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Heavy Metal Content of Water in Ikwu River (Umuahia, Nigeria): Pollution Indices and Health Risk Assessment Approach

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 345 - 358, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1060806

Öz

The heavy metal content of a local drinking water source in Southeast Nigeria was studied between January 2021 and June 2021 in 3 stations. Pollution indices (heavy metal pollution index and contamination index) and health risk assessment for non-carcinogenic were used to check the water’s suitability for human consumption. Eight heavy metals were assessed with standard methods and compared with The Nigerian Drinking Water Quality Standard. Some metals (Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr) exceeded acceptable limits. The heavy metal pollution index exceeded the threshold value (100), ranging between 503.56 and 746.80. The contamination index ranged between 10.74 and 17.12 indicating high contamination potential and all the hazard indices exceeded unity (1). The heavy metal content, pollution indices, and health risk assessment has shown that the water from the Ikwu River was not fit for human consumption. The main metals that influenced the results were Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd, and Cr, because they exceeded limits while Cd and Cr were responsible for the observed adverse health risk. The children were more vulnerable. The geogenic influence was a major factor exacerbated by season and anthropogenic activities in the river.

Kaynakça

  • Addey, C. I., Ayoola, N. O., Omobolaji, A. A., & Tolulope, O. E. (2018). Heavy metals pollution index of surface water from Commodore Channel, Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(6), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2018.2486
  • Adefemi, O. S., Olaofe, O., & Asaolu, S. S. (2004). Concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment and fish parts (Illisha africana) from Ureje Dam, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Biological and Physical Sciences, 3, 111–114.
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  • Al-thahaibawi, B. M. H. (2021). Preliminary assessment of several heavy metal ions (Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd) in water, sediment, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Potamogeton pectinatus Plants from Marsh Al-Hawizeh, Iraq. Journal of Water and Environmental Technology, 19 (4), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.20-160
  • Ameh E. G., & Akpah, F. A. (2011). Heavy metal pollution indexing and multivariate statistical evaluation of hydrogeochemistry of River PovPov in Itakpe Iron-Ore mining area, Kogi State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (1), 33-46.
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Emeka, C. S. (2019). Application of water quality index in the drinking water quality assessment of a southeastern Nigeria river. Food and Environment Safety, XVIII (4), 308 – 314.
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Nwachukwu, E. D. (2020). Heavy metal content and health risk assessment of a Southeastern Nigeria River. Applied Water Science, 10, 210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01296-y
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Umeham, S. N. (2020b). An index approach to heavy metal pollution assessment of Eme River, Umuahia, Nigeria. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 8(X). https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2067
  • Anyanwu, E. D., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwachukwu, E. D. (2020). Application of pollution indices and health risk assessment in the heavy metal content of a South-eastern Nigeria River. Pollution, 6(4), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2020.303140.820
  • Anyanwu. E. D., & Umeham, S. N. (2020a). Identification of waterbody status in Nigeria using predictive index assessment tools: a case study of Eme River, Umuahia, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00066-5
  • Anyanwu, E. D., Jonah, U. E., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwoke, O. B. (2022). An appraisal of the physicochemical parameters of Ikwu River, Umuahia, Abia State in South‑eastern, Nigeria for multiple uses. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00168-8
  • Backman, B., Bodis, D., Lahermo, P., & Rapant, S. (1998). Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia. Environmental Geology, 36, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050320
  • Biswas, P. K., Uddin, N., Alam, S., Tamjid-Us-Sakib, Sultana, S., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution indices in irrigation and drinking water systems of Barapukuria Coal Mine Area, Bangladesh. American Journal of Water Resources, 5(5), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-5-5-2
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  • Dimirkou, A., & Doula, M. K. (2008). Use of clinoptilolite and an Fe overexchanged clinoptilolite in Zn2+ and Mn2+ removal from drinking water. Desalination, 224(1–3), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.010
  • Ekere, N. R., Ihedioha, J. F., Eze, I. S., & Agbazue, V. E. (2014). Health risk assessment in relation to heavy metals in water sources in rural regions of South-East Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 9(6), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2014.4125
  • Elci, L., Kartal, A. A., & Soylak, M. (2008). Solid phase extraction method for the determination of iron, lead and chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry using Amberite XAD-2000 column in various water samples. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1–2), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.075
  • Ertaş, A., Yaşartürk, M., Boz, T., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Evaluation of the water quality of Karabal Stream (Gediz River, Turkey) and comparative performance of the used indices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 334-349. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.819579
  • Etesin, U., Udoinyang, E., & Harry, T. (2013). Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from Iko River, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(8), 96–110.
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  • Haque, M. A., Jewel, M. A., Hasan, J., Islam, M. M., Ahmed, S., & Alam, L. (2019). Seasonal variation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface waters of the Ganges River (Northwestern Bangladesh). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 23(2), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2019-2302-14
  • Herojeet, R., Rishi, M. S., & Kishore, N. (2015). Integrated approach of heavy metal pollution indices and complexity quantification using chemometric models in the Sirsa Basin, Nalagarh valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 34(4), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-015-0075-1
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Ikwu Nehri (Umuahia, Nijerya) Suyundaki Ağır Metal İçeriği: Kirlilik Endeksleri ve Sağlık Riski Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 345 - 358, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1060806

Öz

Güneydoğu Nijerya'da yerel bir içme suyu kaynağının ağır metal içeriği Ocak 2021 ile Haziran 2021 arasında 3 istasyonda incelenmiştir. Suyun insan tüketimine uygunluğunu kontrol etmek için kirlilik indeksleri (ağır metal kirlilik indeksi ve bulaşma indeksi) ve kanserojen olmayanlar için sağlık risk değerlendirmesi kullanıldı. Sekiz ağır metal, standart yöntemlerle değerlendirildi ve Nijerya İçme Suyu Kalite Standardı ile karşılaştırıldı. Bazı metaller (Mn, Pb, Fe, Cd ve Cr) kabul edilebilir sınırları aştı. Ağır metal kirlilik indeksi eşik değerini (100) aştı; 503,56 ile 746,80 arasında değişmektedir. Kirlilik indeksi 10.74 ile 17.12 arasında değişmekte olup, yüksek kontaminasyon potansiyeline işaret etmekte ve tüm tehlike indeksleri birden (1) aşmaktadır. Çocuklar daha savunmasızdı. Jeojenik etki, nehirdeki mevsim ve antropojenik faaliyetlerle şiddetlenen önemli bir faktördü.

Kaynakça

  • Addey, C. I., Ayoola, N. O., Omobolaji, A. A., & Tolulope, O. E. (2018). Heavy metals pollution index of surface water from Commodore Channel, Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(6), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2018.2486
  • Adefemi, O. S., Olaofe, O., & Asaolu, S. S. (2004). Concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment and fish parts (Illisha africana) from Ureje Dam, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Biological and Physical Sciences, 3, 111–114.
  • Aiyesanmi, A. F. (2006). Baseline concentration of heavy metals in water samples from rivers within Okitipupa southeast belt of the Nigerian Bitumen field. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 31(1 and 2), 30–37.
  • Al-Jumaily, H. A. A. (2016). Qualitative assessment of pollution indices for heavy metal of the drinking water in Kirkuk City, Northern Iraq. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 6(9), 94 – 104.
  • Al-thahaibawi, B. M. H. (2021). Preliminary assessment of several heavy metal ions (Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd) in water, sediment, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Potamogeton pectinatus Plants from Marsh Al-Hawizeh, Iraq. Journal of Water and Environmental Technology, 19 (4), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.20-160
  • Ameh E. G., & Akpah, F. A. (2011). Heavy metal pollution indexing and multivariate statistical evaluation of hydrogeochemistry of River PovPov in Itakpe Iron-Ore mining area, Kogi State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (1), 33-46.
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Emeka, C. S. (2019). Application of water quality index in the drinking water quality assessment of a southeastern Nigeria river. Food and Environment Safety, XVIII (4), 308 – 314.
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Nwachukwu, E. D. (2020). Heavy metal content and health risk assessment of a Southeastern Nigeria River. Applied Water Science, 10, 210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01296-y
  • Anyanwu, E. D., & Umeham, S. N. (2020b). An index approach to heavy metal pollution assessment of Eme River, Umuahia, Nigeria. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 8(X). https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2067
  • Anyanwu, E. D., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwachukwu, E. D. (2020). Application of pollution indices and health risk assessment in the heavy metal content of a South-eastern Nigeria River. Pollution, 6(4), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2020.303140.820
  • Anyanwu. E. D., & Umeham, S. N. (2020a). Identification of waterbody status in Nigeria using predictive index assessment tools: a case study of Eme River, Umuahia, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00066-5
  • Anyanwu, E. D., Jonah, U. E., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwoke, O. B. (2022). An appraisal of the physicochemical parameters of Ikwu River, Umuahia, Abia State in South‑eastern, Nigeria for multiple uses. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00168-8
  • Backman, B., Bodis, D., Lahermo, P., & Rapant, S. (1998). Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia. Environmental Geology, 36, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050320
  • Biswas, P. K., Uddin, N., Alam, S., Tamjid-Us-Sakib, Sultana, S., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution indices in irrigation and drinking water systems of Barapukuria Coal Mine Area, Bangladesh. American Journal of Water Resources, 5(5), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-5-5-2
  • CGWB (2014). Concept note on Geogenic contamination of ground water in India (with a special note on Nitrate). Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Faridabad, India. 99pp.
  • Dibofori-Orji, A. N., Ihunwo, O. C., Udo, K. S., Shahabinia. A. R., Onyema. M. O., & Mmom, P. C. (2019). Spatial and temporal distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metal in Woji Creek. Environmental Research Communications, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab4a8c
  • Dimirkou, A., & Doula, M. K. (2008). Use of clinoptilolite and an Fe overexchanged clinoptilolite in Zn2+ and Mn2+ removal from drinking water. Desalination, 224(1–3), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.010
  • Ekere, N. R., Ihedioha, J. F., Eze, I. S., & Agbazue, V. E. (2014). Health risk assessment in relation to heavy metals in water sources in rural regions of South-East Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 9(6), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2014.4125
  • Elci, L., Kartal, A. A., & Soylak, M. (2008). Solid phase extraction method for the determination of iron, lead and chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry using Amberite XAD-2000 column in various water samples. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1–2), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.075
  • Ertaş, A., Yaşartürk, M., Boz, T., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Evaluation of the water quality of Karabal Stream (Gediz River, Turkey) and comparative performance of the used indices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 334-349. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.819579
  • Etesin, U., Udoinyang, E., & Harry, T. (2013). Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from Iko River, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(8), 96–110.
  • Ezekiel, O., & Dikam, K. I. (2020). Assessment of concentration status of some heavy metals in water along River Dilimi, Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, 4(10), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v4i1.6768
  • Gebrekidan, M., & Samuel, Z. (2011). Concentration of heavy metals in drinking water from urban areas of the Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 3(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v3i1.63689
  • Grützmacher, G., Kumar, P. J. S., Rustler, M., Hannappel, S., & Sauer, U, (2013). Geogenic groundwater contamination – definition, occurrence and relevance for drinking water production. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, 1(1), 69–75.
  • Hamidu, H., Halilu, F. B., Yerima, K. M., Garba, L. M., Suleiman, A. A., Kankara, A. I., & Abdullahi, I. M. (2021). Heavy metals pollution indexing, geospatial and statistical approaches of groundwater within Challawa and Sharada industrial areas, Kano City, North-Western Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences, 3, 690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04662-w
  • Haque, M. A., Jewel, M. A., Hasan, J., Islam, M. M., Ahmed, S., & Alam, L. (2019). Seasonal variation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface waters of the Ganges River (Northwestern Bangladesh). Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 23(2), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2019-2302-14
  • Herojeet, R., Rishi, M. S., & Kishore, N. (2015). Integrated approach of heavy metal pollution indices and complexity quantification using chemometric models in the Sirsa Basin, Nalagarh valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 34(4), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-015-0075-1
  • Horton, R. K. (1965). An index system for rating water quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 27(3), 300–315.
  • Houssou, A. M., Ahouansou Montcho, S., Montchowui, E., & Bonou, C. A. (2017). Spatial and seasonal characterization of water quality in the Ouémé River Basin (Republic of Benin, West Africa). Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 60(6), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2017.1463.1095
  • Ijaola, O. O., & Simon, C. E. (2021). Effects of dredging on downstream water quality: Ekole Creek, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 8(12), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v8.i12.2021.1078
  • Iwuoha, G., Osuji, L. C., & Horsfall, M. Jnr. (2012). Index Model Analysis Approach to Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of Nworie and Otamiri Rivers in Imo State of Nigeria. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2(8), 1–8.
  • Johri, N., Jacquillet, G., & Unwin, R, (2010). Heavy metal poisoning the effects of cadmium on the kidney. Biometals, 23(5), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9328-y
  • Kumar, S., Bharti, V. K., Singh, K. B., & Singh, T. N. (2010). Quality assessment of potable water in the town of Kolasib, Mizoram (India). Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0326-8
  • Li, P., & Wu, J. (2019). Drinking water quality and public health. Exposure and Health, 11, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00299-8
  • Lukman, S., Ismail, A., Asani, M. A., Bolorunduro, K. A., Foghi, P. U., & Oke, I. A. (2016). Effect of selected factors on water supply and access to safe water in Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 18(3), 623 – 639.
  • Maigari, A. U., Ekanem, E. O., Garba, I. H., Harami, A., Akan, J. C. (2016). Health risk assessment for exposure to some selected heavy metals via drinking water from Dadinkowa Dam and River Gombe Abba in Gombe State, Northeast Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.12691/wjac-4-1-1
  • Majhi, A., & Biswal, S. K. (2016). Application of HPI (heavy metal pollution index) and correlation coefficient for the assessment of ground water quality near Ash Ponds of Thermal Power Plants. International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, 4(8), 395 – 405.
  • Mandour, R. A. (2012). Human health impacts of drinking water (surface and ground) pollution Dakahlyia Governorate, Egypt. Applied Water Science, 2, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0041-6
  • Marcovecchio, J. E., Botte, S. E., & Freije, R. H. (2007). Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements. In: Nollet, L.M (ed). Handbook of Water Analysis (2nd Ed), CRC Press, London, pp. 275-311.
  • Moffat, I., Martinova, N., Seidel, C., & Thomson, C. M. (2018). Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water. Journal AWWA, 110(5), E22–E35. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1044
  • Mohan, S. V., Nithila, P., & Reddy, S. J. (1996). Estimation of heavy metal in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 31(2), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376357
  • Muhammad, S., Shah, M. T., & Khan, S. (2011). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 98, 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.003
  • Mukke, V., & Chinte, D, (2012). Impact of heavy metal induced alterations in lipase activity of fresh water crab, Barytelphus aguerini Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(5), 2763-2766
  • Onyele, O. G., & Anyanwu, E. D. (2018). Human health risk assessment of some heavy metals in a rural spring, Southeastern Nigeria. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, 1(1), 15-23.
  • Paustenbach, D. J., Finley, B. L., Mowat, F. S., & Kerger, B. (2003). Human health risk and exposure assessment of chromium (VI) in tap water. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 66(14), 1295-1339. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390306388
  • Pillay, S., Naidoo, K., Bissessur, A., Agjee, N., Pillay, K., Purves, B., Pillay. R., & Ballabh, H. (2014). Sand mining impacts on heavy metal concentrations in two important river systems of Northern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Human Ecology, 47(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906748
  • Prasad, B., & Bose, J. M. (2001). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology, 41, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100380
  • Rehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., & Akash, M. S. H, (2018). Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119 (1), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234
  • Rusyniak, D. E., Arroyo, A., Acciani, J., Froberg, B., Kao, L., & Furbee, B. (2010). Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes. EXS, 100, 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_11
  • Sharma, B., & Tyagi, S. (2013). Simplification of metal ion analysis in fresh water samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy for laboratory students. Journal of Laboratory Chemical Education, 1(3), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.jlce.20130103.04
  • Singh, M. R. (2007). Impurities-Heavy Metals: IR perspective. Available from: http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/meetings/asMeetingIndia/2008Session4track1.pdf
  • SON (2015). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS 554-2015). Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Unisa, S., Jagannath, P., Dhir, V., Khandelwal, C., Sarang, L., & Roy, T. K, (2011). Population based study to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of gallbladder diseases in the rural Gangetic basin of North India. HPB (Oxford), 13, 117–125.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00255.x
  • USEPA (1999). Guidance for performing aggregate exposure and risk assessments. Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC, USA.
  • USEPA (2004). Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, RAGS. Vol. I: Human health evaluation manual, Part E. Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment, final. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Management, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC, USA, 2004.
  • USEPA (2006). Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001F, Risk Assessment Forum. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC, USA, 2006
  • USEPA IRIS (2011). US Environmental Protection Agency’s Integrated Risk Information System: Environmental Protection Agency Region I. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC, USA.
  • Wongsasuluk, P., Chotpantarat, S., Siriwong, W., & Robson, M. (2013). Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-013-9537-8
  • Zakir, H. M., Sharmin, S., Akter, A., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar area, Bangladesh. Environmental Advances, 2, 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005
  • Zhang, C. (2007). Fundamental of Environmental Sampling and Analysis. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470120681
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emeka Donald Anyanwu 0000-0002-8593-6865

Onyinyechi Gladys Adetunji Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1943-0134

Oluomachi Blessing Nwoke Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2709-9488

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Anyanwu, E. D., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwoke, O. B. (2022). Heavy Metal Content of Water in Ikwu River (Umuahia, Nigeria): Pollution Indices and Health Risk Assessment Approach. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 18(3), 345-358. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1060806