Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the Role of Orthodontics: Diagnosis, Treatment and Multidisciplinary Approach

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a common sleep disorder characterized by symptoms such as sleep disruption, decreased blood oxygen levels, and excessive daytime sleepiness due to obstruction in the upper airways during sleep. Obstructions in areas such as the soft palate, tonsils, and base of the tongue play a significant role in its pathophysiology. Its etiology is based on various factors. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. The diagnosis and treatment process requires a multidisciplinary approach. Changes in the upper respiratory tract, which are of interest to orthodontists, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. The treatment of this syndrome includes psychological treatment, devices that provide continuous positive airway pressure, surgical interventions, and orthodontic treatment options. Orthodontic approaches correct anatomical problems such as maxillary and mandibular insufficiency, providing expansion of the upper airway and reducing the apnea-hypopnea index. Favorable results have been obtained with treatment modalities such as face mask use, orthognathic surgery, and maxillary expansion appliances in young patients. Additionally, treatments with mandibular advancement appliances provide temporary improvements in adults. However, orthodontic treatment may not always be the solution, and surgical interventions may be required. In conclusion, the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome should be tailored to the individual. Orthodontic approaches can also be an important part of the treatment process.

Keywords

• Apnea
• Obstructive
• Sleep Apnea

Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu ve Ortodontinin Rolü: Tanı, Tedavi ve Multidisipliner Yaklaşım

Öz

Obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu, uyku esnasında üst solunum yollarında oluşan tıkanıklık nedeniyle uyku bölünmesi, kan oksijen seviyelerinin düşmesi ve gündüz aşırı uyku hali gibi semptomlarla kendini gösteren yaygın bir uyku bozukluğu hastalığıdır. Patofizyolojisinde yumuşak damak, bademcikler ve dil tabanı gibi bölgelerdeki tıkanmalar önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Etiyolojisi, çeşitli faktörlere dayanmaktadır. Tedavi edilmezse kardiyovasküler hastalık, serebrovasküler hastalık ve metabolik bozukluklar gibi ciddi sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilir. Tanı ve tedavi süreci multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirir. Ortodontistlerin ilgi alanına giren üst solunum yollarındaki değişiklikler bu sendromun tanı ve tedavisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu sendromun tedavisinde psikolojik tedavi, sürekli pozitif hava yolu basıncı sağlayan cihazlar, cerrahi müdahaleler ve ortodontik tedavi seçenekleri yer almaktadır. Ortodontik yaklaşımlar, maksiller ve mandibular yetersizlik gibi anatomik sorunları düzelterek üst hava yolunda genişleme sağlamakta ve apne hipopne indeksini düşürmektedir. Genç hastalarda yüz maskesi kullanımı, ortognatik cerrahi ve maksiller genişletme apareyleri gibi tedavi yöntemleri ile olumlu sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, mandibular ilerletme apareyleri ile yapılan tedaviler de yetişkinlerde geçici iyileşmeler sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ortodontik tedavi her zaman çözüm olmayabilir ve cerrahi müdahaleler gerekebilir. Sonuç olarak, obstrüktif uyku apnesi sendromunun tedavisi kişiye özel olarak belirlenmelidir. Ortodontik yaklaşımlar da tedavi sürecinin önemli bir parçası olabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apne
• Tıkayıcı
• Uyku Apnesi

Kaynakça

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