Adli psikolojinin tarihsel gelişimi ve mevcut uygulama alanları: A.B.D. ve Almanya Örneği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı adli mekanizma içerisinde giderek genişleyen bir çalışma alanı olan adli psikolojinin tarihsel sürecine ve gelişmiş ülkelerdeki uygulama alanlarına dair bilgileri derlemektir. Adli psikoloji, psikolojik bilgi, teori ve yöntemlerin kriminoloji ve yasal konulara uygulanmasıdır. Hukuk sisteminin bireyleri ve bireylerin hukuk sistemini nasıl etkilediği, adli psikolojinin bilimsel inceleme konusudur. Psikolojinin diğer alanlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında adli psikolojinin tarihçesi daha kısadır. 19. Yüzyılın sonlarında Batı ülkelerinde ilk çalışmaların başladığı görülmektedir. İlk dönemdeki çalışmaların çoğunun tanık ifadesinin güvenilirliği üzerine yoğunlaştığı söylenebilir. Psikolojinin uygulamalı bir alanı olan Adli Psikoloji, Amerikan Psikoloji Birliği APA tarafından 2001 yılında uzmanlık olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hukuksal alanın adil, etkin ve insan haklarına uygun sonuçlara ulaşmasının sağlayan disiplinler arası bir çalışma alanıdır. Psikologlar adli mekanizmada çalışırken hem araştırmacı hem de klinisyen olarak görev yapmaktadırlar. Suçlu, tanık, mağdur psikolojisinin yanı sıra suçun önlenmesi, suçlu profili çıkarma, çocuk hakları, polis psikolojisi, uyuşturucu suçları, şartlı tahliye, yeniden suç işleme riskinin değerlendirilmesi, mahkeme jürisinin psikolojisi gibi konular da çalışma konuları içerisindedir. Medeni hukuk bağlamında boşanma, velayet ve vasi tayini gibi konular öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı gelişmiş ülkelere örnek olarak adli psikoloji uygulamalarının yapıldığı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Almanya’daki çalışmaların incelenmesidir. A.B.D, adli psikoloji çalışmalarının en geniş çeşitliliğe sahip olan ülkesi olduğu için; Almanya ise Türkiye’nin ceza adalet sistemi olarak model aldığı bir ülke olduğu için seçilmiştir. Öncelikle bu ülkelerdeki tarihsel süreç açıklanmış olup adli psikolojinin başlıca çalışma alanlarından örnekler sunulmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psikoloji
• Adli
• Ceza hukuku
• Suçluluk
• Hukuk davaları

Historical development of forensic psychology and current application areas: The cases of USA and Germany

Öz

Forensic psychology is the application of psychological knowledge, theory, and methods to criminology and legal issues. How the legal system affects individuals and how individuals affect the legal system is the subject of scientific examination of forensic psychology. The history of forensic psychology is shorter compared to other areas of psychology. In the late 19th century, the first studies appeared in Western countries. Early studies focused on the reliability of witness statements. It is an interdisciplinary field of study that enables the legal field to achieve fair, effective, and human rights-appropriate results. Psychologists function as researchers and clinicians when working within the judicial mechanism. Offender, witness, and victim psychology, crime prevention, profiling, children’s rights, police psychology, drug crimes, conditional release, assessment of the risk of re-offending, and the psychology of the court jury are also within the scope of the study. Divorce, custody, and appointment of guardians are studied in the context of civil law. The aim of this study is to examine cases in the United States and Germany in which forensic psychology practices are carried out as an example of developed countries. Although the US has the widest variety of forensic psychology studies, Germany was chosen because it has served Turkey as a model of its criminal justice system. Primarily, the historical process in these two countries has been explained, and examples of the main study areas of forensic psychology have been presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psychology
• Forensic
• Criminal law
• Delinquecy
• Civil suits

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