaviruses infecting amphibians. Viruses, 3, 2351-2373
  • Picco, A. M., Brunner, J. L., & Collins, J. P. (2007). Susceptibility of the endangered California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense, to ranavirus infection. The Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43, 286–290.
  • Picco, A. M., & Collins, J. P. (2008). Amphibian commerce as a likely source of pathogen pollution. Conservation Biology, 22, 1582-1589.
  • Rachowicz, L. J., & Vrendenburg, V.T. (2004). Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 61,75-83.
  • Reshetnikov, A. N., Chestnut, T., Brunner, J. L., Charles, K., Nebergall, E. E., & Olso, D. H. (2014). Detection of the emerging amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in Russia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 110, 235-240.
  • Rothermel, B. B., Walls, S. C., Mitchell, J. C., Dodd, Jr. C. K., Irwin, L. K., Green, D. E., Vazquez, V. M., Petranka, J. W., & Stevenson, D.J. (2008). Widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southeastern USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 82, 3-18.
  • Schock, D. M., Ruthig, G. R., Collins, J. P., Kutz, S. J., Carriere, S., Gau, R. J., Veitch, A., Larter, N. C., Tate, D. P., Guthrie, G., Allaire, D. G., & Popko, R. (2010). Amphibian chytrid fungus and ranaviruses in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 92, 231-240
  • Souza, M. J., Gray, M. J., Colclough, P., & Miller, D. L. (2012). Prevalence of infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in eastern Tennessee. The Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48, 560-566
  • Speare, R., & Smith, J. R. (1992). An iridovirus-like agent isolated from the burrowing frog, Lymnodynastes ornatus in northern Autralia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 14, 51-57.
  • Spitzen, A., Spikmans, F., Bosman, W., & Zeeuw, M. (2013). Rapid enigmatic decline drives the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) to the edge of extinction in the Netherlands. Amphibia Reptilia 34, 233-239.
  • Voyles, J. S., Johnson, L. R., Briggs, C. J., Cashins, S. D., Alford, R. A., Berger, L., Skerratt, L. F., Speare, R., & Rosenblum, E. B. (2012). Temperature alters reproductive life history patterns in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a lethal pathogen associated with the global loss of amphibians. Ecology and Evolution 2, 2241-2249.
  • Warne, R. W., Bumbard, B., Grange, S., Vredenburg, V. T., & Catenazzi, A. (2016). Co-infection by chytrid fungus and ranaviruses in wild and harvested frogs in the tropical Andes. PlosOne, 11(1), 1-15.
  • Whittington, R.J., Becker, J.A. & Dennis, M.M. (2010). Iridovirus infections in finfish critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses. Journal of Fish Disease, 33, 95-122.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ugur Cengiz Erişmiş

Taner Yoldaş Bu kişi benim

Cevdet Uğuz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Erişmiş, U. C., Yoldaş, T., & Uğuz, C. (2019). Investigation of Prevalence of Co-Infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus in Endemic Beyşehir Frog (Pelophylax caralitanus). Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(2), 239-246. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.577595