BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Conventional and Contemporary Approaches for Root Canal Irrigation

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 1459 - 1468, 01.07.2013

Emel Olga Önay Ezgi Kurt İdil Kızılırmak Dilara Nuyan Çimen Güran Tuğçe Erdoğan

Öz

Successful root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and filling of the root canal. Canal irrigation during root canal treatment is an important component of chemomechanical debridement of the root canal system. Many of the compounds used for irrigation have been chemically modified and several mechanical devices have been developed to improve the penetration and effectiveness of irrigation. This paper summarizes traditional irrigation compounds and provides cuttingedge information on the most recent developments

Anahtar Kelimeler

Root canal irrigants sodium hypochlorite ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid chlorhexidine gluconate

Kaynakça

  • Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:589-99.
  • Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: A review. J Endod. 2004;30:559-67.
  • Wu MK, de Schwartz FB, van der Sluis LW, Wesselink PR. The quality of root fillings remaining in mandibular incisors after root-end cavity preparation. Int Endod J. 2001;34:613-19.
  • Gu LS, Kim JR, Ling J, Choi KK, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices. J Endod. 2009;35:791- 804.
  • Jena A, Sahoo SK, Govind S. Root canal irrigants: A review of their interactions, benefits, and limitations. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2015;36:256-61.
  • Senia ES, Marshall FJ, Rosen S. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31:96-103.
  • Radcliffe CE, Potouridou L, Qureshi R, Habahbeh N, Qualtrough A, Worthington H, Drucker DB. Antimicrobial activity of varying concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the endodontic microorganisms Actinomyces israelii, A. naeslundii, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J. 2004;37:438-46.
  • Vianna ME, Gomes BP, Berber VB, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, de Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:79-84.
  • Pashley EL, Birdsong NL, Bowman K, Pashley DH. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod. 1985;11:525-8.
  • Ma J, Tong Z, Ling J, Liu H, Wei X. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigants on the antibacterial activities of alkaline media against Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60:1075-81.
  • del Carpio-Perochena A, Bramante CM, de Andrade FB, Maliza AG, Cavenago BC, Marciano MA, Amoroso-Silva P, Duarte MH. Antibacterial and dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite in different pHs on multi-species biofilms. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19:2067-73.
  • Czonstkowsky M, Wilson EG, Holstein FA. The smear layer in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 1990;34:13-25.
  • Alaçam T. Endodonti. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2012. s.533-44.
  • Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. J Dent Res. 1987;66:1375-9.
  • Niu W, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. A scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal erosion by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl solutions. Int Endod J. 2002;35:934-9.
  • Siqueira JF Jr, Batista MM, Fraga RC, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod. 1998;24:414-6.
  • Loel DA. Use of acid cleanser in endodontic therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 1975;90:148-51.
  • Machado-Silveiro LF, González-López S
  • González-Rodríguez MP. Decalcification of root
  • canal dentine by citric acid, EDTA and sodium
  • citrate. Int Endod J. 2004;37:365-9.
  • Gutmann JL, Saunders WP, Nguyen L, Guo IY, Saunders EM. Ultrasonic root-end preparation. Part 1. SEM analysis. Int Endod J. 1994;27:318- 24.
  • Liolios E, Economides N, Parissis-Messimeris S, Boutsioukis A. The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on root canal cleaning after hand and mechanical preparation. Int Endod J. 1997;30:51- 7.
  • Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontic irrigants and two types of laser. Int Endod J. 1999;32:32-9.
  • Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2009;42:288-302.
  • McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:147-79.
  • Russell AD, Day MJ. Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine. J Hosp Infect. 1993;25:229-38.
  • Davies GE, Francis J, Martin AR, Rose FL, Swain G. (hibitane); laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1954;9:192-6.
  • Shaker LA, Dancer BN, Russell AD, Furr JR. Emergence and development of chlorhexidine resistance during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. FEMS Microbiol Let. 1988;51:73-6.
  • Park JB, Park NH. Effect of chlorhexidine on the in vitro and in vivo herpes simplex virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:149- 53.
  • Siqueira JF Jr, da Silva CH, Cerqueira M das D, Lopes HP, de Uzeda M. Effectiveness of four chemical solutions in eliminating Bacillus subtilis spores on gutta-percha cones. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:124-6.
  • Jeansonne MJ, White RR. A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1994;20:276-8.
  • Clegg MS, Vertucci FJ, Walker C, Belanger M, Britto LR. The effect of exposure to irrigant solutions on apical dentin biofilms in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:434-7.
  • Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Effect of MTAD on Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated root canals of extracted human teeth. J Endod. 2003;29:576-9.
  • Johal S, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/ BioPure MTAD to 5.25% NaOCl/15% EDTA for root canal irrigation. J Endod. 2007;33:48-51.
  • Giardino L, Ambu E, Becce C, Rimondini L, Morra M. Surface tension comparison of four common root canal irrigants and two new irrigants containing antibiotic. J Endod. 2006;32:1091-3.
  • Pappen FG, Shen Y, Qian W, Leonardo MR, Giardino L, Haapasalo M. In vitro antibacterial action of Tetraclean, MTAD and five experimental irrigation solutions. Int Endod J. 2010;43:528-35.
  • Neglia R, Ardizzoni A, Giardino L, Ambu E, Grazi S, Calignano S, Rimoldi C, Righi E, Blasi E. Comparative in vitro and ex vivo studies on the bactericidal activity of Tetraclean, a new generation endodontic irrigant, and sodium hypochlorite. New Microbiol. 2008;31:57-65.
  • Mohammadi Z, Giardino L, Palazzi F. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of four solutions used as a final rinse in vitro. Aust Endod J. 2013;39:31-4.
  • Stojicic S, Shen Y, Qian W, Johnson B, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX. Int Endod J. 2012;45:363- 71.
  • Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation-literature review and case reports. Int Endod J. 2000;33:186-93.
  • Keir DM, Senia ES, Montgomery S. Effectiveness of a brush in removing postinstrumentation canal debris. J Endod. 1990;16:323-7.
  • Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Serrano SA, Palo RM, Iglesias EF. Efficacy of the NaviTip FX irrigation needle in removing post instrumentation canal smear layer and debris in curved root canals. J Endod. 2009;35:1270-3.
  • Huang TY, Gulabivala K, Ng YL. A bio-molecular film ex-vivo model to evaluate the influence of canal dimensions and irrigation variables on the efficacy of irrigation. Int Endod J. 2008;41:60-71.
  • Kamel WH, Kataia EM. Comparison of the efficacy of Smear Clear with and without a canal brush in smear layer and debris removal from instrumented root canal using WaveOne versus ProTaper: A scanning electron microscopic study. J Endod. 2014;40:446-50.
  • da Costa Lima GA, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC, Alves LC, Dos Santos FA, do Nascimento AE. Comparison of smear layer removal using the Nd:YAG laser, ultrasound, ProTaper Universal system, and CanalBrush methods: An in vitro study. J Endod. 2015;41:400-4.
  • Jensen SA, Walker TL, Hutter JW, Nicoll BK. Comparison of the cleaning efficacy of passive sonic activation and passive ultrasonic activation after hand instrumentation in molar root canals. J Endod. 1999;25:735-8.
  • Van der Sluis LW, Versluis M, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: A review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2007;40:415- 26.
  • Lin YH, Mickel AK, Jones JJ, Montagnese TA, González AF. Evaluation of cutting efficiency of ultrasonic tips used in orthograde endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2006;32:359-61.
  • Huttula AS, Tordik PA, Imamura G, Eichmiller FC, McClanahan SB. The effect of ultrasonic post instrumentation on root surface temperature. J Endod. 2006;32:1085-7.
  • Zeltner M, Peters OA, Paqué F. Temperature changes during ultrasonic irrigation with different inserts and modes of activation. J Endod. 2009;35:573-7.
  • Lumley PJ, Walmsley AD, Laird WR. Streaming patterns produced around endosonic files. Int Endod J. 1991;24:290-7.
  • van der Sluis LW, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. A comparison between a smooth wire and a K-file in removing artificially placed dentine debris from root canals in resin blocks during ultrasonic irrigation. Int Endod J. 2005;38:593-6.
  • Al-Jadaa A, Paqué F, Attin T, Zehnder M. Necrotic pulp tissue dissolution by passive ultrasonic irrigation in simulated accessory canals: Impact of canal location and angulation. Int Endod J. 2009;42:59-65.
  • Kuah HG, Lui JN, Tseng PS, Chen NN. The effect of EDTA with and without ultrasonics on removal of the smear layer. J Endod. 2009;35:393-6.
  • Layton G, Wu WI, Selvaganapathy PR, Friedman S, Kishen A. Fluid dynamics and biofilm removal generated by syringe-delivered and 2 ultrasonic- assisted irrigation methods: A novel experimental approach. J Endod. 2015;41:884-9.
  • Nielsen BA, Craig Baumgartner J. Comparison of the EndoVac system to needle irrigation of root canals. J Endod. 2007;33:611-5.
  • McGill S, Gulabivala K, Mordan N, Ng YL. The efficacy of dynamic irrigation using a commercially available system (RinsEndo) determined by removal of a collagen ‘bio-molecular film’ from en ex-vivo model. Int Endod J. 2008;41:602-8.
  • Journal of Clinical Sciences

Kök Kanal İrrigasyonunda Geleneksel ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 1459 - 1468, 01.07.2013

Emel Olga Önay Ezgi Kurt İdil Kızılırmak Dilara Nuyan Çimen Güran Tuğçe Erdoğan

Öz

Kök kanal tedavisinde başarı, kök kanalının yeterli bir şekilde şekillendirilmesi, irrige edilmesi ve doldurulması aşamalarının kombine edilmesi esasına dayanır. Kanal tedavisi boyunca kök kanalının irrigasyonu, kemomekanik temizliğin önemli bir ayağını teşkil etmektedir. Günümüzde irrigasyon amacıyla kulanılan bazı bileşikler modifiye edilmiş ve yine irrigasyon solusyonlarının daha iyi penetre olmasını sağlamak ve etkinliklerini artırmak amacıyla birtakım cihazlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, halihazırda kullanılan geleneksel irrigasyon solüsyonlarının yanı sıra bu alanda meydana gelen yeni gelişmeler konusunda bilgi vermektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kök kanal sulayıcıları sodyum hipoklorit etilendiamintetraasetik asit klorheksidin glukonat

Kaynakça

  • Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:589-99.
  • Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: A review. J Endod. 2004;30:559-67.
  • Wu MK, de Schwartz FB, van der Sluis LW, Wesselink PR. The quality of root fillings remaining in mandibular incisors after root-end cavity preparation. Int Endod J. 2001;34:613-19.
  • Gu LS, Kim JR, Ling J, Choi KK, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices. J Endod. 2009;35:791- 804.
  • Jena A, Sahoo SK, Govind S. Root canal irrigants: A review of their interactions, benefits, and limitations. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2015;36:256-61.
  • Senia ES, Marshall FJ, Rosen S. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31:96-103.
  • Radcliffe CE, Potouridou L, Qureshi R, Habahbeh N, Qualtrough A, Worthington H, Drucker DB. Antimicrobial activity of varying concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the endodontic microorganisms Actinomyces israelii, A. naeslundii, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J. 2004;37:438-46.
  • Vianna ME, Gomes BP, Berber VB, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, de Souza-Filho FJ. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:79-84.
  • Pashley EL, Birdsong NL, Bowman K, Pashley DH. Cytotoxic effects of NaOCl on vital tissue. J Endod. 1985;11:525-8.
  • Ma J, Tong Z, Ling J, Liu H, Wei X. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigants on the antibacterial activities of alkaline media against Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60:1075-81.
  • del Carpio-Perochena A, Bramante CM, de Andrade FB, Maliza AG, Cavenago BC, Marciano MA, Amoroso-Silva P, Duarte MH. Antibacterial and dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite in different pHs on multi-species biofilms. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19:2067-73.
  • Czonstkowsky M, Wilson EG, Holstein FA. The smear layer in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 1990;34:13-25.
  • Alaçam T. Endodonti. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2012. s.533-44.
  • Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. J Dent Res. 1987;66:1375-9.
  • Niu W, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. A scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal erosion by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl solutions. Int Endod J. 2002;35:934-9.
  • Siqueira JF Jr, Batista MM, Fraga RC, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod. 1998;24:414-6.
  • Loel DA. Use of acid cleanser in endodontic therapy. J Am Dent Assoc. 1975;90:148-51.
  • Machado-Silveiro LF, González-López S
  • González-Rodríguez MP. Decalcification of root
  • canal dentine by citric acid, EDTA and sodium
  • citrate. Int Endod J. 2004;37:365-9.
  • Gutmann JL, Saunders WP, Nguyen L, Guo IY, Saunders EM. Ultrasonic root-end preparation. Part 1. SEM analysis. Int Endod J. 1994;27:318- 24.
  • Liolios E, Economides N, Parissis-Messimeris S, Boutsioukis A. The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on root canal cleaning after hand and mechanical preparation. Int Endod J. 1997;30:51- 7.
  • Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontic irrigants and two types of laser. Int Endod J. 1999;32:32-9.
  • Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2009;42:288-302.
  • McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:147-79.
  • Russell AD, Day MJ. Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine. J Hosp Infect. 1993;25:229-38.
  • Davies GE, Francis J, Martin AR, Rose FL, Swain G. (hibitane); laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1954;9:192-6.
  • Shaker LA, Dancer BN, Russell AD, Furr JR. Emergence and development of chlorhexidine resistance during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. FEMS Microbiol Let. 1988;51:73-6.
  • Park JB, Park NH. Effect of chlorhexidine on the in vitro and in vivo herpes simplex virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:149- 53.
  • Siqueira JF Jr, da Silva CH, Cerqueira M das D, Lopes HP, de Uzeda M. Effectiveness of four chemical solutions in eliminating Bacillus subtilis spores on gutta-percha cones. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:124-6.
  • Jeansonne MJ, White RR. A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1994;20:276-8.
  • Clegg MS, Vertucci FJ, Walker C, Belanger M, Britto LR. The effect of exposure to irrigant solutions on apical dentin biofilms in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:434-7.
  • Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Effect of MTAD on Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated root canals of extracted human teeth. J Endod. 2003;29:576-9.
  • Johal S, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/ BioPure MTAD to 5.25% NaOCl/15% EDTA for root canal irrigation. J Endod. 2007;33:48-51.
  • Giardino L, Ambu E, Becce C, Rimondini L, Morra M. Surface tension comparison of four common root canal irrigants and two new irrigants containing antibiotic. J Endod. 2006;32:1091-3.
  • Pappen FG, Shen Y, Qian W, Leonardo MR, Giardino L, Haapasalo M. In vitro antibacterial action of Tetraclean, MTAD and five experimental irrigation solutions. Int Endod J. 2010;43:528-35.
  • Neglia R, Ardizzoni A, Giardino L, Ambu E, Grazi S, Calignano S, Rimoldi C, Righi E, Blasi E. Comparative in vitro and ex vivo studies on the bactericidal activity of Tetraclean, a new generation endodontic irrigant, and sodium hypochlorite. New Microbiol. 2008;31:57-65.
  • Mohammadi Z, Giardino L, Palazzi F. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of four solutions used as a final rinse in vitro. Aust Endod J. 2013;39:31-4.
  • Stojicic S, Shen Y, Qian W, Johnson B, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX. Int Endod J. 2012;45:363- 71.
  • Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation-literature review and case reports. Int Endod J. 2000;33:186-93.
  • Keir DM, Senia ES, Montgomery S. Effectiveness of a brush in removing postinstrumentation canal debris. J Endod. 1990;16:323-7.
  • Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Serrano SA, Palo RM, Iglesias EF. Efficacy of the NaviTip FX irrigation needle in removing post instrumentation canal smear layer and debris in curved root canals. J Endod. 2009;35:1270-3.
  • Huang TY, Gulabivala K, Ng YL. A bio-molecular film ex-vivo model to evaluate the influence of canal dimensions and irrigation variables on the efficacy of irrigation. Int Endod J. 2008;41:60-71.
  • Kamel WH, Kataia EM. Comparison of the efficacy of Smear Clear with and without a canal brush in smear layer and debris removal from instrumented root canal using WaveOne versus ProTaper: A scanning electron microscopic study. J Endod. 2014;40:446-50.
  • da Costa Lima GA, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC, Alves LC, Dos Santos FA, do Nascimento AE. Comparison of smear layer removal using the Nd:YAG laser, ultrasound, ProTaper Universal system, and CanalBrush methods: An in vitro study. J Endod. 2015;41:400-4.
  • Jensen SA, Walker TL, Hutter JW, Nicoll BK. Comparison of the cleaning efficacy of passive sonic activation and passive ultrasonic activation after hand instrumentation in molar root canals. J Endod. 1999;25:735-8.
  • Van der Sluis LW, Versluis M, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: A review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2007;40:415- 26.
  • Lin YH, Mickel AK, Jones JJ, Montagnese TA, González AF. Evaluation of cutting efficiency of ultrasonic tips used in orthograde endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2006;32:359-61.
  • Huttula AS, Tordik PA, Imamura G, Eichmiller FC, McClanahan SB. The effect of ultrasonic post instrumentation on root surface temperature. J Endod. 2006;32:1085-7.
  • Zeltner M, Peters OA, Paqué F. Temperature changes during ultrasonic irrigation with different inserts and modes of activation. J Endod. 2009;35:573-7.
  • Lumley PJ, Walmsley AD, Laird WR. Streaming patterns produced around endosonic files. Int Endod J. 1991;24:290-7.
  • van der Sluis LW, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. A comparison between a smooth wire and a K-file in removing artificially placed dentine debris from root canals in resin blocks during ultrasonic irrigation. Int Endod J. 2005;38:593-6.
  • Al-Jadaa A, Paqué F, Attin T, Zehnder M. Necrotic pulp tissue dissolution by passive ultrasonic irrigation in simulated accessory canals: Impact of canal location and angulation. Int Endod J. 2009;42:59-65.
  • Kuah HG, Lui JN, Tseng PS, Chen NN. The effect of EDTA with and without ultrasonics on removal of the smear layer. J Endod. 2009;35:393-6.
  • Layton G, Wu WI, Selvaganapathy PR, Friedman S, Kishen A. Fluid dynamics and biofilm removal generated by syringe-delivered and 2 ultrasonic- assisted irrigation methods: A novel experimental approach. J Endod. 2015;41:884-9.
  • Nielsen BA, Craig Baumgartner J. Comparison of the EndoVac system to needle irrigation of root canals. J Endod. 2007;33:611-5.
  • McGill S, Gulabivala K, Mordan N, Ng YL. The efficacy of dynamic irrigation using a commercially available system (RinsEndo) determined by removal of a collagen ‘bio-molecular film’ from en ex-vivo model. Int Endod J. 2008;41:602-8.
  • Journal of Clinical Sciences
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Emel Olga Önay Bu kişi benim

Ezgi Kurt Bu kişi benim

İdil Kızılırmak Bu kişi benim

Dilara Nuyan Bu kişi benim

Çimen Güran Bu kişi benim

Tuğçe Erdoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Önay EO, Kurt E, Kızılırmak İ, Nuyan D, Güran Ç, Erdoğan T. Kök Kanal İrrigasyonunda Geleneksel ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;7(2):1459-68.