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TOLUEN BİLEŞİKLERİNİN TOKSİK ETKİLERİNİN 4 OTOPSİ OLGUSU ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 24 - 34, 30.04.2009
https://izlik.org/JA94DM43MZ

Öz

Toluen solunum yoluyla alınan ve akciğerlerden hızla emilerek sistemik dolaşıma geçen aromatik
bir hidrokarbondur. Toluene maruz kalan insan ve hayvanlarda hem lokal hem de sistemik hasarlar
oluşabildiği bilinmektedir. Toluenin organ ve sistemlerdeki histopatolojik etkileri daha çok hayvan
deneylerinde araştırılmış ve bildirilmiştir. İnsanlarda ise genellikle klinik, radyolojik ve biyokimyasal
parametrelerin değerlendirildiği araştırmalar bulunmaktadır. Özellikle toluenin santral sinir
sisteminde serebral, serebellar korteks, korpus kallosum, beyin sapında beyaz cevherde atrofi,
demyelinizasyon ve aksonal dejenerasyon yaptığı çeşitli çalışmalarda bildirilmiştir. Otopsi
olgularında genellikle biyokimyasal ve kimyasal toksikolojik veriler bildirilmiş olup histopatolojik
bulgularını içeren az sayıda otopsi olgu sunumu bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada toluene maruz kaldıkları toksikolojik incelemelerle kanıtlanmış olan 4 otopsi
olgusuna ait patolojik bulgular retrospektif olarak tekrar değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak
santral sinir sistemindeki gliozis, nöron kaybı ve demyalinizasyonu değerlendirmek amacıyla
GFAP, Neu-N ve Luxol fast blue uygulanmıştır.
Tüm iç organların histopatolojik incelenmesinde birinci olguda beyinde fokal abseleşmeler ve
nekroz alanları izlendi; yaygın nekroz ve iltihap varlığı nedeniyle bu olguda GFAP ve Neu-N
uygulanamadı. İkinci olgunun immünohistokimyasal çalışmalarında, beyinde GFAP ile fokal alanlarda
yoğunlaşan pozitiflikte boyanan gliozis izlendi; Neu-N ile nöronlarda boyanma izlenmedi. Üçüncü
olguda beyinde Neu-N ile nöronal kayıp ve vakuolizasyon saptandı. Serebellumda GFAP ile pozitif
boyanan astrositlerde belirgin artış ve purkinje hücreleri haricindeki nöronlarda Neu-N ile pozitif
boyanma saptandı. Dördüncü olguda ise beyinde Neu-N ile nöronların korunmuş olduğu görüldü.
Olguların hiçbirinde demyelinizasyon saptanmadı. Olgularımızda, santral sinir sisteminin yanısıra
solunum sistemi etkilenmeleri de gözlenmiştir.
Literatür verileri ve kendi bulgularımız ışığında, toluene maruz kalan kişilerde yapılacak adli
otopsilerde kemik iliği, dalak, adrenal bez ve testis örneklerinin de histopatolojik incelemesinin ileriye
yönelik çalışmalar için yararlı olacağı, histopatolojik incelemeye ek olarak özellikle santral sinir
sisteminde immünohistokimyasal olarak GFAP, Neu-N ve Luxol fast blue çalışmalarının santral sinir
sistemi hasarını belirlemede yardımcı yöntemler olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ulakoğlu EZ, Saygı A, Gümüştaş MK, Zor E, Akaya A, Kökoğlu E. Kronik tiner inhalasyonunun sıçan akciğer ve karaciğer dokuları lipid peroksidasyonlarına etkisi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Derg. 1998; 29 (2): 75-78.
  • Kamijima M, Nakazawa Y, Yamakawa M, Shibata E, Hisanaga N, Ono Y, Toida M, Takeuchi Y. Metabolic acidosis and renal tubular injury due to pure toluene inhalation. Arch Environ Health. 1994; 49 (5): 410-3.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, Toluene, Health and Environmental Effects Profile No:160, Washington, D.C., Office of Solid Waste. April 30, 1980
  • Streicher HZ, Gabow PA, Moss AH, Kono D, Kaehny WD. Syndromes of toluene sniffing in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1981; 94 (6): 758-62.
  • Takamiya M, Niitsu H, Saigusa K, Kanetake J, Aoki Y. A case of acute gasoline intoxication at the scene of washing a petrol tank. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2003; 5 (3): 165-9. (Özet)
  • Harada K, Ichiyama T, Ikeda H, Yoshida K. A fatal case of oral ingestion of benzine. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999; 20 (1): 84-9.
  • Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Medicolegal implications of drugs and chemicals detected in intracranial hematomas. J Forensic Sci. 1998; 43 (5): 980-4.
  • Kamijo Y, Soma K, Hasegawa I, Ohwada T. Fatal bilateral adrenal hemorrhage following acute toluene poisoning: a case report. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998; 36 (4): 365-8.
  • Arai H, Yamada M, Miyake S, Yamashita S, Iwamoto H, Aida N, Hara M. [Two cases of toluene embryopathy with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome]No To Hattatsu. 1997; 29; (5): 361-6. (Özet)
  • Kitamura O. Immunohistochemical investigation of hypoxic/ischemic brain damage in forensic autopsy cases. Int J Legal Med. 1994;107(2):69-76.
  • Fabbri LM, Danieli D, Crescioli S, Bevilacqua P, Meli S, Saetta M, Mapp CE. Fatal asthma in a subject sensitized to toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137 (6): 1494-8.
  • Yamanouchi N, Okada S, Kodama K, Hirai S, Sekine H, Murakami A, Komatsu N,Sakamoto T, Sato T. White matter changes caused by chronic solvent abuse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995; 16 (8): 1643-9.
  • Caldemeyer KS, Armstrong SW, George KK, Moran CC, Pascuzzi RM. The spectrum of neuroimaging abnormalities in solvent abuse and their clinical correlation. J Neuroimaging. 1996; 6 (3): 167-73
  • Eisenberg DP. Neurotoxicity and mechanism of Toluene abuse. Quart J Biol Med.2003:19;150-159.
  • Sakai T, Honda S, Kuzuhara S. Encephalomyelopathy demonstrated on MRI in a case of chronic toluene intoxication. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2000 Jun; 40 (6): 571-5. (Özet)
  • Gotohda T, Tokunaga I, Kubo S, Morita K, Kitamura O, Eguchi A. Effect of toluene inhalation on astrocytes and neurotrophic factor in rat brain. Forensic Sci Int. 2000; 11; 113 (1-3): 233-8.
  • Janeczko K. Co-expression of GFAP and vimentin in astrocytes proliferating in response to injury in the mouse cerebral hemisphere. A combined autoradiographic and double immunocytochemical study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1993 ;11 (2): 139- 47.
  • Cowell RM, Xu H, Galasso JM, Silverstein FS. Hypoxic-ischemic injury induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha expression in immature rat brain.Stroke. 2002; 33 (3): 795-801.
  • Jiang W, Gu W, Brannstrom T, Rosqvist R, Wester P. Cortical neurogenesis in adult rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke. 2001; 32 (5): 1201-7
  • Matheson JM, Lange RW, Lemus R, Karol MH, Luster MI. Importance of inflammatory and immune components in a mouse model of airway reactivity to toluene diisocyanate (TDI).Clin Exp Allergy. 2001; 31 (7): 1067-76.
  • Lange RW, Lantz RC, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Sundareshan P, Lemus R, Karol MH. Toluene diisocyanate colocalizes with tubulin on cilia of differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci. 1999; 50 (1): 64-71.
  • Riecke K, Grimm D, Shakibaei M, Kossmehl P, Schulze-Tanzil G, Paul M, Stahlmann R. Low doses of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin increase transforming growth factor beta and cause myocardial fibrosis in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Arch Toxicol. 2002; 76 (5-6): 360-6.
  • Streicher HZ, Gabow PA, Moss AH, Kono D, Kaehny WD. Syndromes of toluene sniffing in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1981; 94 (6): 758-62.
  • Cunningham SR, Dalzell GW, McGirr P, Khan MM. Myocardial infarction and primary ventricular fibrillation after glue sniffing. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987; 21; 294 (6574): 739-40
  • Rana SV, Kumar S. Effect of xylene, toluene and methyl alcohol on liver collagenesis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31 (9): 782-4.
  • Robertson LW, Andres JL, Safe SH, Lovering SL. Toxicity of 3,3',4,4'- and 2,2',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl: correlation of activity with aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction and lack of protection by antioxidants. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1983; 11 (1): 81-91.
  • Rydzynski K, Korsak Z, Jedlinska U, Sokal JA. The toxic effects of combined exposure to toluene and m-xylene in animals. IV.Liver ultrastructure after subchronic inhalatory exposure. Pol J Occup Med Environ Health. 1992; 5 (1): 35-42. (Özet)
  • Ungvary G, Hudak A, Bors Z, Folly G. The effect of toluene on the liver assayed by quantitative morphological methods. Exp Mol Pathol. 1976; 25 (1): 49-59.
  • Guzelian P, Mills S, Fallon HJ. Liver structure and function in print workers exposed to toluene. J Occup Med. 1988; 30 (10): 791-6.
  • Dossing M, Arlien-Soborg P, Milling Petersen L, Ranek L. Liver damage associated with occupational exposure to organic solents in house painters. Eur J Clin Invest. 1983; 13 (2): 151-7.
  • Guastadisegni C, Mantovani A, Ricciardi C, Stazi AV, Maffi D, Salvati AM. Hematotoxic effects in the rat of a toluene dinitro derivative after short-term exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1989; 17 (1): 21-9.
  • Goodman DG, Ward JM, Reichardt WD. Splenic fibrosis and sarcomas in F344 rats fed diets containing aniline hydrochloride, p-chloroaniline, azobenzene, o-toluidine hydrochloride,4,4'-sulfonyldianiline, or D & C red No. 9. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984; 73 (1): 265-73.
  • Powars D. Aplastic anemia secondary to glue sniffing. N Engl J Med. 1965; 23; 273 (13): 700-2.
  • Bosch X, Campistol JM, Montoliu J, Revert L. Myelofibrosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with toluene poisoning. Hum Toxicol. 1988; 7 (4): 357-61.
  • Tanigawa T, Araki S, Nakata A, Yokoyama K, Sakai T, Sakurai S. Decreases of natural killer cells and T-lymphocyte subpopulations and increases of B lymphocytes following a 5-day occupational exposure to mixed organic solvents. Arch Environ Health. 2001; 56 (5): 443-8.
  • Moszczynsky P, Lisiewicz J. Occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene and the T lymphocyte functions. Haematologia (Budap). 1984; 17 (4): 449-53. (Özet)
  • Mizutani T, Oohashi N, Naito H. Myoglobinemia and renal failure in toluene poisoning: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989; 31 (5): 448-50.
  • Taverner D, Harrison DJ, Bell GM. Acute renal failure due to interstitial nephritis induced by 'glue-sniffing' with subsequent recovery. Scott Med J. 1988; 33 (2): 246-7.
  • Ehrenreich T. Renal disease from exposure to solvents. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1977; 7 (1): 6-16.
  • Ishigami A, Tokunaga I, Kubo S, Gotohda T. Immunohistochemical study of rat spermatogenesis after toluene-inhalation. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2005; 7 (1): 42-6. (Özet)
  • Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. The effects of toluene on the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004; 63 (1):1-12.
  • Damasceno BP, de Capitani EM. Cerebellar atrophy related to chronic exposure to toluene. Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1994; 52 (1): 90-2.
  • Sharshar T, Hopkinson NS, Orlikowski D, Annane D. Science review: The brain in sepsis--culprit and victim. Crit Care. 2005; 9 (1): 37-44.
  • Tsiotou AG, Sakorafas GH, Anagnostopoulos G, Bramis J. Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective. Med Sci Monit. 2005; 11 (3): 76-85.

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 24 - 34, 30.04.2009
https://izlik.org/JA94DM43MZ

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ulakoğlu EZ, Saygı A, Gümüştaş MK, Zor E, Akaya A, Kökoğlu E. Kronik tiner inhalasyonunun sıçan akciğer ve karaciğer dokuları lipid peroksidasyonlarına etkisi. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Derg. 1998; 29 (2): 75-78.
  • Kamijima M, Nakazawa Y, Yamakawa M, Shibata E, Hisanaga N, Ono Y, Toida M, Takeuchi Y. Metabolic acidosis and renal tubular injury due to pure toluene inhalation. Arch Environ Health. 1994; 49 (5): 410-3.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency, Toluene, Health and Environmental Effects Profile No:160, Washington, D.C., Office of Solid Waste. April 30, 1980
  • Streicher HZ, Gabow PA, Moss AH, Kono D, Kaehny WD. Syndromes of toluene sniffing in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1981; 94 (6): 758-62.
  • Takamiya M, Niitsu H, Saigusa K, Kanetake J, Aoki Y. A case of acute gasoline intoxication at the scene of washing a petrol tank. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2003; 5 (3): 165-9. (Özet)
  • Harada K, Ichiyama T, Ikeda H, Yoshida K. A fatal case of oral ingestion of benzine. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999; 20 (1): 84-9.
  • Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Medicolegal implications of drugs and chemicals detected in intracranial hematomas. J Forensic Sci. 1998; 43 (5): 980-4.
  • Kamijo Y, Soma K, Hasegawa I, Ohwada T. Fatal bilateral adrenal hemorrhage following acute toluene poisoning: a case report. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998; 36 (4): 365-8.
  • Arai H, Yamada M, Miyake S, Yamashita S, Iwamoto H, Aida N, Hara M. [Two cases of toluene embryopathy with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome]No To Hattatsu. 1997; 29; (5): 361-6. (Özet)
  • Kitamura O. Immunohistochemical investigation of hypoxic/ischemic brain damage in forensic autopsy cases. Int J Legal Med. 1994;107(2):69-76.
  • Fabbri LM, Danieli D, Crescioli S, Bevilacqua P, Meli S, Saetta M, Mapp CE. Fatal asthma in a subject sensitized to toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137 (6): 1494-8.
  • Yamanouchi N, Okada S, Kodama K, Hirai S, Sekine H, Murakami A, Komatsu N,Sakamoto T, Sato T. White matter changes caused by chronic solvent abuse. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995; 16 (8): 1643-9.
  • Caldemeyer KS, Armstrong SW, George KK, Moran CC, Pascuzzi RM. The spectrum of neuroimaging abnormalities in solvent abuse and their clinical correlation. J Neuroimaging. 1996; 6 (3): 167-73
  • Eisenberg DP. Neurotoxicity and mechanism of Toluene abuse. Quart J Biol Med.2003:19;150-159.
  • Sakai T, Honda S, Kuzuhara S. Encephalomyelopathy demonstrated on MRI in a case of chronic toluene intoxication. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2000 Jun; 40 (6): 571-5. (Özet)
  • Gotohda T, Tokunaga I, Kubo S, Morita K, Kitamura O, Eguchi A. Effect of toluene inhalation on astrocytes and neurotrophic factor in rat brain. Forensic Sci Int. 2000; 11; 113 (1-3): 233-8.
  • Janeczko K. Co-expression of GFAP and vimentin in astrocytes proliferating in response to injury in the mouse cerebral hemisphere. A combined autoradiographic and double immunocytochemical study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1993 ;11 (2): 139- 47.
  • Cowell RM, Xu H, Galasso JM, Silverstein FS. Hypoxic-ischemic injury induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha expression in immature rat brain.Stroke. 2002; 33 (3): 795-801.
  • Jiang W, Gu W, Brannstrom T, Rosqvist R, Wester P. Cortical neurogenesis in adult rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke. 2001; 32 (5): 1201-7
  • Matheson JM, Lange RW, Lemus R, Karol MH, Luster MI. Importance of inflammatory and immune components in a mouse model of airway reactivity to toluene diisocyanate (TDI).Clin Exp Allergy. 2001; 31 (7): 1067-76.
  • Lange RW, Lantz RC, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Sundareshan P, Lemus R, Karol MH. Toluene diisocyanate colocalizes with tubulin on cilia of differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci. 1999; 50 (1): 64-71.
  • Riecke K, Grimm D, Shakibaei M, Kossmehl P, Schulze-Tanzil G, Paul M, Stahlmann R. Low doses of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin increase transforming growth factor beta and cause myocardial fibrosis in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Arch Toxicol. 2002; 76 (5-6): 360-6.
  • Streicher HZ, Gabow PA, Moss AH, Kono D, Kaehny WD. Syndromes of toluene sniffing in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1981; 94 (6): 758-62.
  • Cunningham SR, Dalzell GW, McGirr P, Khan MM. Myocardial infarction and primary ventricular fibrillation after glue sniffing. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987; 21; 294 (6574): 739-40
  • Rana SV, Kumar S. Effect of xylene, toluene and methyl alcohol on liver collagenesis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31 (9): 782-4.
  • Robertson LW, Andres JL, Safe SH, Lovering SL. Toxicity of 3,3',4,4'- and 2,2',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl: correlation of activity with aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction and lack of protection by antioxidants. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1983; 11 (1): 81-91.
  • Rydzynski K, Korsak Z, Jedlinska U, Sokal JA. The toxic effects of combined exposure to toluene and m-xylene in animals. IV.Liver ultrastructure after subchronic inhalatory exposure. Pol J Occup Med Environ Health. 1992; 5 (1): 35-42. (Özet)
  • Ungvary G, Hudak A, Bors Z, Folly G. The effect of toluene on the liver assayed by quantitative morphological methods. Exp Mol Pathol. 1976; 25 (1): 49-59.
  • Guzelian P, Mills S, Fallon HJ. Liver structure and function in print workers exposed to toluene. J Occup Med. 1988; 30 (10): 791-6.
  • Dossing M, Arlien-Soborg P, Milling Petersen L, Ranek L. Liver damage associated with occupational exposure to organic solents in house painters. Eur J Clin Invest. 1983; 13 (2): 151-7.
  • Guastadisegni C, Mantovani A, Ricciardi C, Stazi AV, Maffi D, Salvati AM. Hematotoxic effects in the rat of a toluene dinitro derivative after short-term exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1989; 17 (1): 21-9.
  • Goodman DG, Ward JM, Reichardt WD. Splenic fibrosis and sarcomas in F344 rats fed diets containing aniline hydrochloride, p-chloroaniline, azobenzene, o-toluidine hydrochloride,4,4'-sulfonyldianiline, or D & C red No. 9. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984; 73 (1): 265-73.
  • Powars D. Aplastic anemia secondary to glue sniffing. N Engl J Med. 1965; 23; 273 (13): 700-2.
  • Bosch X, Campistol JM, Montoliu J, Revert L. Myelofibrosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with toluene poisoning. Hum Toxicol. 1988; 7 (4): 357-61.
  • Tanigawa T, Araki S, Nakata A, Yokoyama K, Sakai T, Sakurai S. Decreases of natural killer cells and T-lymphocyte subpopulations and increases of B lymphocytes following a 5-day occupational exposure to mixed organic solvents. Arch Environ Health. 2001; 56 (5): 443-8.
  • Moszczynsky P, Lisiewicz J. Occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene and the T lymphocyte functions. Haematologia (Budap). 1984; 17 (4): 449-53. (Özet)
  • Mizutani T, Oohashi N, Naito H. Myoglobinemia and renal failure in toluene poisoning: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989; 31 (5): 448-50.
  • Taverner D, Harrison DJ, Bell GM. Acute renal failure due to interstitial nephritis induced by 'glue-sniffing' with subsequent recovery. Scott Med J. 1988; 33 (2): 246-7.
  • Ehrenreich T. Renal disease from exposure to solvents. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1977; 7 (1): 6-16.
  • Ishigami A, Tokunaga I, Kubo S, Gotohda T. Immunohistochemical study of rat spermatogenesis after toluene-inhalation. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2005; 7 (1): 42-6. (Özet)
  • Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. The effects of toluene on the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004; 63 (1):1-12.
  • Damasceno BP, de Capitani EM. Cerebellar atrophy related to chronic exposure to toluene. Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1994; 52 (1): 90-2.
  • Sharshar T, Hopkinson NS, Orlikowski D, Annane D. Science review: The brain in sepsis--culprit and victim. Crit Care. 2005; 9 (1): 37-44.
  • Tsiotou AG, Sakorafas GH, Anagnostopoulos G, Bramis J. Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective. Med Sci Monit. 2005; 11 (3): 76-85.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Adli Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nil Çomunoğlu Bu kişi benim

Işın Doğan Ekici Bu kişi benim

Bülent Eren Bu kişi benim

Nursel Türkmen Bu kişi benim

Recep Fedakar Bu kişi benim

Sedat Çöloğlu Bu kişi benim

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2009
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2009
IZ https://izlik.org/JA94DM43MZ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Nil Çomunoğlu, Işın Doğan Ekici, Bülent Eren, Nursel Türkmen, Recep Fedakar, Sedat Çöloğlu. TOLUEN BİLEŞİKLERİNİN TOKSİK ETKİLERİNİN 4 OTOPSİ OLGUSU ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. ATD [Internet]. 01 Nisan 2009;23(1):24-3. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA94DM43MZ

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