Food, Fish and Mycotoxins

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 571 - 584, 01.12.2020

Alejandro De Jesus Cortes Sanchez , Rodolfo Garza Torres Luis Daniel Espinosa Chaurand

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.695284

Cited By: 1

Öz

Due to their incidence and negative effects on public health, foodborne diseases are considered an issue of international relevance. Fish is considered a nutritious food and highly susceptible to contamination by physical, chemical, and biological agents responsible for diseases in animals and humans. Mycotoxins are biological contaminants of food with various harmful effects on human and animal health derived from their consumption, concentration, and exposure time. The presence of mycotoxins has been reported in different foods, mainly cereals, which are intended for human and animal consumption, such as feed processing. The presence of mycotoxins in fish is generally by way of feeding by supplying contaminated feed in aquaculture production activities, and the transfer can be generated in the food chain and affect human health. The objective of this bibliographic review is to provide relevant general information about mycotoxins in foods including fish, harmful effects on fish, especially tilapia, prevention, control, and regulation of these contaminants in foods intended for human and animal consumption, its negative impact on animal production and health, as well as human health through its transfer in the food chain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aquaculture, Tilapia, feed, food safety

Destekleyen Kurum

Not applicable

Proje Numarası

Not applicable

Gıda, Balık ve Mikotoksinler

Öz

Halk sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve sık görülmeleri nedeniyle, gıda kaynaklı hastalıklar uluslararası önem taşıyan bir konu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Balık, besleyici bir gıda olarak kabul edilir ve hayvanlarda ve insanlarda hastalıklara neden olan fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik ajanların bulaşmasına karşı oldukça hassastır. Mikotoksinler, tüketim, konsantrasyon ve maruz kalma sürelerine bağlı olarak insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerinde çeşitli zararlı etkileri olan biyolojik gıda kirleticileridir. Mikotoksinlerin varlığı, insan ve hayvan tüketimine yönelik olarak üretilen tahıllar başta olmak üzere farklı gıdaların yem olarak işlenmesi aşamalarında bildirilmiştir. Balıklarda mikotoksinlerin varlığı, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği faaliyetlerinde genellikle kontamine yem temin edilerek beslenme yoluyladır ve mikotoksinlerin transferi besin zinciri yoluyla oluşur ve bu durum insan sağlığını olumsuz etkileyebilir. Bu bibliyografik incelemenin amacı, balık dahil gıdalardaki mikotoksinler, özellikle tilapia olmak üzere balıklar üzerindeki zararlı etkileri, insan ve hayvan tüketimine yönelik gıdalardaki bu kirleticilerin önlenmesi, kontrolü ve düzenlenmesi, hayvansal üretim üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi, gıda zincirine aktarılması yoluyla insan sağlığı.üzerindeki etkileri hakkında genel bilgi sağlamaktır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, Tilapia, beslenme, gıda güvenliği

Proje Numarası

Not applicable

Kaynakça

• Abrunhosa, L., Morales Valle, H., Soares, C. M. G., Calado, T., Vila Chã, A., Pereira, M., & Venâncio, A. (2012). Screening of mycotoxins in food and feed in portugal: a review. Revista Bio Ciencias, 2(1), 5-31. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/21323/1/Abru-20.pdf Agouz, H. M. & Anwer, W. (2011). Effect of Biogen® and Myco-Ad® on the growth performance of common Carp (Cyprinus carpid) fed a mycotoxin contaminated aquafeed. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 6(3), 334-345. DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2011.334.345 Anater, A., Manyes, L., Meca, G., Ferrer, E., Luciano, F. B., Pimpao, C. T., & Font, G. (2016). Mycotoxins and their consequences in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 451, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.022 Arias, F. C. H., & Buelga, J. A. S. (2005). Prevalencia de Salmonella spp en pescado fresco expendido en Pamplona (Norte de Santander). Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 3(2), 34-42. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/903/90330205.pdf Arroyo Manzanares, N., Huertas Pérez, J. F., Gámiz Gracia, L., & García Campaña, A. M. (2014). Control de micotoxinas en alimentos. Boletín Graseqa, 7: 16-31. https://nutricionanimal.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BOLETIN-GRASEQA_7_2014.pdf Assefa, T. and Geremew, T. (2018). Major mycotoxins occurrence, prevention and control approaches. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 12(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.5897/BMBR2018.0274 Avdalov, N. (2015). Manual de calidad y procesamiento para venta minorista de pescado. Proyecto: “Mejoramiento de los mercados internos de productos pesqueros en América Latina y el Caribe”. 1-45. INFOPESCA. http://mercadosinternos.infopesca.org/operarios.pdf Balbuena, R.E.D. (2014). Manual básico sobre procesamiento e inocuidad de productos de la acuicultura. Organización para las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3835s.pdf Bautista Covarrubias, J. C., & Ruiz Velazco Arce, J.M.D.J. (2011). Calidad de agua para el cultivo de Tilapia en tanques de geomembrana. Revista Fuente, 3(8),10-14. CAC/RCP 42 – 1995. Code of hygienic practice for spices and dried aromatic herbs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. Castillo Jiménez, A.M., Montalvo Rodríguez, C., Ramírez Toro, C., & Bolívar Escobar, G. (2017). Control Microbiological Deterioration of Tilapia Fillets by the Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Orinoquia, 21(2),30-37. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=896/89657629004 Castillo Urueta, P. & Durán de Bazúa, C. (2006). Las micotoxinas Metabolitos secundarios de los hongos filamentosos. Educación Química, 17(2), 122-129. Chauhan, R., Singh, J., Sachdev, T., Basu, T., & Malhotra, B. D. (2016). Recent advances in mycotoxins detection. Biosens Bioelectron. 81, 532-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.004 CODEX STAN 193-1995. Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/1_CXS_193e.pdf Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 884/2014 of 13 August 2014.Imposing special conditions governing the import of certain feed and food from certain third countries due to contamination risk by aflatoxins and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1152/2009. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/es/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R0884 Commission Recommendation (2006/576/EC). On the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:229:0007:0009:ES:PDF Commission Recommendation (2006/583/EC). On the prevention and reduction of Fusarium toxins in cereals and cereal products. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:234:0035:0040:ES:PDF Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006R1881&from=ES Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the european parliament and of the council of 15 March 2017. On official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, amending Regulations (EC) No 999/2001, (EC) No 396/2005, (EC) No 1069/2009, (EC) No 1107/2009, (EU) No 1151/2012, (EU) No 652/2014, (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulations (EC) No 1/2005 and (EC) No 1099/2009 and Council Directives 98/58/EC, 1999/74/EC, 2007/43/EC, 2008/119/EC and 2008/120/EC, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 854/2004 and (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 89/608/EEC, 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC, 91/496/EEC, 96/23/EC, 96/93/EC and 97/78/ EC and Council Decision 92/438/EEC (Official Controls Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0625&from=ES Cortés Sánchez, A.D.J., San Martin Azocar, A. L., & García Barrientos, R. (2016). About Fungi, Mycotoxins and Food Safety. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 10:12 Ver. II, 99-109. DOI: 10.9790/2402-10120299109 https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jestft/papers/vol10-issue12/Version-2/P10120299109.pdf Cortés Sánchez, A. D. J., & Mosqueda Olivares, T. (2013). A look at fungal organisms: Versatile factories of diverse secondary metabolites of biotechnological interest. Química Viva, 12(2), 64-90. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/863/86328550002.pdf CXC 51-2003. Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ CXC 54-2004. Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ CXC 75-2015. Code of hygienic practice for low-moisture foods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex alimentarius. . http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ CXC 78-2017. Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxins in spices. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ Darwish, A. M. G. (2019). Fungal mycotoxins and natural antioxidants: Two sides of the same coin and significance in food safety. Microbial Biosystems 4(1), 1–16. http://mb.journals.ekb.eg/article_37468_3af8f1593a78326e02403985e94afff3.pdf Deng, Y.; Qiu, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, R.; Lu, P.; Sun, L.; and Gooneratne, R. (2019). Protective effect of antioxidant-enriched diets on T-2-toxin-induced damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 506, 341-349. Denli, M. & Pérez, J. F. (2006). Contaminación por micotoxinas en los piensos: efectos, tratamiento y prevención. XXII Curso de Especialización. FEDNA, 1-18. http://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/sanidad_intoxicaciones_metabolicos/Micotoxicosis/31-intoxicacion_por_micotoxinas.pdf Dinolfo, M. I., & Stenglein, S.A. (2014). Fusarium poae and mycotoxins: potential risk for consumers. Boletín De La Sociedad Argentina De Botánica 49(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v49.n1.7786. Directive Council 2002/32/EC of 7 may 2002. On undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0032:20110701:ES:PDF Directive Council 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996.On measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products and repealing Directives 85/358/EEC and 86/469/EEC and Decisions 89/187/EEC and 91/664/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31996L0023&from=ES ELIKA (2018). Las micotoxinas en alimentos. Fundación vasca para la seguridad agroalimentaria. https://seguridadalimentaria.elika.eus/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Articulo-micotoxinas-alimentos-2018.pdf Escórcio Pinheiro, R.E.; Dourado Rodrigues, A.M.; Nery Ribeiro, M.; Helcias Cavalcante, D.; Maricel Pereyra, C.; and Sanches Muratori, M.C. (2015). Agentes biológicos no controle de aflatoxinas em piscicultura. Aquicultura, micotoxinas, peixes, probióticos, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nutritime. 12:05.4268-4279. http://www.nutritime.com.br/arquivos_internos/artigos/327_-_4268-4279_-_NRE_12-5_set-out_2015.pdf Espinosa, L., Varela, C., Martínez, E. V., & Cano, R. (2014). Brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. España, 2008-2011 (excluye brotes hídricos). Boletín epidemiológico semanal, 22(11), 130-136. http://revista.isciii.es/index.php/bes/article/view/889/1070 FAO (2003). Manual Sobre la Aplicación del Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y de Puntos Críticos de Control (APPCC) en la Prevención y Control de las Micotoxinas. Estudio FAO alimentación nutrición 73. Organismo internacional de energía atómica. Organización de las naciones unidas para la agricultura y la alimentación. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/Y1390S/Y1390S00.htm FAO (2003a). Desarrollo de la acuicultura. Procedimientos idóneos en la fabricación de alimentos para la acuicultura. FAO orientaciones técnicas para la pesca responsable 5. Supl.1. Organización de las naciones unidas para la agricultura y la alimentación. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/a-y1453s.html FAO (2019). Food Safety. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/food-safety/en/ FAO (2019a). Codes of Practice. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization. Codex Alimentarius. International food standards. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/codes-of-practice/en/ FAO (2018). El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura 2018. Cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Roma. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540es/i9540es.pdf Fuertes Vicente, H. G., Paredes López, F., & Saavedra Gálvez, D. I. (2014). Good practice manufacturing and preservation on board: fish safe. Big Bang Faustiniano 3(4),41-45. http://revistas.unjfsc.edu.pe/index.php/BIGBANG/article/viewFile/234/233 Fungaro, M. H. P., Vissotto, P. C., Sartori, D., Vilas Boas, L. A., Furlaneto, M. C., & Taniwaki, M. H. (2004). A molecular method for detection of Aspergillus carbonarius in coffee beans. Curr. Microbiol. 49(2), 123-127. García Ortega, A. & Calvario Martínez, O. (2008). Manual de Buenas Prácticas de Producción Acuícola de Tilapia para la Inocuidad Alimentaria. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental y Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, SAGARPA. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/311366/ManualBPTil.pdf Gómez Ayala, A.E. (2007). Alimentos y micotoxinas. Farmacia Profesional, 21(8): 49-53. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-farmacia-profesional-3-pdf-13109791 Gonçalves, R. A., Schatzmayr, D., Albalat, A., & Mackenzie, S. (2018). Mycotoxins in aquaculture: feed and food. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1-31. Doi: 10.1111/raq.12310 Gong, L., Jiang, Y., & Chen, F. (2015). Molecular strategies for detection and quantification of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium species: a review. J. Sci. Food Agr. 95(9), 1767-1776. DOI 10.1002/jsfa.6935 Hernández Salgado, J. R., Estrada Godoy, J., Estrada Godoy, F., Ortega Sánchez J. L., Castro Franco, R., & Bautista Chávez, C. (2009). Mycotoxins and micotoxicosis in pigs. Revista Chapingo Serie Zonas Aridas, 8, 263-269. https://www.chapingo.mx/revistas/revistas/articulos/doc/rchszaVIII1071.pdf Huerta Treviño, A., Dávila Aviña, J.E., Sánchez, E., Heredia, N., & García, S. (2016). Occurrence of mycotoxins in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) retailed in the state of Nuevo León, México. Agrociencia, 50(7), 825-836. Huertas Caro, C., Urbano Cáceres, E., & Torres Caycedo, M. (2019). Molecular diagnosis: an alternative for the detection of pathogens in food. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas, 18(3), 513-528. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2019000300513&lng=es&tlng=es. Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Käppeli, O., & Dutler, H. (2001). Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol. Lett. 122(2), 179-188. INP (2018). Acuacultura| Tilapia. Acuacultura comercial. Instituto Nacional de Pesca. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/inapesca/acciones-y-programas/acuacultura-tilapia Jacome, J., Quezada Abad, C., Sánchez Romero, O., Eduardo Pérez, J., & Nirchio M. (2019). Tilapia in Ecuador: paradox between aquaculture production and the protection of Ecuadorian biodiversity. Rev. Peru. Biol. 26(4), 543 - 550 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v26i4.16343 Kumar, V., Roy, S., Barman, D., Kumar, A., Paul, L., & Meetei, W. A. (2013). Importance of mycotoxins in aquaculture feeds. Aquaculture Asia, 18(1), 25-29. Lopez Perez, V.M. (2012). Micotoxinas venenos naturales. ¿Como Ves?. 15(169),30. MAAMA (2014). Guía de requerimientos en las certificaciones en el sector acuícola. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Centro técnico nacional de conservación de productos de la pesca y la acuicultura (CECOPESCA). Gobierno de España. https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/pesca/temas/calidad-seguridad-alimentaria/13-Guia_Certif-Acuicola_tcm7-248642_tcm30-285798.pdf Magouz, F. I., Salem, M. S., & Hashad, M.A. (2018). Effect of some mycotoxin on growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 32(1), 99-108. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=153830 Martínez Padrón, H. Y., Hernández Delgado, S., Reyes Méndez, C.A., & Vázquez Carrillo, G. (2013). The Genus Aspergillus and their Mycotoxins in Maize in Mexico: Problems and Perspectives. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 31(2), 126-146. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33092013000200005&lng=es&tlng=es. Millán, L. M. & Pérez, J. C. F. (2017). Terapéutica en acuicultura. Panorama actual del medicamento, 41(404), 579-588. https://botplusweb.portalfarma.com/Documentos/2017/6/13/115952.pdf Murcia Rodríguez, H. W. (2010). Micotoxins and Aflatoxin B1, a animal health problema. Teoría y praxis investigativa, 5(2), 71-78. Murphy, P. A., Hendrich, S., Landgren, C., & Bryant, C. M. (2006). Food mycotoxins: an update. J. Food Sci. 71(5), R51-R65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00052.x NOM-061-ZOO-1999. Especificaciones zoosanitarias de los productos alimenticios para consumo animal. Norma Oficial Mexicana. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/203496/NOM-061-ZOO-1999_11102000.pdf NOM-188-SSA1-2002. Productos y Servicios. Control de aflatoxinas en cereales para consumo humano y animal. Especificaciones sanitarias. Norma Oficial Mexicana. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/188ssa12.html NOM-243-SSA1-2010. Productos y servicios. Leche, fórmula láctea, producto lácteo combinado y derivados lácteos. Disposiciones y especificaciones sanitarias. Métodos de prueba. NORMA Oficial Mexicana. http://dof.gob.mx/normasOficiales/4156/salud2a/salud2a.htm NOM-247-SSA1-2008. Productos y servicios. Cereales y sus productos. Cereales, harinas de cereales, sémolas o semolinas. Alimentos a base de: cereales, semillas comestibles, de harinas, sémolas o semolinas o sus mezclas. Productos de panificación. Disposiciones y especificaciones sanitarias y nutrimentales. Métodos de prueba. Norma Oficial Mexicana. http://www.economia-noms.gob.mx/normas/noms/2009/247ssa1.pdf Ortega, M. (2014). Lead and mercury levels in imported and local fish meat samples. Pediatría, 47(3), 51-54. Palomino Camargo, C., González Muñoz, Y., Pérez Sira, E., & Aguilar, V. H. (2018). Delphi methodology in food safety management and foodborne disease prevention. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 35(3), 483-490. Doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2018.353.3086. Pinton, P., Suman, M., Buck N., Dellafiora, L., De Meester, J., Stadler, D., & Rito, E. (2019). Practical Guidance to Mitigation of Mycotoxins during Food Processing. Report Commissioned by the ILSI Europe Process-Related Compounds and Natural Toxins Task Force. International Life Sciences Institute. ILSI Europe. http://ilsi.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/Mitigation-of-Mycotoxins_report_FIN_digital-3.pdf Quijada, J., Lima dos Santos, C. A., & Avdalov, N. (2005). Enfermedades parasitarias por consumo de pescado. Incidencia en América Latina. Infopesca internacional, 24, 16-23. http://www.simcope.com.br/II_Simcope/pdf/palestra_nelson_avdalov.pdf Rahman, A. N. A., Abdellatief, S. A., & Mahboub, H. H. H. (2017). Protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from aflatoxin B1 toxicity by dietary supplementation with Fennel essential oil and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 43(3), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2017.09.006 Robledo Marenco, M. L., Rojas García, A. E., Medina Díaz, I. M., Barrón Vivanco, B. S., Romero Bañuelos, C. A., Rodríguez Cervantes, C. H., & Girón Pérez, M. I. (2012). Mycotoxins in Nayarit, Mexico: Case studies. Revista Bio Ciencias, 2(1), 92-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.02.01.09 Rojas, J. L. R., Tolentino, R. G., Zebadua, M. A. O., & Cruz, A. M. (2017). Contamination by micotoxins of milk and milk products. Quehacer Científico en Chiapas, 12(1), 90-103. https://www.dgip.unach.mx/images/pdf-REVISTA-QUEHACERCIENTIFICO/2017-ener-jun/12._Contaminacion_por_micotoxinas.pdf Santillán Mendoza, R., Rodríguez Alvarado, G., Fernández Pavía, S. P., Vázquez Marrufo, G., Montero Castro, J. C., & Benítez Malvido, J. (2017). Micotoxinas: ¿Qué son y cómo afectan a la salud pública?. Revista digital universitaria UNAM. 18(6), 1-7. http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.18/num6/art46/index.html Sartori, A. G. de O. & Amancio, R. D. (2012). Pescado: importância nutricional e consumo no Brasil. Segurança Alimentar E Nutricional, 19(2), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v19i2.8634613 SENASICA (2019). Manuales de Buenas Prácticas Acuícolas. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/manuales-de-buenas-practicas-pecuarias-acuicolas-y-pesqueras Serrano Coll, H. A., & Cardona Castro, N. (2015). Mycotoxicosis and mycotoxins: generalities and basic aspects. CES Medicina, 29(1), 143-151. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2611/261140733012.pdf Soto Varela, Z., Pérez Lavalle, L., & Estrada Alvarado, D. (2016). Bacteria causing of foodborne diseases: an overview at Colombia. Revista Salud Uninorte, 32(1), 105-122. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/sun/v32n1/v32n1a10.pdf Stark, A.A. (2009). Molecular Mechanism of Detection of Aflatoxins and Other Mycotoxins. In: Rai M., Varma A. (eds) Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_2 Tapia Salazar, M., García Pérez, O. D., Nieto López, M. G., Ricque Marie, D., Villarreal Cavazos, D. A., and Cruz Suárez, L. E. (2010). Mycotoxins in aquaculture: Occurrence in feeds components and impact on animal performance. En: Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-López, M.G., Villarreal-Cavazos, D. A., Gamboa-Delgado, J. (Eds), Avances en Nutrición Acuícola X - Memorias del Décimo Simposio Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola, 8-10 de Noviembre, San Nicolás de los Garza, N. L., México. ISBN 978-607-433-546-0. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México, pp. 514-546. http://eprints.uanl.mx/8368/ Tewodros Abate, A., Akwake, G., & Abebe, G. (2018). The Role of Functional Feed Additives in Tilapia Nutrition. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 9(2), 1-6. Doi:10.4172/2150-3508.1000249 Tolosa, J., Font, G., Manes, J., & Ferrer, E. (2013). Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in aquaculture fish food. Revista de Toxicología, 30(2), 193-197. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/919/91931189010.pdf Vásquez Ampuero, J. M., Tasayco Alcántara, W.R., Chuquiyauri Talenas, M.A., & Apac Sotil, S. (2018). Microbiological evaluation of fish and seafood available in Huánuco's markets. Revista de Investigación Valdizana, 12(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.33554/riv.12.2.142 Villarreal Cavazos, M. D. A., Barbosa, Q. C. G., Ezquerra Brauer, J. M., Cruz Suárez, L. E., & Ricque, M. D. (2004). Efecto de las micotoxinas en la nutrición de camarones Peneidos. Avances en Nutrición Acuícola. Memorias del VII Simposium Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola. http://nutricionacuicola.uanl.mx/index.php/acu/article/viewFile/211/209 WHO (1999). Cuestiones de inocuidad de los alimentos asociadas con los productos de la acuicultura. Informe técnico 883. Informe de un Grupo de Estudio Mixto FAO/RCAAP/OMS. Organización Mundial de la Salud de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42257/9243208837_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y WHO (2019). Food safety. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety Wicki, G. A. and Gromenida, N. (1998). Estudio de desarrollo y producción de Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista AquaTIC, (2). http://revistaaquatic.com/ojs/index.php/aquatic/article/viewFile/18/12 Zahran, E., Risha, E., Hamed, M., Ibrahim, T., & Palić, D. (2020). Dietary mycotoxicosis prevention with modified zeolite (Clinoptilolite) feed additive in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 515, 734562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734562