Yapay Zeka Sistemlerinin Çocuk Haklarına Etkilerinin Değerlendirilme Yöntemi: Çocuk Hakları Etki Analizi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 66, 55 - 85, 18.05.2021

Leyla Berber , Ayça Atabey

Öz

Bu yazıda öncelikle hukuk sisteminin kuruculuğunu erken ve modern dönemlerde üstlenen düşünürlerden hukukçu kimliği ortaya koyulmakta ve ikinci olarak modern dönemde Yapay zeka sistemleri, bireysel yaşamlarımızı, sosyal hayatı ve ekonomiyi önemli ölçüde dönüştürmektedir. Bu sistemlerin kullanımı eğitim, sağlık ve mobilite gibi çok sayıda alanda insanlık için faydalar sağlamaktadır. Ancak aynı zamanda, yapay zeka sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi ve kullanılması özellikle Avrupa Konseyi’nin üç temel ilkesi olan insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü ve demokrasi açısından önemli riskler yaratmaktadır. Temel insan hak ve özgürlükleri açısından bu sistemlerin yaratabileceği risklerin odağında ise, toplumun hassas ve korunmaya muhtaç en değerli öznesi “çocuk” bulunmaktadır. Yapay zeka sistemleri, neredeyse doğdukları ilk günden itibaren dijital dünyanın bir parçası olan bu çocukların çevrim içi yaşantısını oynadıkları oyunlarda, aldıkları eğitimde, sosyalleştikleri ve eğlendikleri platformlarda kuşatmış durumdadır. Çocukları kendi güçleri ile baş edemeyecekleri yapay zeka sistemlerine karşı koruyabilmek için, söz konusu sistemlerin “çocuk haklarına saygılı” ve “çocuk merkezli” tasarımı, geliştirilmesi ve kullanımını sağlamak önem taşımaktadır. Algoritmanın tüm yaşam döngüsü boyunca bu ilkeler açısından yaratabileceği risklerin “Çocuk Hakları Etki Analizi” (ÇHEA) yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi, etki analizi sonucu ortaya çıkan bulguların giderilmesi için gerekli önlemlerin alınması ve nihayet yapay zeka sistemlerin yine tüm yaşam döngüsü boyunca denetim yapılarak çocuk hakları açısından etkin bir koruma sağlanması gereklidir. ÇHEA uygulaması ayrıca veri koruması hukuku kapsamında değerlendirildiğinde Avrupa Birliği Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü (GDPR) kapsamındaki hakkaniyet ve hesap verilebilirlik ilkesi gibi bir çok kurala uyum açısından da son derece önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk hakları, çocuk hakları etki analizi, yapay zeka, veri koruması

The Method of Assessing the Effects of Artificial Intelligence Systems on Children's Rights: Child Rights Impact Assessment

Öz

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are significantly transforming our individual lives, social life, and economy. Use of AI systems create advantages in numerous areas such as education, health and mobility for humanity at large. But at the same time, AI systems pose significant risks to human rights, rule of law and democracy, which are the three fundamental standards of the Council of Europe. In terms of human rights, the most valuable subject of society, weak and in need of protection, “child” is at the center of the risks that these systems may create. AI Systems surround the entire online life of these digital-born children in the games they play, the education they receive, and the platforms where they socialize and have fun. In order to protect children against AI systems that they cannot cope with with their own power, it is important to ensure that these systems are designed, developed and used “respectful to children's rights” and “child-centered”. Evaluating the risks that the algorithms may create in terms of these principles throughout its life cycle, using the “Child Rights Impact Assessment” (CRIA) method, taking the necessary measures to eliminate the findings of the impact analysis, and ensuring an effective protection in terms of children's rights by inspecting the AI systems throughout the entire life cycle, is necessary. Lastly, effective application of CRIA can bolster relevant rules and principles under the GDPR and play a vital role in showing compliance with the fairness principle and accountability duties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

child rights, child rights impact assessment, AI, data protection

Kaynakça

• Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu, Yapay Zeka Yönetmeliği (2021) https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-regulation-laying-down-harmonised-rules-artificial-intelligence-artificial-intelligence
• Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu, 2030 Dijital Pusula: Dijital On Yıl için Avrupa Yolu, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-digital-compass-2030_en.pdf
• Atabey, Ayça – 5RightsFoundation/Digital Futures Commission (2021) Data protection in children’s best interests: what’s at stake? https://digitalfuturescommission.org.uk/blog/data-protection-in-childrens-best-interests-whats-at-stake/
• Bayamlıoğlu Emre, Transparency of Automated Decisions in the GDPR: An Attempt for systemisation, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322382673_Transparency_of_Automated_Decisions_in_the_GDPR_An_Attempt_for_systemisation
• Birleşik Krallık İletişim Kurumu (2020) https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/internet-and-on-demand-research/online-nation/narrative
• Birleşik Krallık Veri Koruması Kurumu (2020) Age Appropriate Design: A Code of Practice for Online Services. https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/key-data-protection-themes/age-appropriate-design-a-code-of-practice-for-online-services-2-1.pdf
• Buitelaar, J.C, Child’s best interest and informational self-determination: what the GDPR can learn from children’s rights, https://academic.oup.com/idpl/article-abstract/8/4/293/5037241?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
• Christopher Kuner (Editor), Lee A. Bygrave (Editor), Christopher Docksey (Editor), Laura Drechsler (Editor), The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, 2020.
• Clifford Damian, Richardson Megan and Witzleb Normann, Artificial Intelligence and Sensitive Inferences: New Challenges for Data Protection Laws, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3754037.
• Clifford Damian and Ausloos Jef, ‘Data Protection and the Role of Fairness’ (2018) 37 Yearbook of European Law 130, 186 https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/yey004.
• Drechsler Laura, Practical Challenges to the Right to Data Portability in the Collaborative Economy, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3296222.
• Elfering Stephanie, Unlocking the Right to Data Portability: An Analysis of the Interface with the Sui Generis Database Right (Munich Intellectual Property Law Center), 2019
• Feasibility study on a legal framework on AI design, development and application based on CoE standards, adopted by the CAHAI on 17 December 2020, https://rm.coe.int/cahai-2020-23-final-eng-feasibility-study-/1680a0c6da
• Fischer Celin, The legal protection against inferences drawn by AI under the GDPR, http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=151926.
• Janssen Heleen, An Approach for a Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment to Automated Decision-Making, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329759855_An_Approach_for_a_Fundamental_Rights_Impact_Assessment_to_Automated_Decision-Making.
• Kaminski Margot E., Malgieri Gianclaudio; Algorithmic Impact Assessments under the GDPR: Producing Multi-layered Explanations, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3456224.
• Kaya Mehmet Bedii, Unutulma Hakkı: AİHM’in Unutulma Hakkına Yaklaşımı, AİHM M.L. ve W.W. v. Almanya Kararının İncelenmesi, https://www.mbkaya.com/unutulma-hakki-insan-haklari-aihm/.
• Ke Tony T. And Sudhir K., Privacy Rights and Data Security: GDPR and Personal Data Driven Markets, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3643979.
• Hern, Alex, the Guardian (2019) TikTok under investigation over child data use https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/02/tiktok-under-investigation-over-child-data-use.
• Hielke Hijmans and Charles Raab, ‘Ethical Dimensions of the GDPR Commentary on the General Data Protection Regulation’ in Mark Cole and Franziska Boehm (eds) (Edward Elgar 2018) 2 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3222677.
• Mazur Joanna, Right to Access Information As a Collective-Based Approach to the GDPR’s Right to Explanation in European Law, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3356770
• Lievens E and Verdoodt V, ‘Looking for Needles in a Haystack: Key Issues Affecting Children’s Rights in the General Data Protection Regulation’ (2018) 34 Computer Law and Security Review 269 Livingstone Sonia, One in Three: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2015/11/02/one-in-three-internet-governance-and-childrens-rights/.
• Livingstone Sonia, Pothong Kruakae; What if… children’s rights were anticipated at the very start of digital innovation? https://digitalfuturescommission.org.uk/blog/what-if-childrens-rights-were-anticipated-at-the-very-start-of-digital-innovation/.
• Livingstone, Sonia, Pothong, Kruakae, Mukherjee, Sudeshna, Digital Futures Commission-5Rights Foundation, Child Rights Impact Assessment: A tool to realise children’s rights in the digital environment https://digitalfuturescommission.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/CRIA-Report.pdf
• Malgieri, G., & Niklas, J. (2020). Vulnerable data subjects. Computer Law and Security Review, 37, 105415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105415.
• Mantelero Alessandro, AI and Big Data: A blueprint for a human rights, social and ethical impact assessment, 34 COMPUT. LAW SECUR. REV. pp. 754–772 (2018).
• Mantelero, Alessandro and Esposito, Samantha, An Evidence-Based Methodology for Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) in the Development of AI Data-Intensive Systems (Mart 22, 2021). Computer Law & Security Review, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3829759.
• Mcgregor Lorna, Murray Daragh, Ng Vivian, International Human Rights Law as a Framework for Algorithmic Accountability, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, April 2019, pp. 309–343.
• Philipp Hacker, Ralf Krestel, Stefan Grundmann & Felix Naumann, Explainable AI under contract and tort law: Legal incentives and technical challenges, Artificial Intelligence and Law 28, pages 415–439(2020).
• Principled Artificial Intelligence, Mapping Consensus In Ethical And Rights-Based Approaches To Principles For AI, Published Jan 15, 2020, https://cyber.harvard.edu/publication/2020/principled-ai. Son erişim tarihi: 7.2.2021.
• Sözüer Eren, Unutulma Hakkı, İnsan Hakları Hukuku Perspektifinden Bir İnceleme, 2017.
• Tsesis Alexander, Data Subjects' Privacy Rights: Regulation of Personal Data Retention and Erasure, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3325973
• Wachter Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt; A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-Thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3248829.
• Werro, Franz (Ed.), A Comparative Study of the Emergent Right's Evolution and Application in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, 2020.
• White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: Public Consultation Towards a European Approach for Excellence and Trust, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/white-paper-artificial-intelligence-public-consultation-towards-european-approach-excellence.
• The Danish Institute for Human Rights, Guidance On Human Rights Impact Assessment Of Digital Activities, https://www.humanrights.dk/sites/humanrights.dk/files/media/document/A%20HRIA%20of%20Digital%20Activities%20-%20Introduction_n.pdf.
• Unboxing Artificial Intelligence: 10 steps to protect Human Rights - for Human Rights Impact Asssessment Checklist and definitions, https://rm.coe.int/unboxing-artificial-intelligence-10-steps-to-protect-human-rights-reco/1680946e64.
• Recommendation CM/Rec(2020)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the human rights impacts of algorithmic systems, https://rm.coe.int/09000016809e1154.
• OECD AI Principles Overview, https://oecd.ai/ai-principles
• UNICEF Policy Guidance on AI for Children, Draft 1.0, September 2020,
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kRSa9fJcJIChJ26rnjPqLre60fLlIjmh/view H.R.2231 - Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019, 116th Congress (2019-2020), https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2231/text.
• Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI and Policy and Investment Recommendations for Trustworthy AI, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/high-level-expert-group-artificial-intelligence. Google: “Responsible AI Practices”, https://ai.google/responsibilities/responsible-ai-practices/ Microsoft: “Responsible AI”, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/responsible-ai?activetab=pivot1%3aprimaryr6
• Towards Regulation of AI Systems, Global perspectives on the development of a legal framework on Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems based on the Council of Europe’s standards on human rights, democracy and the rule of law, Compilation of contributions DGI (2020)16, https://rm.coe.int/prems-107320-gbr-2018-compli-cahai-couv-texte-a4-bat-web/1680a0c17a
• CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN IMPACT ASSESSMENTS, https://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/2019-01/Childrens-Rights-in-Impact-Assessments.pdf.
• Children 'left to tackle social media giants alone over dangerous algorithms', https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/01/children-left-tackle-social-media-giants-alone-dangerous-algorithms/
• European Network of Ombudspersons for Children Position Statement on “Child Rights Impact Assessment (CRIA), http://enoc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ENOC-2020-Position-Statement-on-CRIA-FV-1.pdf
• Common Framework of Reference on Child Rights Impact Assessment, ENOC http://enoc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ENOC-Common-Framework-of-Reference-FV.pdf
• Child Rights and Wellbeing Impact Assessment , The Jurisdiction and Judgments (Family, Civil Partnership and Marriage (Same Sex Couples)) (EU Exit) (Scotland) (Amendment etc.) Regulations 2019, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2019/104/pdfs/ssifia_20190104_en.pdf ;
• CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IMPACT ASSESSMENT, https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-03/childrens-rights-impact-assessment-annex-a.pdf
• ICO Commissioner: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/accountability-and-governance/data-protection-by-design-and-default/;
• https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rules-business-and-organisations/obligations/what-does-data-protection-design-and-default-mean_en
• https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/definition-artificial-intelligence-main-capabilities-and-scientific-disciplines
• https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6cc0f1b6-59dd-11ea-8b81-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
• OECD of the Council on Artificial Intelligence, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449)
• UNESCO, Preliminary study on the technical and legal aspects relating to the desirability of a standard-setting instrument on the ethics of artificial intelligence, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367422
• https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?TreatyID=5&DocTypeID=11;
• Children’s rights apply in the digital world!, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2021/02/04/childrens-rights-apply-in-the-digital-world/#:~:text=The%20UN%20Committee%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20the%20Child%20adopted,relation%20to%20the%20digital%20environment.&text=It%20clarifies%20what%20the%20digital,%2C%20education%2C%20play%20and%20more.
• Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce EU Proposal for WTO Disciplines and Commitments Relating to Electronic Commerce, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=253794,253801,253802,253751,253696,253697,253698,253699,253560,252791&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=6&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True.
• Our Rights in a Digital World, https://5rightsfoundation.com/uploads/Our%20Rights%20in%20a%20Digital%20World.pdf.
• UN Convention of the Rights of the Children, Article 3; https://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/crc/docs/GC/CRC_C_GC_14_ENG.pdf.
• UNICEF Global Insight Policy Guidance on AI Children, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kRSa9fJcJIChJ26rnjPqLre60fLlIjmh/view
• https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
• Age Appropriate Design: A Code of Practice for Online Services, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/key-data-protection-themes/age-appropriate-design-a-code-of-practice-for-online-services/.
• CoE CAHAI, https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cahai.
• Childrens Rights Impact Assessment: https://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/2019-01/Childrens-Rights-in-Impact-Assessments.pdf
• UNICEF Policy Guidance on AI for children, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kRSa9fJcJIChJ26rnjPqLre60fLlIjmh/view
• UNICEF, A toolkit for Monitoring and Evaluating Children’s Participation https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/4586/file.
• The Issue of the Childs Right to Self-Determination, https://canadiancrc.com/Newspaper_Articles/Childs_right_self-determination_CBU_J_McNeil_25NOV05.aspx.
• Child’s best interest and informational self-determination: what the GDPR can learn from children’s rights, https://academic.oup.com/idpl/article-abstract/8/4/293/5037241?redirectedFrom=fulltext
• Raising the Self-Determined Child, www.ric.edu/sherlockcenter/publications/rsdcsinglepage.pdf.
• The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach, https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2006_RyanRigbyPrzybylski_MandE.pdf.
• Microsoft to add 'Kids Mode' to Chromium-based Edge browser https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-to-add-kids-mode-to-chromium-based-edge-browser.
• Today’s young people must be the most analysed, tracked and monitored of any generation, ever, https://www.global-edtech.com/data-privacy-and-children/.
• Child Rights Impact Assessment (CRIA): A review of comparative practice across the UK, https://www.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Unicef-UK-CRIA-comparative-review_FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf,
• Under Guise of ‘Helping’ Schools, Big Tech Collects — and Profits From — Kids’ Data, https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/big-tech-collects-profits-kids-data/.
• Advocates Worldwide Call to Protect Children from Edtech Exploitation, https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2020/04/16/advocates-worldwide-call-protect-children-edtech-exploitation.
• Amidst COVID-19, Who is Watching Over Children’s Data on Ed-Tech Platforms? https://thebastion.co.in/debate/amidst-covid-19-who-is-watching-over-childrens-data-on-ed-tech-platforms/.
• Children 'left to tackle social media giants alone over dangerous algorithms' https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/01/children-left-tackle-social-media-giants-alone-dangerous-algorithms/.
• Getting the future right – Artificial intelligence and fundamental rights, https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2020/artificial-intelligence-and-fundamental-rights.
• Steering Committee for the Rights of the Child (CDENF) Draft Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on the need to intensify efforts to respect and protect children’s privacy in the digital environment, https://rm.coe.int/0900001680a00bd5.
• https://www.bmc.com/blogs/sdlc-software-development-lifecycle/
• https://producttribe.com/project-management/sdlc-guide
• https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/108.
• https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800ca434
• https://www.eff.org/files/2021/02/03/decision_appdiv_232021.pdf