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KODEİN VE KODEİN İÇEREN TIBBİ MÜSTAHZARLAR HAKKINDAUZMAN GÖRÜŞÜ

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 107 - 111, 31.12.2013
https://izlik.org/JA83JE86NZ

Öz

Kodein (3 metil morfin) bir opiat
olup analjezik, antitüssiv, antidiareik ve diğer bazı tıbbi amaçlar
için kullanılabilmektedir. Afyonda
(Papaver somniferum) bulunan
alkoloidler içerisinde morfinden
sonraki en baskın opioiddir ve
%3 oranında bulunur. Ülkemizde analjezik olarak paracetamol
(Aferin kapsül, Geralgine K tablet), asetilsalisilik asit (Dolviran
tablet) ve nonsteroidantienflamatuarlarla (Nurofen Plus) birlikte
kombine olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Birleşmiş Milletler Tek
Sözleşmesi’nin eki listelerden II
nolu listede (UN 61 Single Convention – Schedule II ) yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle tıbbi kullanımı hariç, sözleşmeye taraf
her ülkede üretimi, ithali, ihracı,
bulundurulması ve kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. İllegal olarak tablet veya toz formunda, tek başına
veya diğer uyuşturucu ve uyarıcı
maddelerle birlikte satılmaktadır.
Kodein içeren medikal preparatlar da suiistimal edilmektedir.
Kodeinli öksürük şurubu, enerji içeceği ve şeker ile hazırlanan
ve özellikle hip hop camiası arasında yaygın olan argo kullanımda “Purple Drunk” adlı içecek en
önemli suistimal maddelerindendir.
Kodein ile ilişkili ölümler konusunda yapılmış 107 olguluk bir
çalışmada, vakaların 101 adedinin toksikolojik analizinde kodeine %62 oranında asetaminophen,
%20 oranında salisilatın eşlik
etmekte olması kodein içeren
ilaçların suiistimalini ortaya koymaktadır. Tıbbi müstahzarların
içerisinde yer alan kodeinin kötüye kullanımında, preparatların
içerisindeki kodein miktarının az
olması nedeni ile ilaç fazla miktarda içilmektedir. Bu durum
bireyi söz konusu müstahzarın
içerisinde bulunan parasetamol,
asetil salisilik asit gibi diğer ilaç
etken maddelerinin toksik etkisi
ile karşı karşıya bırakmakta ve
gastrointestinal kanama, renal
tubüler asidoz ve sensorinöral
işitme kaybına neden olmaktadır.
Bu yan etkilerden kaçınmayı bilen deneyimli kullanıcılar, sosyal
medya aracılığı ile tıbbi müstahzarlarda bulunan diğer maddelerden kodeinin nasıl kolayca ayrılacağını açıklayarak deneyimsiz
diğerlerini bilgilendirmektedir.
Önerilen metot soğuk su ekstraksiyonu olarak adlandırılmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Randall CB. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 7th Edition. Biomedical Publication, Foster City, California, 2004.
  • Polson CJ, Green MA, Lee MR. Clinical Toxicology. 3rd Edition. Pitman Books Limited, London, 1983.
  • Howard BG, Huda A. Opioid analgesics, In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman A, eds. Goodman&Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.10th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2001.
  • Tijani AY, Salawu OA, John–Africa LB, Sadiq A, Chindo BA. Behavioural effects of Benylin-Codein in mice. Nature and Science 2012;10(4):83-8.
  • Koren G, Cairns J, Chitayat D, Gaedigk A, Leeder SJ. Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother. Lancet 2006;368(9536):704.
  • Kayaalp SO. Türkiye İlaçla Tedavi Kılavuzu TİK-6. Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti., Ankara, 2011.
  • Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmocology. 10th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, 2007.
  • Eichelbaum M, Evert B. Influence of pharmacogenetics on drug disposition and responce. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996;23:983-5.
  • Martindale: The Complet Drug Referance. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2007.
  • Dökmeci İ, Dökmeci AH. Türkiye İlaç Rehberi. 4.baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Ltd.Şti, İstanbul, 2004.
  • Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961.
  • Legal topic overviews: classification of controlled drugs. EMCDDA publication, Lisbon (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5622EN.htmlErişim tarihi 25.06.2013).
  • Ishigooka J, Yoshida Y, Murasaki M. Abuse of “DRO No”: a Japanese O.T.C. cough suppressant solution containing methylephedrine, codeine, caffeine and chlorpheniramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991;15(4):513-21.
  • Jinks KJ, Raschko RR. A profile of alcohol and prescription drug abuse in high risk community based elderly population. Drug Information in Clinical Practice 1990;24(10):971-5.
  • Mattoo SK, Basu D, Balaji M, Sharma A, Malhotra A. Subtypes of codeine cough syrup abusers. Indian J Med Sci 1999;53(3):97-102.
  • Frei MY, Nielsen S, Dobbin MD, Tobin CL. Serious morbidity associated with misuse of over-the-counter codeine-ibuprofen analgesics: a series of 27 cases. Med J Aust 2010;193(5):294- 6.
  • Martin JD. Nurofen Plus misuse: an emerging cause of perforated gastric ulcer. Med J Aust 2008;188(1):56-7.
  • Chetty R, Baoku Y, Mildner R, Banerjee A, Vallance D, Haddon A, Labib M. Severe hypokalaemia and weakness due to Nurofen misuse. Ann Clin Biochem 2003;40(4):422-23.
  • DEA warns of soft drink-cough syrup mix, by Donna Leinwand (USA TODAY gazetesi, 19.10.2006, Erişim tarihi:10.08.2012).
  • Peters RJ, Kelder SH, Markham CM, Yacoubian GS, Peters LA, Ellis A. Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) onset and perceived addiction among urban Houstonian adolescents: an addiction trend in the city of lean. J Drug Educ 2003;33(4):415-25.
  • Peters R, Yacoubian GS, Rhodes W, Forsythe KJ, Bowers KS, Eulian VM, Mangum CA, O’Neal JD, Martin Q, Essien EJ. Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) use and addiction among multi-ethnic college students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2007;39(3):277-82.
  • Davis II, Baum C, Graham DJ. Indices of drug misuse for prescription drugs. International Journal of Addiction 1991;26(7)777-95.
  • Gerostamoulos J, Burke MP, Drummer OH. Involvement of codeine in drugrelated deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17(4):327-35.
  • Mattoo SK, Basu D, Sharma A, Balaji M, Malhotra A. Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: a report from India. Addiction 1997;92(12):1783-7.
  • Daniel TL Shek, Ching-Man Lam. Adolescent cough medicine abuse in Hong Kong: implication fort he design of positive youth development programs in Hong Kong. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2006:18(3)493-503.
  • Darboe MN. Abuse of dextromethorphan-based cough syrup as a substitute for licit and illicit drugs: A theoretical framework. Adolescence 1996;31(121):239-45.
  • Darboe MN, Keenan GR, Richards TK. The abuse of dextromethorphan-based cough syrup: a pilot study of the community of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. Adolescence 1996;31(123):633-44.
  • Suzuki T, Masukawa Y, Misawa M. Drug interactions in the reinforcing effects of over-the-counter cough syrups. Psychopharmacology 1990;102(4):438-42.
  • Borde M, Nizamie SH. Dependence on a common cough syrup. Lancet 1988;1(8588):760-1.
  • Wairagkar NS, Das J, Kumar S. Codeine containing cough syrup addiction in Assam and Nagaland. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1994;36(3):129-32.
  • Friedman RA, House JW, Luxford WM, Gherini S, Mills D. Profound hearing loss associated with hydrocodone/acetaminophen abuse. Am J Otol 2000;21(2):188-91.
  • Blakley BW, Schilling H. Deafness associated with acetaminophen and codeine abuse. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;37(4):507-9.
  • Oh AK, Ishiyama A, Baloh W. Deafness associated with abuse of hydrocodone/acetaminophen. Neurology 2000;54(12):2345.
  • Jensen S, Hansen AC. Abuse of codeine separated from over-the-counter drugs containing acetylsalicylic acid and codeine. Int J Legal Med 1993;105(5):279- 81.
  • Fleming GF, McElnay JC, Hughes CM. The separation of codeine from nonprescription combination analgesic products. Subst Use Misuse 2003;38(9):1217-2

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 107 - 111, 31.12.2013
https://izlik.org/JA83JE86NZ

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Randall CB. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 7th Edition. Biomedical Publication, Foster City, California, 2004.
  • Polson CJ, Green MA, Lee MR. Clinical Toxicology. 3rd Edition. Pitman Books Limited, London, 1983.
  • Howard BG, Huda A. Opioid analgesics, In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman A, eds. Goodman&Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.10th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2001.
  • Tijani AY, Salawu OA, John–Africa LB, Sadiq A, Chindo BA. Behavioural effects of Benylin-Codein in mice. Nature and Science 2012;10(4):83-8.
  • Koren G, Cairns J, Chitayat D, Gaedigk A, Leeder SJ. Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother. Lancet 2006;368(9536):704.
  • Kayaalp SO. Türkiye İlaçla Tedavi Kılavuzu TİK-6. Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti., Ankara, 2011.
  • Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmocology. 10th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, 2007.
  • Eichelbaum M, Evert B. Influence of pharmacogenetics on drug disposition and responce. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996;23:983-5.
  • Martindale: The Complet Drug Referance. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2007.
  • Dökmeci İ, Dökmeci AH. Türkiye İlaç Rehberi. 4.baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Ltd.Şti, İstanbul, 2004.
  • Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961.
  • Legal topic overviews: classification of controlled drugs. EMCDDA publication, Lisbon (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5622EN.htmlErişim tarihi 25.06.2013).
  • Ishigooka J, Yoshida Y, Murasaki M. Abuse of “DRO No”: a Japanese O.T.C. cough suppressant solution containing methylephedrine, codeine, caffeine and chlorpheniramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991;15(4):513-21.
  • Jinks KJ, Raschko RR. A profile of alcohol and prescription drug abuse in high risk community based elderly population. Drug Information in Clinical Practice 1990;24(10):971-5.
  • Mattoo SK, Basu D, Balaji M, Sharma A, Malhotra A. Subtypes of codeine cough syrup abusers. Indian J Med Sci 1999;53(3):97-102.
  • Frei MY, Nielsen S, Dobbin MD, Tobin CL. Serious morbidity associated with misuse of over-the-counter codeine-ibuprofen analgesics: a series of 27 cases. Med J Aust 2010;193(5):294- 6.
  • Martin JD. Nurofen Plus misuse: an emerging cause of perforated gastric ulcer. Med J Aust 2008;188(1):56-7.
  • Chetty R, Baoku Y, Mildner R, Banerjee A, Vallance D, Haddon A, Labib M. Severe hypokalaemia and weakness due to Nurofen misuse. Ann Clin Biochem 2003;40(4):422-23.
  • DEA warns of soft drink-cough syrup mix, by Donna Leinwand (USA TODAY gazetesi, 19.10.2006, Erişim tarihi:10.08.2012).
  • Peters RJ, Kelder SH, Markham CM, Yacoubian GS, Peters LA, Ellis A. Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) onset and perceived addiction among urban Houstonian adolescents: an addiction trend in the city of lean. J Drug Educ 2003;33(4):415-25.
  • Peters R, Yacoubian GS, Rhodes W, Forsythe KJ, Bowers KS, Eulian VM, Mangum CA, O’Neal JD, Martin Q, Essien EJ. Beliefs and social norms about codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) use and addiction among multi-ethnic college students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2007;39(3):277-82.
  • Davis II, Baum C, Graham DJ. Indices of drug misuse for prescription drugs. International Journal of Addiction 1991;26(7)777-95.
  • Gerostamoulos J, Burke MP, Drummer OH. Involvement of codeine in drugrelated deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17(4):327-35.
  • Mattoo SK, Basu D, Sharma A, Balaji M, Malhotra A. Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: a report from India. Addiction 1997;92(12):1783-7.
  • Daniel TL Shek, Ching-Man Lam. Adolescent cough medicine abuse in Hong Kong: implication fort he design of positive youth development programs in Hong Kong. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2006:18(3)493-503.
  • Darboe MN. Abuse of dextromethorphan-based cough syrup as a substitute for licit and illicit drugs: A theoretical framework. Adolescence 1996;31(121):239-45.
  • Darboe MN, Keenan GR, Richards TK. The abuse of dextromethorphan-based cough syrup: a pilot study of the community of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. Adolescence 1996;31(123):633-44.
  • Suzuki T, Masukawa Y, Misawa M. Drug interactions in the reinforcing effects of over-the-counter cough syrups. Psychopharmacology 1990;102(4):438-42.
  • Borde M, Nizamie SH. Dependence on a common cough syrup. Lancet 1988;1(8588):760-1.
  • Wairagkar NS, Das J, Kumar S. Codeine containing cough syrup addiction in Assam and Nagaland. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1994;36(3):129-32.
  • Friedman RA, House JW, Luxford WM, Gherini S, Mills D. Profound hearing loss associated with hydrocodone/acetaminophen abuse. Am J Otol 2000;21(2):188-91.
  • Blakley BW, Schilling H. Deafness associated with acetaminophen and codeine abuse. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;37(4):507-9.
  • Oh AK, Ishiyama A, Baloh W. Deafness associated with abuse of hydrocodone/acetaminophen. Neurology 2000;54(12):2345.
  • Jensen S, Hansen AC. Abuse of codeine separated from over-the-counter drugs containing acetylsalicylic acid and codeine. Int J Legal Med 1993;105(5):279- 81.
  • Fleming GF, McElnay JC, Hughes CM. The separation of codeine from nonprescription combination analgesic products. Subst Use Misuse 2003;38(9):1217-2
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Adli Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Faruk Aşıcıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2013
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2013
IZ https://izlik.org/JA83JE86NZ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Faruk Aşıcıoğlu. KODEİN VE KODEİN İÇEREN TIBBİ MÜSTAHZARLAR HAKKINDAUZMAN GÖRÜŞÜ. ATD [Internet]. 01 Aralık 2013;27(3):107-11. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA83JE86NZ

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