Herbert Spencer’da Yargı ve İnfaz Sistemlerinin Evrimsel Teorisi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 65, 237 - 254, 14.12.2020

Ayşe Yaşar Ümütlü

Öz

Özet: Herbert Spencer, bir filozof, sosyolog, biyolog, antropolog ve Viktorya döneminin klasik liberal anlayışını temsil eden bir siyaset teorisyenidir. Ayrıca hukuk disiplini açısından doğal haklar kuramcısı olarak kabul edilir. “Sentetik felsefe” isimli geniş çaplı eserlerinde, tüm sosyal kurumların tarihsel aşamalarına dikkat çeker ve temel kurumlardan biri olarak yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin evrimsel olarak ilerlemesine de odaklanır. Bilindiği gibi, yüzyılımızın hukuk tartışmaları arasında cezalandırıcı hukuk sistemlerinin ya da onarıcı hukuk sistemlerinin adaleti sağlayıp sağlamadığı yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda Spencer’ın fikirleri ve modern yasalara katkıları önemlidir. Çünkü Yargı Sistemlerinin 'sosyal evriminin sonunda' Spencer’ın beklediği, aşırı kurallar ve cezalar değildir. Ona göre hukuk istikrar gerektirir. Bu anlamda endüstriyel toplumların barışçıl ve gelişmiş toplumlar olduğunu düşünür. Toplumlar sanayileşme ile istikrarlı bir duruma kavuştuğunda, gönüllü işbirliği, sözleşmelerin yerine getirilmesi ve insan haklarında eşitlik hali sağlanır. Bireysel çıkarlar konusunda ortak akıl gelişerek, hukukun ana kaynağı haline gelir. Nitekim genel refahı destekleyen modern yasa, toplumsal evrim sürecinde birbirini takip eden aşamalardan geçmiştir. Nihayetinde medeniyet sürecinde yasama gücü insanlık için bir tür yol göstericilik haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin evrimi üzerine yoğunlaşmakta ve insanlık, cezalandırıcı hukuk sistemlerini tekrar kabul ederse, bu durum yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin gerilemesi olarak okunabilir mi sorgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hukuk Felsefesi, Hukuk Sosyolojisi, Sosyal Evrim, Kanunlar, Yargı ve İnfaz Sistemleri

HERBERT SPENCER'S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS

Öz

Herbert Spencer was known as a philosopher, sociologist, biologist, anthropologist and classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. He was also regarded as a theorist of natural rights from the law discipline perspective. In his huge volume of works, called synthetic philosophy, he pointed out the historical stages of the whole social institutions and as one of the fundamental institutions he focused Judicial and executive systems and its’ evolutionary progression, as well. Of the law controversies surrounding our century is the debate whether punitive law systems or restorative law systems provide Justice. Therefore Spencer’s intellectual influences and contributions for modern law are important. Because what he expects ‘at the end of the social evolution’ of Judicial Systems is not extensive rules and punishments. According to him, law requires stability. And he thinks industrial type societies are the peaceful and the progressed one. When societies gets this stable status, having voluntary cooperation, fulfillment of contracts and implied assertion of equality in human’s rights. And the consensus of individual interests becomes the chief source of law. For him, Modern Law that supports the general welfare passed from successive stages in the course of social evolution. Then in the course of civilization, legislative power has become a kind of general guidance. This article is concentrating on evolution of Judicial and Executive systems and then questioning, if human being accepts punitive law systems again, could it be read as retrogression of Judicial and Executive systems

Anahtar Kelimeler

Executive and Judicial Systems, Laws, Sociology of Law, Social Evolution, Philosophy of Law

Kaynakça

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