Sosyal Medyada Gerçek Ötesi

Öz

Son 20 yılda bilişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerin etkisiyle sosyal medya, haber duyurusu ve takibi için özellikle mobil cihazlardam sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu durum, üretilen bilgi sayısında da büyük bir artışa yol açmıştır. Dünya genelinde, sosyal medyadaki bilgi/haber paylaşımı yapan sayfaların, sayılamayacak kadar çok bilgi veya haber paylaştığı düşünüldüğünde, erişildikten sonra doğrulanması gereken birçok haber kaynağı bulunmaktadır. Sosyal medyadaki bilgilerin yayılımında, herhangi bir doğruluk filtrelemesi işlemi bulunmamakta ve dolaysıyla doğruluğu ispatlanamayan haberler kitleleri çok kısa bir süre içinde etkileyebilmektedir. Günümüzde sosyal medyada, kullanıcılar tarafından bu tür bilgilere yönelik "gerçeklik kontrolü"nün yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada, Oxford Sözlüğü’nün 2016’da yılın kelimesi olarak seçtiği “gerçek-ötesi” kavramının sosyal medyada nasıl karşılık bulduğu araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. “Gerçek-ötesi”, “sahte/yalan haber”,“doğru bilgiye erişim” ve “sosyal medya kullanımın yayılması” gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak; Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi, Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri ile Medya ve İletişim literatüründeki uluslararası veritabanlarından ve dergilerden yayınlara erişilmiş ve içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, bu tür haber ve bilgilerden kaçınmada çeşitli stratejiler geliştiren kurumların uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gerçek-Ötesi,Sahte Haber,Sosyal Medya,Bilgi Eksikliği,Gerçeklik Kontrolü

Post-Truth in Social Media

Öz

Due to the developments in information technologies in the last 20 years, social media is frequently used especially for mobile devices for news announcement and follow-up. This has led to a large increase in the number of information produced, too. Considering information/news sharing pages on social media around the world and sharing/posting too much information or news, there are many news sources that need to be verified after accessed. There is no accuracy filtering process in the dissemination of information on social media and therefore, unverifiable news can affect the masses in a very short time. Nowadays, it is important that users check the reality of such information in social media. In this study, it is tried to investigate how the post-truth concept which the Oxford Dictionary has chosen as the word of the year in 2016 in social media. By using keywords such as “post-truth”, “fake/false news”, “access to accurate information” and “the diffusion of social media use” in the literature of “Information and Records Management”, “Management Information Systems” and “Media and Communication” in international databases and journals; content analysis was performed. At the end of the study, the implications of the institutions that developed various strategies to avoid such news and information were included.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Post-Truth,Fake News,Social Media,Lack of Information,Fact-Check

Kaynakça

1. Ball, J. (2017). Post-Truth: How Bullshit Conquered the World. La Vergne: Biteback Publishing
2. Bercovici, J. (2010, December 9). Who Coined “Social Media”? Web Pioneers Compete for Credit. Forbes. Retrieved from http://blogs.forbes.com/jeffbercovici/2010/12/09/who-coined-social-media-web-pioneers-compete-for-credit/
3. Boyd M. and Ellison, B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1), 210-230.
4. Communications & Publicity. (2017). Connecting with Social Media: Personally, Professionally and Educationally. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin. 83(4), 57-59.
5. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers of Library of Congress. (1889, December 21). Retrieved from https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93058750/1889-12-21/ed-1/seq-1/
6. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers of Library of Congress. (1890, December 5). Retrieved from https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88061072/1890-12-05/ed-1/seq-1.pdf
7. Cooper, C. (2016, June 20). EU referendum: Immigration and Brexit - what lies have been spread? Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-immigration-and-brexit-what-lies-have-been-spread-a7092521.html
8. Corner, J. (2017). Fake News, Post-Truth and Media-Political Change. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1100-1107.

9. Dilmen, N. (2014). Yeni Medya Kavramı Çerçevesinde İnternet Günlükleri-Bloglar ve Gazeteciliğe Yansımaları. Marmara İletişim Dergisi. 12(12), 113-122.
10. Duranti, L. (2017). Entrusting Facts to Archival Theory: Documentary Truth in a Networked Environment in Maintaining the Facts Infrastructure in the Era of Post-Truth. Retrieved from https://sustain.ubc.ca/sites/sustain.ubc.ca/files/Sustainability%20Scholars/2017_Sustainability_Scholars/Final_Reports/Social%20Media%20Presence%20in%20a%20Post-Truth%20World_Evans_%202017%20SS.pdf.
11. Ela Area Public Library. (n.d.). Avoiding Fake News and Scams. Retrieved from https://eapl.org/sites/default/files/docs/AvoidingFakeNewsScams.pdf.
12. Enge, E. (2019, April 11). Where is the Mobile vs. Desktop Story Going? Retrieved from https://www.eapl.org/sites/default/files/docs/AvoidingFakeNewsScams.pdf
13. Garrigos‐Simon, F. J., Alcami, R. L. and Ribera, T.B. (2012). Social networks and Web 3.0: Their Impact on the Management and Marketing of Organizations. Management Decision. 50(10), 1880-1890.
14. Facebook publishes fake news ads in UK papers. (2017, May 8). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39840803
15. Forsyth, J. and Nelson, F. (2018, May 26). £350 million for the NHS: How the Brexit bus pledge is coming true. Retrieved from https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/05/350-million-for-the-nhs-how-the-brexit-bus-pledge-is-coming-true/
16. Freedland, J. (2016, May 13). Post-Truth Politicians Such As Donald Trump and Boris Johnson Are No Joke. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/13/boris-johnson-donald-trump-post-truth-politician
17. Germany starts enforcing hate speech law. (2018, January 1). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42510868
18. Google Nose. (n.d.). Smelling is believing. Retrieved from https://archive.google.com/nose/
19. Grech, V. (2017). Fake News and Post-Truth Pronouncements in General and in Early Human Development. Early Human Development. 115, 118-120.
20. Google Trends Post-Truth Searching. (2018, October 20). Retrieved from https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=post%20truth
21. Hjorland, B. and Albrechtsen, H. (1995). Toward a New Horizon in Information Science: Domain Analysis, Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 46(6), 400-425.
22. Hopkin, J. and Rosamond, B. (2017). Post-Truth Politics, Bullshit and Bad Ideas: Deficit Fetishism in the UK. New Political Economy. 23(6), 641-655.
23. Hunt, E. (2017, January 24). ‘Fake news’ named Word of the Year by Macquarie Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jan/25/fake-news-named-word-of-the-year-by-macquarie-dictionary
24. Johnson, B. (2017). Information Literacy Is Dead: The Role of Libraries in a Post-Truth World. Information Today March 2017. 12-15.
25. Kaplan, A. M. and Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons. 53(1), 59-68.
26. Köseoğlu, C. (2010). Enformasyon Kaynağının İnanılırlığı Açısından Duyurum ve Reklamın Karşılaştırılmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi. 38, 91-120.
27. Levine, M. A. (2017). Journalism Ethics and the Goldwater Rule in a “Post-Truth” Media World. Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 45, 241-248.
28. Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H. and Cook, J. (2017). Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 6(4), 353-369.
29. Living in a Post-Truth World. (2016, Ocotber 18). Geography e-Review. Retrieved from https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/getmedia/160709ff-2fba-48b8-85d6-af55e286c05d/e-review-Geog-D2016?ext=.pdf
30. Logan, R. K. (2010). Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan. New York: Peter Lang
31. McCormick, R. (2016, November 13). Donald Trump says Facebook and Twitter Helped Him Win. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/13/13619148/trump-facebook-twitter-helped-win
32. Miroshnichenko, A. (2017, February 22). The Post-Pruth World: How Social Media Destroy the Absolutism of the “Objective” Truth. Retrieved from https://human-as-media.com/2017/02/22/the-post-truth-world-how-social-media-destroy-the-absolutism-of-the-objective-truth/
33. Mozur, P. and Scott, M. (2016, November 17). Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That’s Nothing New. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/technology/fake-news-on-facebook-in-foreign-elections-thats-not-new.html?smid=tw-nytimestech&smtyp=cur&referer=https://t.co/3KmHK6KVEf>
34. Number of monthly active Twitter users. (2019, August 14). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/
35. Number of monthly active Facebook users. (2019, August 9). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
36. Obar, J. A. and Wildman, S. (2015). Social Media Definition and the Governance Challenge: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Telecommunications Policy. 39(9), 745-750.
37. Olsson, M. (2013). Gently to Hear, Kindly to Judge: The Affective Information Practices of Theatre Professionals and Journalists. Information Research. 18(3), 1-12.
38. Oxford Dictionaries (2016). Word of the Year 2016 is Post-Truth. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016
39. Parmar, I. (2012). US Presidential Election 2012: Post-Truth Politics. Political Insight. 3(2), 4-7.
40. Rochlin, N. (2017). Fake News: Nelief in Post-Truth. Library Hi-Tech. 35(3), 386-392.
41. Salgado, S. (2018). Online Media Impact on Politics .Views on Post-Truth Politics and Post-Postmodernism. International Journal of Media&Cultural Politics, 14(3), 317-331.
42. Savolainen, R. (2007). Information Behaviour and Information Practice: Reviewing the “Umbrella Concepts” of Information-Seeking Studies. Library Quarterly. 77(2), 109-132.
43. Schlesinger, P. (2017). Book review of John Nerone: the media and public life: a history. Media, Culture & Society, 39(4), 603-606.
44. Solis, B. and Breakenridge, D. K. (2009). Putting the Public Back in Public Relations: How Social Media is Reinventing the Aging Business of PR. New Jersey: FT Press.
45. Talja, S., Tuominen, K. and Savolainen, R. (2005). ”ISMS” in Information Science: Constructivism, Collectivism and Constructionism. Journal of Documentation. 61(1), 79-101.
46. Tesich, S. (1992). A Government of Lies. The Nation. 1992, 12-13.
47. Thompson, J. B. (1995). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.
48. Treem, J. W., Dailey, S. L., Pierce, C. S. and Biffl, D. (2016). What We Are Talking About When We Talk About Social Media: A Framework for Study. Sociology Compass. 10, 768-784.
49. Veltman, K. H. (2006). Understanding New Media: Augmented Knowledge & Culture. University of Calgary Press: Calgary.
50. Word of the Year 2016. (2016). Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016
51. Yalçınkaya, B., Dönmez, A. H., Aydın, F. and Kayalı, N. (2018). A Survey About Universiy Students' Perception of Post-truth On Social Media. Journal of Awareness, 3(4), 53-64.
52. Ying, M. (2012). Sosyal Medya Platformları Üzerinden Pazarlama ve Bu Mecrayı Etkin Kullanan Sektörler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi: Kadir Has Üniversitesi, İstanbul.