Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from the Seve Dam, and Konak Pond, Kilis, Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 290 - 297, 01.06.2021

Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı Sevil Toplar Melis Sumengen Özdenefe

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.801564

Cited By: 4

Öz

Pollution of surface waters with coliform bacteria having antibiotic and heavy metal resistance has become an increasing public health risk. For this reason, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance profiles of fecal microorganisms in surface water samples collected from two different points (Seve Dam and Konak Pond, Kilis, Turkey) were analyzed in this study. The various physicochemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC) of samples were also examined. The total coliform load in each sample was ˃1100 (MPN)/100 mL. As fecal indicator microorganisms, 21 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from sampling points. Despite the high coliform contamination, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of E. coli was recorded as 0.187. The multiple heavy metal resistance (MHMR) index (0.202) was remarkably higher than the MAR value. Most isolates showed minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) in the range of 25-1.600 μg/mL based on concentrations of heavy metals. These results indicate that surface waters may be discharge points of industrial and domestic wastewaters

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiotic, Heavy metal resistance, Coliform pollution, Water quality.

Konak Göleti ve Seve Barajı’ndan, (Kilis, Türkiye) izole edilen Escherichia coli suşlarının antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençliliği

Öz

Antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençliliği gösteren koliform bakterilerle yüzeysel suların kirliliği artan bir halk sağlığı riski oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmamızda Kilis İlinde iki farklı bölgeden (Seve Barajı ve Konak Göleti) toplanan yüzey suyu örneklerindeki fekal bakterilerin antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençlilik profilleri araştırılmıştır. Örneklerin pH, sıcaklık, toplam çözünmüş katı madde (TDS) ve elektrik iletkenlik (EC) gibi çeşitli fizikokimyasal değişkenleri incelenmiştir. Her örnekteki total koliform sayısı ˃1100 (EMS)/100 mL’dir. Örnek noktalarında fekal kirliliğin indikatörü olarak 21 Escherichia coli suşu izole edilmiştir. Yüksek koliform kirliliğine karşın, E. coli izolatlarının çoklu antibiyotik direnç (ÇAD) indeksi 0.187 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Çoklu ağır metal direnç (ÇAMD) indeksi (0.202) ise çoklu antibiyotik direncinden yüksek bulunmuştur. Çoğu izolatın 25-1.600 μg/mL aralığında minimum inhibibe edici konsantrasyon gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar yüzey sularının endüstriyel ve evsel atıksuların etkisi altında olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiyotik, Ağır metal direnç, Koliform kirliliği, Su kalitesi

Kaynakça

• Akkan, T. (2017). Antibiotic resistance case study: Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Batlama Creek in Giresun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 5(8), 969-972.
• Akkan, T,, Kaya, A., & Dinçer, S. (2011). Hastane atık sularıyla kontamine edilen deniz suyundan izole edilen gram negatif bakterilerin sefalosporin grubu antibiyotiklere karşı direnç düzeyleri. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 4(1), 18-21.
• Akkan, T., Mehel, S., & Mutlu, C. (2019). Determining the level of bacteriological pollution level in Yağlıdere Stream, Giresun. LimnoFish, 5(2), 83-88.
• Akkan, T., & Mutlu, C. (2016). Determination of antibiotics resistance levels in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Giresun Coasts. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 4(8), 640-650.
• Akkan, T., & Topkaraoğlu, T. (2019). Determination of antibiotic resistance levels of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from freshwater sources: Batlama Creek. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(3), 539-544.
• Akturk, S., Dincer, S., & Toroglu, S. (2012). Determination of microbial quality and plasmid-mediated multidrug resistant bacteria in fountain drinking water sources in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33(6), 1127-1136.
• Avsar, C. (2018). Measurement of antibiotic resistance of microbial species in the Karasu River (Turkey) using molecular techniques. The Water and Environment Journal, 33, 179-191.
• Benhalima, L., Amri, S., Bensouilah, M., & Ouzrout, R. (2020). Heavy metal resistance and metallothionein induction in bacteria isolated from Seybouse River, Algeria. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(1), 1721-1737.
• Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493-496.
• Bulbul, G., & Camur-Elipek, B. (2017). Investigation of the effects of domestic waste on aquatic bacterial distribution in the Meric River (Edirne, Turkey). Biologija, 63(3), 256–263.
• Ciftci Turetken, P. S., Altug, G., Cardak, M., & Gunes, K. (2019). Bacteriological quality, heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191:469.
• Dobrijević, D., Trudić, A., Borčić, V., & Bekut, M. (2017). Antibiotic susceptibility profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from drinking and surface water. Racionalna terapija, IX(1), 1-13.
• Douglas, S.I., & Isor, F.N. (2015). Bacteriological investigation of pond water quality from Ogoniland, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(2), 36-41.
• Eduardo-Correia, B., Morales-Filloy, H., & Abad, J.P. (2020). Bacteria from the multi-contaminated Tinto River Estuary (SW, Spain) show high multi-resistance to antibiotics and point to Paenibacillus spp. as antibiotic-resistance-dissemination players. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 3071.
• George, S.E., & Wan, Y. (2019). Advances in characterizing microbial community change and resistance upon exposure to lead contamination: Implications for ecological risk assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(20), 2223-2270.
• Hacioglu, N., Gul, C., & Tosunoglu, M. (2015). Bacteriological screening and antibiotic–heavy metal resistance profile of the bacteria ısolated from some amphibian and reptile species of the Biga Stream in Turkey. The World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 422-426.
• Heuer, H., Focks, A., Lamshoft, M., Smalla, K., Matthies, M., & Spiteller, M. (2008). Fate of sulfadiazine administered to pigs and its quantitative effect on the dynamics of bacterial resistance genes in manure and manured soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(7), 1892-1900.
• Hulyar, O., & Altug, G. (2020). The Bacteriological risk transported to seas by Rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, Istanbul, TR. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45-53.
• Icgen, B., & Yilmaz, F. (2014). Co-occurrence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in Kızılırmak River isolates. The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 93, 735-743.
• Jacquiod, S., Cyriaque, V., Riber, L., Al-Soud, W. A., Gillan, D. C., Wattiez, R., &Sørensen, S.J. (2018). Long-term industrial metal contamination unexpectedly shaped diversity and activity response of sediment microbiome. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 344, 299-307.
• Jannat, N., Mottalib, M.A., & Alam, M.N. (2019). Assessment of Physicochemical properties of surface water of Mokeshbeel, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science: Current Research, 2, 014.
• Jie, S., Li, M., Gan, M., Zhu, J., Yin, H., & Liu, X. (2016), Microbial functional genes enrichedin the Xiangjiang River sediments with heavy metal contamination. BMC Microbiology, 16, 179.
• Kayis Buyukkaya, F., Dincer, S., Matyar, F., Takcı Mercimek, H. A., Sumengen Ozdenefe, M., & Arkut, A. (2017). An investigation of multiple antibiotic resistance and identification of bacteria isolated from Golbasi and Azaplı Lakes (Adıyaman). Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 5(1), 43-47.
• Kimiran-Erdem, A., Arslan-Aydogdu, E.O., Gurun, S., & Altun, O. (2015). Determination of multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance of the bacteria isolated from the Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(3), 1077-1084.
• Krumpermann, P.H. (1983). Multiple antibiotic resistances indexing of E. coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46(1), 165-170.
• Kurekci, C., Aydın, M., Yipel, M., Katouli, M., & Gundogdu, A. (2017). Characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Asi (Orontes) River in Turkey. Journal of Water and Health, 15(5), 788-798.
• Le, B., & Yang, S.H. (2019). Biosorption of cadmium by potential probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus using in vitro digestion model. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 66(4), 673-680.
• Li, X-D., Chen, Y-H., Liu, C., Hong, J., Deng, H., & Yu, D-J. (2020). Eutrophication and related antibiotic resistance of Enterococci in the Minjiang River, China. Microbial Ecology, 80, 1-13.
• Maal-Bared, R., Bartlett, K.H., Bowie, W.R., & Hall, E.R. (2013). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 isolated from water, sediment and biofilms in an agricultural watershed in British Columbia. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 315-323.
• Matyar, F., Eraslan, B., Akkan, T., Kaya, A., & Dinçer, S. (2009). İskenderun Körfezi balıklarından izole edilen bakterilerde antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençliliklerinin araştırılması. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(2),1-5.
• Matyar, F., Kaya, A., & Dincer, S. (2008). Antibacterial agents and heavy metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from seawater, shrimp and sediment in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment, 407(1), 279-285.
• Matyar, F., Gulnaz, O., Guzeldag, G., Mercimek, H. A., Akturk, S., Arkut, A., & Sumengen Ozdenefe, M. (2014). Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the Seyhan Dam Lake and Seyhan River in Turkey. Annals of Microbiology, 64, 1033-1040.
• Muniz, J.N., Duarte, K., Braga, F.H.R., Lima, N.S., Silva, D.F., Firmo, W.C.A., Batista, M.R.V, Silva, F.M.A.M, Miranda Rita de C.M., &Silva, M.R.C. (2020). Limnological quality: Seasonality assessment and potential for contamination of the Pindaré River watershed, pre-Amazon region, Brazil. Water, 12(1), 851.
• Ozgumus, O. B., Celik-Sevim, E., Alpay-Karaoglu, S., Sandalli, C., & Sevim, A. (2007), Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from tap and spring waters in a coastal region in Turkey. Journal of Microbiology, 45(5), 379-387.
• Ozgumus, O. B., Sandalli, C., Sevim, A., Celik-Sevim, E., & Sivri, N. (2009). Class 1 and Class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten Rivers in Northern Turkey. Journal of Microbiology, 47(1), 19-27.
• Sipahi, N,, Mutlu, C., & Akkan, T. (2013). Giresun ilinde tüketime sunulan bazi baliklardan izole edilen Enterobacteriaceae üyelerinin antibiyotik ve ağır metal dirençlilik düzeyleri. Gıda Dergisi, 38(6), 343-349.
• Tee, L.W., & Najiah, M. (2011), Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of Bullfrog Bacteria in Malaysia. Open Veterinary Journal, 1(1), 39-45.
• Toroglu, E., & Toroglu, S. (2009), Microbial pollution of water in Golbasi lake in Adiyaman, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30, 33-38.
• Toroglu, S., Dincer, S., & Korkmaz, H. (2005). Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Aksu River in (Kahramanmaras) Turkey. Annals of Microbiology, 55, 229-233.
• TS266, Sular-İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular, ICS 13.060. 20. TSE, Ankara, Nisan 2005.
• Uncumusaoglu, A.A., Sengul, U., & Akkan, T. (2016). Environmental contamination of heavy metals in the Yağlıdere Stream (Giresun), Southeastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(12), 5492-5498.
• Wang, W., Zhou, L., Gu, X., Chen, H., Zeneg, Q., & Mao, Z. (2018), Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in surface water impacted by crab culturing: a case study of Lake Guchenghu, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(23), 22619-22628.
• World Health Organization [WHO] (2008) Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
• World Health Organization [WHO] (2017) Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
• World Health Organization [WHO] (2018) Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: early Implementation 2016-2017. Geneva.
• Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Hakkında KaliteYönetmeliği, 15/04/2015 tarihli ve 29327 sayılı Resmi Gazete.