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Fluorosis in Dentistry

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1399 - 1408, 01.04.2013

Öz

Fluor is an element that is commonly found in the earth’s crust. Fluoride that is added into various dental products and drinking water has been proven to reduce occurrence of caries by extensive research. Dental fluorosis has been reported to be the only proven side effect of fluoride that is used for caries control. This review includes the issues such as etiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects and classification of dental fluorosis

Kaynakça

  • Everett ET. Fluoride’s effects on the formation of teeth and bones, and the influence of genetics. J Dent Res. 2011;90:552-60.
  • http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_ Calcium/288-313.pdf (erişim tarihi: Ocak 2014)
  • Susheela AK. Dental fluorosis and its extended effects. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:715-7.
  • Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27:31-40.
  • Buzalaf MA, Pessan JP, Honorio HM, ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:97-114.
  • DenBesten PK, Li W. Chronic fluoride toxicity: Dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:81
  • Meyer-Lueckel H, Grundmann E, Stang A. Effects of fluoride tablets on caries and fluorosis occurence among 6-to-9 year olds using fluoridated salt. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38:315- 23.
  • Mc Donagh MS, Whitting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misso K, Bradley M, Treasure E, Kleijnen J. Systemic review of water fluoridation. BMJ. 2000;321:855-9.
  • Whelton HP, Ketley CE, McSweeney F, O’Mullane DM. A review of fluorosis in the European Union: Prevalence, risk factors and aesthetic issues. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32 Suppl 1:9-18. Buzalaf MA, Massaro CS, Rodrigues MH, Fukushima R, Pessan JP, Whitford GM, Sampaio FC. Validation of fingernail fluoride concentration as a predictor of risk for dental fluorosis. Caries Res. 2012;46:394-400. Küçükeşmen Ç, Sönmez H. Diş hekimliğinde florun, insan vücudu ve dişler üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2008;15:43-53.
  • Marthaler TM, Petersen PE. Salt fluoridation-- an alternative in automatic prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J. 2005;55:351-8.
  • Riordan PJ. Fluoride supplements for young children: An analysis of the literature focusing on benefits and risks. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27:72-83.
  • Ardu S, Stavridakis M, Krejci I. A minimally invasive treatment of severe dental fluorosis. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:455-8. World Health Organization and UNICEF. Water for Life: Making It Happen. Geneva: WHO Press; 2005. p.17.
  • Bronckers AL, Lyaruu DM, DenBesten PK. The impact of fluoride on ameloblasts and the mechanism of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2009;88:877-93.
  • Robinson C, Connell S, Kirkham J, Brookers SJ, Shore RC, Smith AM. The effect of fluoride on the developing tooth. Caries Res. 2004;38:268-76.
  • Lenon MA. One in a million: The first community trial of water fluoridation. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84:759-60.
  • Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ. Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanism of dental fluorosis. Scand J Dent Res. 1977;85:510-34.
  • Garcia-Perez A, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Borges- Yanez A. Fluorosis and dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren residing in areas with different water fluoride concentrations and receiving fluoridated salt. Caries Res. 2013;47:299-308.
  • Kürkçüoğlu I, Karakılıç V, Kürkçüoğlu ME. Isparta ilinde yüksek florlu su kaynaklarını kullanan iki bölgede atmosferik radon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2010;1:49-61.
  • Ulusu T. Türkiye’nin su fluor haritası. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2003. s.3-442. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Evolve E. Domestic water and dental caries. V. additional studies of the relation of fluoride of domestic water to dental caries experience in 4425 white children aged 12 to 14 years of 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep. 1942;57:1155-79.
  • World Health Organization: Fluorides and Oral Health. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. WHO Technical Report Series 846. Geneva: WHO Press; 1994. p.1-33. Facts. ADA Statement
  • Fluoridation Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of Community Water Fluoridation. Illinois: American Dental Assosiation; 2005. p.6-9.
  • Mellberg JR. Fluoride dentifrices: Current status and prospects. Int Dent J. 1991;41:9-16.
  • Rock WP, Sabieha AM. The relationship between reported toothpaste usage in infancy and fluorosis of permanent incisors. Br Dent J. 1997;183:165- 70.
  • Stookey GK. Review of fluorosis risk of self- applied topical fluorides: Dentifrices, mouthrinses and gels. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22:181-6.
  • Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Institute of Medicine. Washington: National Academics Press; 2001. p.288-313. de Almeida BS, da Silva Cardoso VE, Buzalaf MA. Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste and diet in 1- to 3-year-old Brazilian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35:53-63.
  • Burt BA. The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1228-37.
  • Chowdhury NG, Brown RH, Shepherd MG. Fluoride intake of infants in New Zealand. J Dent Res. 1990;69:1828-33.
  • Paiva SM, Lima YB, Cury JA. Fluoride intake by Brazilian children from two communities with fluoridated water. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31:184-91.
  • Robinson C, Brookes SJ, Shore RC, Kirkham J. The developing enamel matrix: Nature and function. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998;106 Suppl 1:282-91.
  • Wright JT, Chen SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW. Protein characterization of fluorosed human enamel. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1936-41.
  • DenBesten PK, Heffernan LM. Enamel proteases in secretory and maturation enamel of rats ingesting 0 and100 ppm fluoride in drinking water. Adv Dent Res. 1989;3:199-202.
  • Uchida T, Murakami C, Dohi N, Wakida K, Satoda T, Takahashi O. Synthesis, secretion, degradation and fate of ameloblastin during the matrix formation stage of the rat incisor as shown by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry usingregion-specific antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:1329-40.
  • Lyaruu DM, Medina JF, Sarvide S, Bervoets TJ, Everts V, DenBesten PK, Smith CE, Bronckers AL. Barrier formation: Potential molecular mechanism of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2014;93:96- 102.
  • Yanagisawa T, Takuma S, Tohda H, Fejerskov O, Fearnhead RW. High resolution electron microscopy of enamel crystals in cases of human dental fluorosis. J Electron Microsc. 1989;38:441-8.
  • Simmer JP, Hu JC. Expression, structure, and function of enamel proteinases. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43:441-9.
  • Robinson J, Kirkham J. The effect of fluoride on the developing mineralized tissues. J Dent Res. 1990;69:685-91.
  • Lyaruu DM, Bervoets TJ, Bronckers AL. Short exposure to high levels of fluoride induces stage- dependent structural changes in ameloblasts and enamel mineralization. Eur J Oral Sci. 2006;114 Suppl 1:111-5.
  • DenBesten PK, Thariani H. Biological mechanisms of fluorosis and level and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with respect to fluorosis. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1238-43.
  • DenBesten PK. Mechanism and timing of fluoride effects on developing enamel. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59:247-51.
  • Weatherell JA, Deutsch D, Robinson C, Hallsworth AS. Assimilation of fluoride by enamel throughout the life of the tooth. Caries Res.1977;11 Suppl 1:85-115.
  • Hiller CR, Robinson C, Weatherell JA. Variations in the composition of developing rat incisor enamel. Calcif Tissue Res. 1975;18:1-12.
  • Bronkers AL, Wöltgens JH. Short-term effects of fluoride on biosynthesis of enamel-matrix proteins and dentine collagens and on mineralization during hamster tooth-germ development in organ culture. Arch Oral Biol. 1985;30:181-91.
  • Kerley MA, Kollar EJ. Regeneration of tooth development in vitro following sodium fluoride treatment. Am J Anat. 1977;149:181-95.
  • DenBesten PK. Effects of fluoride on protein secretion and removal during enamel development in the rat. J Dent Res. 1986;65:1272-7.
  • Gedalia I, Shapira L. Effect of prenatal and postnatal fluoride on the human deciduous dentition. A literature review. Adv Dent Res. 1989;3:168-76.
  • Warren JJ, Kanellis MJ, Levy SM. Fluorosis of the primary dentition: What does it mean for permanent teeth? J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:347-56.
  • Fejerskov O, Manji F, Baleum V. The nature and mechanism of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res. 1990;69 Spec No:692-700.
  • Adali MK, Varol E, Aksoy F, Icli A, Ersoy IH, Ozaydin M, Erdogan D, Dogan A. Impaired heart rate recovery in patients with endemic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;152:310-5.
  • Varol E, Akcay S, Ersoy IH, Ozaydin M, Koroglu BK, Varol S. Aortic elasticity is impaired in patients with endemic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133:121-7.
  • Ersoy IH, Alanoglu EG, Koroglu BK, Varol S, Akcay S, Ugan Y, Ersoy S, Tamer MN. Effect of endemic fluorosis on hematological parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;138:22-7.
  • Atmaca N, Atmaca HT, Kanici A, Anteplioglu T. Protective effect of resveratrol on sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;70:191-7.
  • Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1362-8.
  • Avcı B, Baysal SU, Gökçay G. Çocuklarda flor kullanımının yarar ve zararlarının değerlendirilmesi. Çocuk Dergisi. 2009;9:8-15. Reddy DR. Neurology of endemic skeletal fluorosis. Neurol India. 2009;57:7-12.
  • Whitford GM. The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride. J Dent Res. 1990;69 Spec No: 539-49. Mascarenhas AK. Risk factors for dental fluorosis: A review of the recent literature. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22:269-77.
  • Rugg-Gun AJ, Villa AE, Buzalaf MR. Contemporary biological markers of exposure to fluoride. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:37-51.
  • McDonnell ST, O’Mullane D, Cronin M, MacCormack C, Kirk J. Relevant factors when considering fingernail clippings as fluoride biomar- ker. Community Dent Health. 2004;21:19-24.
  • Pessan JP, Buzalaf MR. Historical and recent biological markers of exposure to fluoride. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:52-65. Çelik EU, Çelik B, Önal S, Örmeci A, Ulutaş H. Isparta ilindeki 11-12 yaşındaki çocukların diş çürüğü ve florozis prevalansının değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2010;20:170-5.
  • Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P. Effects of low and standart fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: Systematic review and meta- analysis. Caries Res. 2013;47:382-90.
  • Ellwood RP, Curry JA. How much toothpaste should a child under the age of 6 years use? Eur Arch Pediatr Dent. 2009;10:168-74.
  • Cury JA, Del Fiol FS, Tenuta LM, Rosalen PL. Low-fluoride dentifrice and gastrointestinal fluoride absorption after meals. J Dent Res. 2005;84:1133-7.
  • Wang Y, Sa Y, Liang S, Jiang T. Minimally invasive treatment for esthetic management of severe dental fluorosis: A case report. Oper Dent. 2013;38:358-62.
  • Croll TP, Segura A. Tooth color improvement for children and teens: Enamel microabrasion and dental bleaching. ASDC J Dent Child. 1996;63:17-22.
  • Tirlet G, Chabouis HF, Attal JP. Infiltration, a new therapy for masking enamel white spots: A 19- month follow-up case series. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2013;8:180-90.
  • Munoz MA, Arana-Gordillo LA, Gomes GM, Gomes OM, Bombarda NH, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Alternative esthetic management of fluorosis and hypoplasia stains: Blending effect obtained with resin infiltration techniques. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013;25:32-9. Auschill TM, Schmidt KE, Arweiler NB. Resin infiltration for aesthetic improvement of mild to moderate fluorosis: A six- month follow-up case report. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13:31722.
  • Torres CR, Borges AB. Color masking of developmental enamel defects: A case series. Oper Dent. 2015;40:25-33.

Diş Hekimliğinde Florozis

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1399 - 1408, 01.04.2013

Öz

Flor yer kabuğunda yaygın olarak bulunan bir elementtir. İçme suyuna ve diş hekimliğinde kullanılan çeşitli ürünlere eklenen florürün çürük oluşumunu azalttığı birçok çalışma ile kanıtlanmıştır. Çürük kontrolü amacıyla kullanılan florürün kanıtlanmış tek yan etkisi dişlerde florozis oluşturmasıdır. Bu derleme, dişlerde, florozis oluşumunun etiyolojisi, patogenezi, klinik görüntüsü ve sınıflandırılması gibi konuları içermektedir

Kaynakça

  • Everett ET. Fluoride’s effects on the formation of teeth and bones, and the influence of genetics. J Dent Res. 2011;90:552-60.
  • http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_ Calcium/288-313.pdf (erişim tarihi: Ocak 2014)
  • Susheela AK. Dental fluorosis and its extended effects. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80:715-7.
  • Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27:31-40.
  • Buzalaf MA, Pessan JP, Honorio HM, ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:97-114.
  • DenBesten PK, Li W. Chronic fluoride toxicity: Dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:81
  • Meyer-Lueckel H, Grundmann E, Stang A. Effects of fluoride tablets on caries and fluorosis occurence among 6-to-9 year olds using fluoridated salt. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38:315- 23.
  • Mc Donagh MS, Whitting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misso K, Bradley M, Treasure E, Kleijnen J. Systemic review of water fluoridation. BMJ. 2000;321:855-9.
  • Whelton HP, Ketley CE, McSweeney F, O’Mullane DM. A review of fluorosis in the European Union: Prevalence, risk factors and aesthetic issues. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32 Suppl 1:9-18. Buzalaf MA, Massaro CS, Rodrigues MH, Fukushima R, Pessan JP, Whitford GM, Sampaio FC. Validation of fingernail fluoride concentration as a predictor of risk for dental fluorosis. Caries Res. 2012;46:394-400. Küçükeşmen Ç, Sönmez H. Diş hekimliğinde florun, insan vücudu ve dişler üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2008;15:43-53.
  • Marthaler TM, Petersen PE. Salt fluoridation-- an alternative in automatic prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J. 2005;55:351-8.
  • Riordan PJ. Fluoride supplements for young children: An analysis of the literature focusing on benefits and risks. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27:72-83.
  • Ardu S, Stavridakis M, Krejci I. A minimally invasive treatment of severe dental fluorosis. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:455-8. World Health Organization and UNICEF. Water for Life: Making It Happen. Geneva: WHO Press; 2005. p.17.
  • Bronckers AL, Lyaruu DM, DenBesten PK. The impact of fluoride on ameloblasts and the mechanism of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2009;88:877-93.
  • Robinson C, Connell S, Kirkham J, Brookers SJ, Shore RC, Smith AM. The effect of fluoride on the developing tooth. Caries Res. 2004;38:268-76.
  • Lenon MA. One in a million: The first community trial of water fluoridation. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84:759-60.
  • Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ. Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanism of dental fluorosis. Scand J Dent Res. 1977;85:510-34.
  • Garcia-Perez A, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Borges- Yanez A. Fluorosis and dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren residing in areas with different water fluoride concentrations and receiving fluoridated salt. Caries Res. 2013;47:299-308.
  • Kürkçüoğlu I, Karakılıç V, Kürkçüoğlu ME. Isparta ilinde yüksek florlu su kaynaklarını kullanan iki bölgede atmosferik radon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2010;1:49-61.
  • Ulusu T. Türkiye’nin su fluor haritası. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2003. s.3-442. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Evolve E. Domestic water and dental caries. V. additional studies of the relation of fluoride of domestic water to dental caries experience in 4425 white children aged 12 to 14 years of 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep. 1942;57:1155-79.
  • World Health Organization: Fluorides and Oral Health. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. WHO Technical Report Series 846. Geneva: WHO Press; 1994. p.1-33. Facts. ADA Statement
  • Fluoridation Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of Community Water Fluoridation. Illinois: American Dental Assosiation; 2005. p.6-9.
  • Mellberg JR. Fluoride dentifrices: Current status and prospects. Int Dent J. 1991;41:9-16.
  • Rock WP, Sabieha AM. The relationship between reported toothpaste usage in infancy and fluorosis of permanent incisors. Br Dent J. 1997;183:165- 70.
  • Stookey GK. Review of fluorosis risk of self- applied topical fluorides: Dentifrices, mouthrinses and gels. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22:181-6.
  • Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Institute of Medicine. Washington: National Academics Press; 2001. p.288-313. de Almeida BS, da Silva Cardoso VE, Buzalaf MA. Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste and diet in 1- to 3-year-old Brazilian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35:53-63.
  • Burt BA. The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1228-37.
  • Chowdhury NG, Brown RH, Shepherd MG. Fluoride intake of infants in New Zealand. J Dent Res. 1990;69:1828-33.
  • Paiva SM, Lima YB, Cury JA. Fluoride intake by Brazilian children from two communities with fluoridated water. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31:184-91.
  • Robinson C, Brookes SJ, Shore RC, Kirkham J. The developing enamel matrix: Nature and function. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998;106 Suppl 1:282-91.
  • Wright JT, Chen SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW. Protein characterization of fluorosed human enamel. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1936-41.
  • DenBesten PK, Heffernan LM. Enamel proteases in secretory and maturation enamel of rats ingesting 0 and100 ppm fluoride in drinking water. Adv Dent Res. 1989;3:199-202.
  • Uchida T, Murakami C, Dohi N, Wakida K, Satoda T, Takahashi O. Synthesis, secretion, degradation and fate of ameloblastin during the matrix formation stage of the rat incisor as shown by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry usingregion-specific antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:1329-40.
  • Lyaruu DM, Medina JF, Sarvide S, Bervoets TJ, Everts V, DenBesten PK, Smith CE, Bronckers AL. Barrier formation: Potential molecular mechanism of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2014;93:96- 102.
  • Yanagisawa T, Takuma S, Tohda H, Fejerskov O, Fearnhead RW. High resolution electron microscopy of enamel crystals in cases of human dental fluorosis. J Electron Microsc. 1989;38:441-8.
  • Simmer JP, Hu JC. Expression, structure, and function of enamel proteinases. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43:441-9.
  • Robinson J, Kirkham J. The effect of fluoride on the developing mineralized tissues. J Dent Res. 1990;69:685-91.
  • Lyaruu DM, Bervoets TJ, Bronckers AL. Short exposure to high levels of fluoride induces stage- dependent structural changes in ameloblasts and enamel mineralization. Eur J Oral Sci. 2006;114 Suppl 1:111-5.
  • DenBesten PK, Thariani H. Biological mechanisms of fluorosis and level and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with respect to fluorosis. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1238-43.
  • DenBesten PK. Mechanism and timing of fluoride effects on developing enamel. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59:247-51.
  • Weatherell JA, Deutsch D, Robinson C, Hallsworth AS. Assimilation of fluoride by enamel throughout the life of the tooth. Caries Res.1977;11 Suppl 1:85-115.
  • Hiller CR, Robinson C, Weatherell JA. Variations in the composition of developing rat incisor enamel. Calcif Tissue Res. 1975;18:1-12.
  • Bronkers AL, Wöltgens JH. Short-term effects of fluoride on biosynthesis of enamel-matrix proteins and dentine collagens and on mineralization during hamster tooth-germ development in organ culture. Arch Oral Biol. 1985;30:181-91.
  • Kerley MA, Kollar EJ. Regeneration of tooth development in vitro following sodium fluoride treatment. Am J Anat. 1977;149:181-95.
  • DenBesten PK. Effects of fluoride on protein secretion and removal during enamel development in the rat. J Dent Res. 1986;65:1272-7.
  • Gedalia I, Shapira L. Effect of prenatal and postnatal fluoride on the human deciduous dentition. A literature review. Adv Dent Res. 1989;3:168-76.
  • Warren JJ, Kanellis MJ, Levy SM. Fluorosis of the primary dentition: What does it mean for permanent teeth? J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:347-56.
  • Fejerskov O, Manji F, Baleum V. The nature and mechanism of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res. 1990;69 Spec No:692-700.
  • Adali MK, Varol E, Aksoy F, Icli A, Ersoy IH, Ozaydin M, Erdogan D, Dogan A. Impaired heart rate recovery in patients with endemic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;152:310-5.
  • Varol E, Akcay S, Ersoy IH, Ozaydin M, Koroglu BK, Varol S. Aortic elasticity is impaired in patients with endemic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133:121-7.
  • Ersoy IH, Alanoglu EG, Koroglu BK, Varol S, Akcay S, Ugan Y, Ersoy S, Tamer MN. Effect of endemic fluorosis on hematological parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;138:22-7.
  • Atmaca N, Atmaca HT, Kanici A, Anteplioglu T. Protective effect of resveratrol on sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;70:191-7.
  • Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1362-8.
  • Avcı B, Baysal SU, Gökçay G. Çocuklarda flor kullanımının yarar ve zararlarının değerlendirilmesi. Çocuk Dergisi. 2009;9:8-15. Reddy DR. Neurology of endemic skeletal fluorosis. Neurol India. 2009;57:7-12.
  • Whitford GM. The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride. J Dent Res. 1990;69 Spec No: 539-49. Mascarenhas AK. Risk factors for dental fluorosis: A review of the recent literature. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22:269-77.
  • Rugg-Gun AJ, Villa AE, Buzalaf MR. Contemporary biological markers of exposure to fluoride. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:37-51.
  • McDonnell ST, O’Mullane D, Cronin M, MacCormack C, Kirk J. Relevant factors when considering fingernail clippings as fluoride biomar- ker. Community Dent Health. 2004;21:19-24.
  • Pessan JP, Buzalaf MR. Historical and recent biological markers of exposure to fluoride. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:52-65. Çelik EU, Çelik B, Önal S, Örmeci A, Ulutaş H. Isparta ilindeki 11-12 yaşındaki çocukların diş çürüğü ve florozis prevalansının değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2010;20:170-5.
  • Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P. Effects of low and standart fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: Systematic review and meta- analysis. Caries Res. 2013;47:382-90.
  • Ellwood RP, Curry JA. How much toothpaste should a child under the age of 6 years use? Eur Arch Pediatr Dent. 2009;10:168-74.
  • Cury JA, Del Fiol FS, Tenuta LM, Rosalen PL. Low-fluoride dentifrice and gastrointestinal fluoride absorption after meals. J Dent Res. 2005;84:1133-7.
  • Wang Y, Sa Y, Liang S, Jiang T. Minimally invasive treatment for esthetic management of severe dental fluorosis: A case report. Oper Dent. 2013;38:358-62.
  • Croll TP, Segura A. Tooth color improvement for children and teens: Enamel microabrasion and dental bleaching. ASDC J Dent Child. 1996;63:17-22.
  • Tirlet G, Chabouis HF, Attal JP. Infiltration, a new therapy for masking enamel white spots: A 19- month follow-up case series. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2013;8:180-90.
  • Munoz MA, Arana-Gordillo LA, Gomes GM, Gomes OM, Bombarda NH, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Alternative esthetic management of fluorosis and hypoplasia stains: Blending effect obtained with resin infiltration techniques. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013;25:32-9. Auschill TM, Schmidt KE, Arweiler NB. Resin infiltration for aesthetic improvement of mild to moderate fluorosis: A six- month follow-up case report. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13:31722.
  • Torres CR, Borges AB. Color masking of developmental enamel defects: A case series. Oper Dent. 2015;40:25-33.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Burcu Gözetici Bu kişi benim

Funda Öztürk Bozkurt Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Gözetici B, Bozkurt FÖ. Diş Hekimliğinde Florozis. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2013;7(1):1399-408.