ARSENİK TOKSİSİTESİ VE BİYOLOJİK ÖRNEKLERDEN ANALİZİ

Öz

İnsanlarda arsenik maruziyeti, genellikle doğal ya da jeolojik anorganik arsenik kaynaklarıyla kontamine olmuş suların tüketilmesiyle gerçekleşir. Toprakta ve birçok kayaç çeşidinde doğal olarak var olan anorganik arsenik, özellikle bakır, kurşun, kobalt, gümüş ve altın içeren cevherler ile minerallerde bulunur. Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Ajansı IARC , son derece toksik bir element olan arseniği grup 1 karsinojen madde olarak sınıflandırmıştır. Bangladeş, Hindistan ve Nepal’i de içeren birçok Güney Asya ülkesinde, arsenik derişiminin yüksek olduğu yerlerde binlerce kuyu açılmış ve insanların kendi su kaynaklarından zehirlenmesine neden olmuştur. Türkiye arsenik içeren jeolojik katmanların olduğu bölgelerden biridir. Özellikle Kütahya arsenik seviyesi fazla olan katmaların üzerinde olduğundan bazı arsenik zehirlenmesi vakalarına ev sahipliği yapmış bir şehirdir. Uzun yıllardır bilim adamları, insanda arsenik belirlemesi için biyogösterge olarak kan, idrar, saç ve tırnak örneklerini kullanmaktadırlar. Biyolojik örneklerde arsenik belirlemesi çeşitli yöntemlerle yapılabilir. Hidrür sistemli ve grafit fırınlı atomik absorpsiyon spektroskopisi HGAAS ve GFAAS ile eşleşmiş plazma – kütle spektrometresi ICP/MS yöntemleri son yıllarda önde gelen tekniklerdir. Bu derlemenin amacı dünyada ve Türkiye’de çevresel ve mesleki olarak arsenik maruziyeti riskini anlatarak biyolojik örneklerden arsenik analizi yöntemlerini göstermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• arsenik
• kronik maruziyet
• biyolojik örnekler
• adli toksikoloji
• AAS

ARSENIC TOXICITY AND ITS ANALYSIS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

Öz

Arsenic exposure in humans is usually associated with the consumption of drinking water contaminated from natural and geological sources. Inorganic arsenic exists naturally in soil and in many kinds of rock, especially in minerals and ores which contain copper, lead, cobalt, silver and gold ores. Arsenic is extremely poisonous element which has been classified as a human carcinogenic substance, group 1 by International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC . Thousands of wells were digged in Bangladesh, India and several South Asian countries including Nepal where there exists high concentration of arsenic, and people have been poisoned by their own water supplies. Turkey is one of the regions having geological layers with arsenic content. In particular, Kütahya is a city which hosts some arsenic poisoning cases since the city is located upon layers containing high arsenic concentration. For many years, scientists have used blood, urine, hair and nail samples as biomarkers to determine arsenic in human. Determination of arsenic in biological samples may be performed by various methods. In recent years, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GFAAS , hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry HG-AAS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS are the examples of leading techniques. The objective of this review is to explain the methods of arsenic analysis in biological samples by demonstrating the risk of both environmental and occupational arsenic exposure in the world and Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• arsenic
• chronic exposure
• biological samples
• forensic toxicology
• AAS

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