BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Lasers in Orthodontic Practice

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 490 - 497, 01.01.2010

Öz

Lasers are being introduced as an upcoming tool in medical and dental specialties. While there is a long list of its dental use, its use in orthodontics, in particular, is limited. In this review description, history and classification of lasers, various types of lasers, ortodontic laser applications, dental laser safety and harmful effects of lasers are presented

Kaynakça

  • Colouzzi DJ., Convissar RA. Lasers in clinical den- tistry. Dent Clin North Am. 751–1145, 2004.
  • Dictionary of scientific biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s ; 1971.
  • Bohr N. The theory of spectra and atomic constitu- tion: 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press; 1992.
  • Maiman TH. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature. 187:493–494, 1960.
  • Goldman L., Gray JA., Goldman J., Goldman B., Meyer R. Effects of laser impacts on teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 70:601–606, 1965.
  • Pecaro BC., Garehime WJ. The CO2 laser in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
  • Frame JW. Carbon dioxide laser surgery for be- nign oral lesions. Br Dent J. 158:125–128, 1985.
  • Pick RM., Pecaro BC., Silberman CJ. The laser gin- givectomy. J Periodontol. 56:492–494, 1985.
  • Myers TD., Myers ED., Stone RM. First soft tissue study utilizing a pulsed Nd: YAG dental laser. Northwest Dent. 68:14–17, 1989.
  • Hibst R., Keller U. Experimental studies of the app- lication of the Er: YAG laser on dental hard subs- tances : 1. Measurement of ablation rate. Lasers Surg Med. 9:338–344, 1989.
  • Parker S. Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice. Br Dent J. 202:527–531, 2007.
  • Sethi CS., Grey RH., Hart CD. Laser pointers revi- sited: a survey of 14 patients attending casualty at the Bristol Eye Hospital. Br J Opthalmol. 83:1164– 1167, 1999.
  • Robertson DM., McLaren JW., Salomao DR., Link TP. Retinopathy from a green laser pointer: a cli- nicopathologic study. Arch Opthalmol. 123:629– 633, 2005.
  • Reidenbach HD., Dollinger K., Hofmann J. Field trials with low power lasers concerning the blink reflex. Biomed Tech (Berl). 47 (1):600–601, 2002.
  • Chandra P., Azad RV. Laser rangefinder induced retinal injuries. Indian J Opthalmol. 52:349–351, 2004.
  • Schuele G., Rumohr M., Huettmann G., Brinkmann R. RPE damage thresholds and mechanisms for laser exposure in the microsecond-to-millisecond time regimen. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 46:714– 719, 2005.
  • Brown DF., Moerenhout RG. The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treat- ment of preadolescents, adolescents and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 100:349–356, 1991.
  • Krukemeyer AM., Arruda AO., Inglehart MR. Pain and orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 79:1175–1181, 2009.
  • Fukui T., Harazaki M., Muraki K., Sakamoto T., Isshiki Y., Yamaguchi H. The evaluation of laser ir- radiated pain reductive effect by occlusal force me- asurement. Orthod Waves. 61:199–206, 2002.
  • Saito S., Mikikawa Y., Usui M., Mikawa M., Ya- masaki K., Inoue T. Clinical application of a pres- sure-sensitive occlusal sheet for tooth pain-time dependent pain associated with a multi-bracket system and the inhibition of pain by laser irradiati- on. Orthod Waves. 61:31–39, 2002.
  • Harazaki M., Isshiki Y. Soft laser irradiation effe- cts on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 38:291–295, 1997.
  • Turhani D., Scheriau M., Kapral D., Benesch T., Jonke E., Bantleon HP. Pain relief by single low- level laser irradiation in orthodontic patients un- dergoing fixed appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 130:371–377, 2006.
  • Lippert BM., Werner JA. Comparison of carbon di- oxide and neodymium: yttrium- aluminum-garnet lasers in surgery of the inferior turbinate. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 106:1036–1042, 1997.
  • Fujiyama K., Deguchi T., Murakami T., Fujii A., Kushimad K., Yamamotoe TT. Clinical effect of CO2 lasers in reducing pain in orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 78:462–466, 2008.
  • Pinheiro AJ., Cavalcanti ET., Pinheiro TI., Alves MJ., Manzi CT. Low-level laser therapy in the ma- nagement of disorders of the maxillofacial region. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 15:181–183, 1997.
  • Simunovic Z. Low level laser therapy with trigger points technique; a clinical study on 243 patients. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 14:163–167, 1996.
  • Graber TM. Our word is as good as our bond. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 108:229–230, 1995.
  • Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and Equ- ipment. Visible light-cured composites and activa- ting units. J Am Dent Assoc. 110:100–103, 1985.
  • Cook WD. Spectral distributions of dental pho- topolymerization sources. J Dent Res. 61:1436– 1438, 1982.
  • Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light ac- tivated composites. Int Dent J. 35:218–225, 1985.
  • Blankenau RJ., Kelsey WP., Powell GL., Shearer GO., Barkmeier WW., Cavel WT. Degree of com- posite resin polymerization with visible light and argon laser. Am J Dent. 4: 4-12, 1991.
  • Kelsey WP., Blankenau RJ., Powell GL., Barkmeier WW., Cavel WT., Whisenant BK. Enhancement of physical properties of resin restorative materials by laser polymerization. Lasers Surg Med. 9:623– 627, 1989.
  • Powell GL., Kelsey WP., Blankenau RJ., Barkmeier WW. The use of an argon laser for polymerization of composite resin. J Esth Dent. 1:34–37, 1989.
  • Severin C., Maquin M. Argon ion laser beam as composite resin light curing agent. In: Lasers in Dentistry. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1989: 241– 246.
  • Powell GL., Morton TH., Whisenant BK. Argon la- ser oral safety parameters for teeth. Lasers Surg Med. 13:548–552, 1993.
  • Kupiec KA., Swenson RR., Blankenau RJ., Bhatia SJ. Laser vs VLC systems for bonding orthodontic brackets [abstract 3205]. J Dent Res. 76:414–417, 1997.
  • Kurchak M., Desantos B., Powers J., Turner D. Ar- gon laser for light curing adhesives. J Clin Orthod. 31:371–374, 1997.
  • Sedivy M., Ferguson D., Dhuru V., Kittleson R. Ort- hodontic resin adhesive cured with argon laser: tensile bond strength [abstract 582]. J Dent Res. 72:174–176, 1993.
  • Weinberger SJ., Foley TF., McConnell RJ., Wright WZ. Bond strengths of two ceramic brackets using argon laser, light and chemically cured resin sys- tems. Angle Orthod. 67:173–178, 1997.
  • Cobb DS., Vargas MA., Rundle T. Physical proper- ties of composites cured with conventional light or argon laser. Am J Dent. 9:199–202, 1996.
  • Shanthala BM., Munshi AK. Laser vs. visible-light cured composite resin: an in-vitro shear bond study. J Clin Ped Dent. 19:121–125, 1995.
  • Talbot TQ., Blankenau RJ., Zobitz ME. The effect of argon laser irradiation of enamel on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 118:274–279, 2000.
  • Takeda FH., Harashima T., Eto JN., Kimura Y., Matsumoto K. Effect of Er: YAG laser treatment on the root canal walls of human teeth: an SEM study. Endod Dent Traumatol. 14:270–273, 1998.
  • Takeda FH., Harashima T., Kimura Y., Matsumoto K. A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontics irrigants and two types of laser. Int Endod J. 32:32–39, 1999.
  • Zakariasen KL., MacDonald R., Boran T. Spotlight on lasers. A look at potential benefits. J Am Dent Assoc. 122:58–62, 1991.
  • Nelson DGA., Wefel JS., Jongbloed WL., Feathers- tone JDB. Morphology, histology and crystallog- raphy of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low energy infrared laser irradiation. Caries Res. 21:411–426, 1987.
  • Walsh LJ., Abood D., Brockhurst PJ. Bonding of composite resin to carbon dioxide laser-etched hu- man enamel. Dent Mater. 10:162–166, 1994.
  • Silverstone LM., Saxton CA., Dogon IL., Fejerskov O. Variations in the pattern of etching of human dental enamel examined by scanning electron mic- roscopy. Caries Res. 9:373–387, 1975.
  • Von Fraunhofer JA., Allen DJ., Orbell GM. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding. Angle Ort- hod. 63:73–76, 1993.
  • Drummond JL., Wigdor HA., Walsh JT., Fadavi S., Punwani I. Sealant bond strengths of CO2 laser- etched vs acid-etched bovine enamel. Lasers Surg Med. 27:111–118, 2000.
  • Corpas-Pastor L., Moreno JV., Garrido JD., Mu- riel VP., Moore K., Elias A. Comparing the ten- sile strength of brackets adhered to laser-etched enamel vs acid-etched enamel. J Am Dent Assoc. 128:732–737, 1997.
  • Ariyaratnam MT., Wilson MA., Blinkhorn AS. A comparison of surface roughness, surface morp- hology and composite/dentin bond strength of human dentin following the application of the Nd: YAG laser. Dent Mater. 15:223–228, 1999.
  • Whitters CJ., Strang R. Preliminary investigation of a novel carbon dioxide laser for applications in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med. 26:262–269, 2000.
  • Walsh LJ., Abood D., Brockhurst PJ. Bonding of resin composite to carbon dioxide laser-modified human enamel. Dent Mater. 10:162–166, 1994.
  • Kim JH., Kwon OW., Kim HI., Kwon YH. Acid re- sistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser–treated and phosphoric acid–etched ena- mels. Angle Orthod. 76:441–445, 2006.
  • Hamamcı N., Akkurt A., Başaran G. In vitro evalu- ation of microleakage under orthodontic brackets using two different laser etching, self etching and acid etching methods. Lasers Med Sci. 27:, 2009.
  • Özer T., Başaran G., Berk N. Laser etching of ena- mel for orthodontic bonding. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 134:193–197, 2008.
  • Habibi M., Nik TH., Hooshmand T. Comparison of debonding characteristics of metal and ceramic ort- hodontic brackets to enamel: An in-vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 132:675–679, 2007.
  • Wool AL. A better debonding procedure. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 102:84–86, 1992.
  • Bishara SE., Truelove TS. Comparisons of different debonding techniques for ceramic brackets: an in vitro study-part II, findings and clinical implicati- ons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 98:263– 273, 1990.
  • Tocchio RM., Williams PT., Mayer J., Standing KG. Laser debonding of ceramic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 103:155–162, 1993.
  • Rickabaugh JL., Marangoni RD., McCaffrey KK. Ceramic bracket debonding with the carbon di- oxide laser. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 110:388–393, 1996.
  • Strobl K., Babus TL., Willham L., Bishara SE., Stwa- iley WC. Laser-aided debonding of orthodontic ce- ramic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 101:152–158, 1992.
  • Hayakawa K. Nd:YAG laser for debonding cera- mic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 128:638–647, 2005.
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  • Fox JL., Duncan Y., Otsuka M. Initial dissolution rate studies on dental enamel after CO2 laser irra- diation. J Dent Res. 71:1390–1398, 1992.
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Ortodonti Pratiğinde Lazerler

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 490 - 497, 01.01.2010

Öz

Lazer, tıp ve diş hekimliği uygulamalarında yeni bir teknoloji olarak yer almaktadır. Dental uygulamalarda kullanım alanı fazla iken, ortodonti alanında kısıtlı kullanıma sahiptir. Bu derlemede lazerin tanımı, tarihçesi, sınıflandırılması, tipleri, ortodontideki kullanım alanları, lazerin güvenli kullanımı ve zararlı etkileri sunulmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Colouzzi DJ., Convissar RA. Lasers in clinical den- tistry. Dent Clin North Am. 751–1145, 2004.
  • Dictionary of scientific biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s ; 1971.
  • Bohr N. The theory of spectra and atomic constitu- tion: 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press; 1992.
  • Maiman TH. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature. 187:493–494, 1960.
  • Goldman L., Gray JA., Goldman J., Goldman B., Meyer R. Effects of laser impacts on teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 70:601–606, 1965.
  • Pecaro BC., Garehime WJ. The CO2 laser in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
  • Frame JW. Carbon dioxide laser surgery for be- nign oral lesions. Br Dent J. 158:125–128, 1985.
  • Pick RM., Pecaro BC., Silberman CJ. The laser gin- givectomy. J Periodontol. 56:492–494, 1985.
  • Myers TD., Myers ED., Stone RM. First soft tissue study utilizing a pulsed Nd: YAG dental laser. Northwest Dent. 68:14–17, 1989.
  • Hibst R., Keller U. Experimental studies of the app- lication of the Er: YAG laser on dental hard subs- tances : 1. Measurement of ablation rate. Lasers Surg Med. 9:338–344, 1989.
  • Parker S. Laser regulation and safety in general dental practice. Br Dent J. 202:527–531, 2007.
  • Sethi CS., Grey RH., Hart CD. Laser pointers revi- sited: a survey of 14 patients attending casualty at the Bristol Eye Hospital. Br J Opthalmol. 83:1164– 1167, 1999.
  • Robertson DM., McLaren JW., Salomao DR., Link TP. Retinopathy from a green laser pointer: a cli- nicopathologic study. Arch Opthalmol. 123:629– 633, 2005.
  • Reidenbach HD., Dollinger K., Hofmann J. Field trials with low power lasers concerning the blink reflex. Biomed Tech (Berl). 47 (1):600–601, 2002.
  • Chandra P., Azad RV. Laser rangefinder induced retinal injuries. Indian J Opthalmol. 52:349–351, 2004.
  • Schuele G., Rumohr M., Huettmann G., Brinkmann R. RPE damage thresholds and mechanisms for laser exposure in the microsecond-to-millisecond time regimen. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 46:714– 719, 2005.
  • Brown DF., Moerenhout RG. The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treat- ment of preadolescents, adolescents and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 100:349–356, 1991.
  • Krukemeyer AM., Arruda AO., Inglehart MR. Pain and orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 79:1175–1181, 2009.
  • Fukui T., Harazaki M., Muraki K., Sakamoto T., Isshiki Y., Yamaguchi H. The evaluation of laser ir- radiated pain reductive effect by occlusal force me- asurement. Orthod Waves. 61:199–206, 2002.
  • Saito S., Mikikawa Y., Usui M., Mikawa M., Ya- masaki K., Inoue T. Clinical application of a pres- sure-sensitive occlusal sheet for tooth pain-time dependent pain associated with a multi-bracket system and the inhibition of pain by laser irradiati- on. Orthod Waves. 61:31–39, 2002.
  • Harazaki M., Isshiki Y. Soft laser irradiation effe- cts on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 38:291–295, 1997.
  • Turhani D., Scheriau M., Kapral D., Benesch T., Jonke E., Bantleon HP. Pain relief by single low- level laser irradiation in orthodontic patients un- dergoing fixed appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 130:371–377, 2006.
  • Lippert BM., Werner JA. Comparison of carbon di- oxide and neodymium: yttrium- aluminum-garnet lasers in surgery of the inferior turbinate. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 106:1036–1042, 1997.
  • Fujiyama K., Deguchi T., Murakami T., Fujii A., Kushimad K., Yamamotoe TT. Clinical effect of CO2 lasers in reducing pain in orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 78:462–466, 2008.
  • Pinheiro AJ., Cavalcanti ET., Pinheiro TI., Alves MJ., Manzi CT. Low-level laser therapy in the ma- nagement of disorders of the maxillofacial region. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 15:181–183, 1997.
  • Simunovic Z. Low level laser therapy with trigger points technique; a clinical study on 243 patients. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 14:163–167, 1996.
  • Graber TM. Our word is as good as our bond. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 108:229–230, 1995.
  • Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and Equ- ipment. Visible light-cured composites and activa- ting units. J Am Dent Assoc. 110:100–103, 1985.
  • Cook WD. Spectral distributions of dental pho- topolymerization sources. J Dent Res. 61:1436– 1438, 1982.
  • Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light ac- tivated composites. Int Dent J. 35:218–225, 1985.
  • Blankenau RJ., Kelsey WP., Powell GL., Shearer GO., Barkmeier WW., Cavel WT. Degree of com- posite resin polymerization with visible light and argon laser. Am J Dent. 4: 4-12, 1991.
  • Kelsey WP., Blankenau RJ., Powell GL., Barkmeier WW., Cavel WT., Whisenant BK. Enhancement of physical properties of resin restorative materials by laser polymerization. Lasers Surg Med. 9:623– 627, 1989.
  • Powell GL., Kelsey WP., Blankenau RJ., Barkmeier WW. The use of an argon laser for polymerization of composite resin. J Esth Dent. 1:34–37, 1989.
  • Severin C., Maquin M. Argon ion laser beam as composite resin light curing agent. In: Lasers in Dentistry. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1989: 241– 246.
  • Powell GL., Morton TH., Whisenant BK. Argon la- ser oral safety parameters for teeth. Lasers Surg Med. 13:548–552, 1993.
  • Kupiec KA., Swenson RR., Blankenau RJ., Bhatia SJ. Laser vs VLC systems for bonding orthodontic brackets [abstract 3205]. J Dent Res. 76:414–417, 1997.
  • Kurchak M., Desantos B., Powers J., Turner D. Ar- gon laser for light curing adhesives. J Clin Orthod. 31:371–374, 1997.
  • Sedivy M., Ferguson D., Dhuru V., Kittleson R. Ort- hodontic resin adhesive cured with argon laser: tensile bond strength [abstract 582]. J Dent Res. 72:174–176, 1993.
  • Weinberger SJ., Foley TF., McConnell RJ., Wright WZ. Bond strengths of two ceramic brackets using argon laser, light and chemically cured resin sys- tems. Angle Orthod. 67:173–178, 1997.
  • Cobb DS., Vargas MA., Rundle T. Physical proper- ties of composites cured with conventional light or argon laser. Am J Dent. 9:199–202, 1996.
  • Shanthala BM., Munshi AK. Laser vs. visible-light cured composite resin: an in-vitro shear bond study. J Clin Ped Dent. 19:121–125, 1995.
  • Talbot TQ., Blankenau RJ., Zobitz ME. The effect of argon laser irradiation of enamel on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 118:274–279, 2000.
  • Takeda FH., Harashima T., Eto JN., Kimura Y., Matsumoto K. Effect of Er: YAG laser treatment on the root canal walls of human teeth: an SEM study. Endod Dent Traumatol. 14:270–273, 1998.
  • Takeda FH., Harashima T., Kimura Y., Matsumoto K. A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontics irrigants and two types of laser. Int Endod J. 32:32–39, 1999.
  • Zakariasen KL., MacDonald R., Boran T. Spotlight on lasers. A look at potential benefits. J Am Dent Assoc. 122:58–62, 1991.
  • Nelson DGA., Wefel JS., Jongbloed WL., Feathers- tone JDB. Morphology, histology and crystallog- raphy of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low energy infrared laser irradiation. Caries Res. 21:411–426, 1987.
  • Walsh LJ., Abood D., Brockhurst PJ. Bonding of composite resin to carbon dioxide laser-etched hu- man enamel. Dent Mater. 10:162–166, 1994.
  • Silverstone LM., Saxton CA., Dogon IL., Fejerskov O. Variations in the pattern of etching of human dental enamel examined by scanning electron mic- roscopy. Caries Res. 9:373–387, 1975.
  • Von Fraunhofer JA., Allen DJ., Orbell GM. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding. Angle Ort- hod. 63:73–76, 1993.
  • Drummond JL., Wigdor HA., Walsh JT., Fadavi S., Punwani I. Sealant bond strengths of CO2 laser- etched vs acid-etched bovine enamel. Lasers Surg Med. 27:111–118, 2000.
  • Corpas-Pastor L., Moreno JV., Garrido JD., Mu- riel VP., Moore K., Elias A. Comparing the ten- sile strength of brackets adhered to laser-etched enamel vs acid-etched enamel. J Am Dent Assoc. 128:732–737, 1997.
  • Ariyaratnam MT., Wilson MA., Blinkhorn AS. A comparison of surface roughness, surface morp- hology and composite/dentin bond strength of human dentin following the application of the Nd: YAG laser. Dent Mater. 15:223–228, 1999.
  • Whitters CJ., Strang R. Preliminary investigation of a novel carbon dioxide laser for applications in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med. 26:262–269, 2000.
  • Walsh LJ., Abood D., Brockhurst PJ. Bonding of resin composite to carbon dioxide laser-modified human enamel. Dent Mater. 10:162–166, 1994.
  • Kim JH., Kwon OW., Kim HI., Kwon YH. Acid re- sistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser–treated and phosphoric acid–etched ena- mels. Angle Orthod. 76:441–445, 2006.
  • Hamamcı N., Akkurt A., Başaran G. In vitro evalu- ation of microleakage under orthodontic brackets using two different laser etching, self etching and acid etching methods. Lasers Med Sci. 27:, 2009.
  • Özer T., Başaran G., Berk N. Laser etching of ena- mel for orthodontic bonding. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 134:193–197, 2008.
  • Habibi M., Nik TH., Hooshmand T. Comparison of debonding characteristics of metal and ceramic ort- hodontic brackets to enamel: An in-vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 132:675–679, 2007.
  • Wool AL. A better debonding procedure. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 102:84–86, 1992.
  • Bishara SE., Truelove TS. Comparisons of different debonding techniques for ceramic brackets: an in vitro study-part II, findings and clinical implicati- ons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 98:263– 273, 1990.
  • Tocchio RM., Williams PT., Mayer J., Standing KG. Laser debonding of ceramic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 103:155–162, 1993.
  • Rickabaugh JL., Marangoni RD., McCaffrey KK. Ceramic bracket debonding with the carbon di- oxide laser. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 110:388–393, 1996.
  • Strobl K., Babus TL., Willham L., Bishara SE., Stwa- iley WC. Laser-aided debonding of orthodontic ce- ramic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 101:152–158, 1992.
  • Hayakawa K. Nd:YAG laser for debonding cera- mic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 128:638–647, 2005.
  • Sognnaes RF., Stern RH. Laser effect on resistance of human dental enamel to demineralization in-vit- ro. J S Calif Dent Assoc. 33:328–329, 1965.
  • Yamamoto HY., Sato K. Prevention of dental ca- ries by Nd: YAG laser irradiation. J Dent Res 59:2171–2177, 1980.
  • Duncan Y., Powell GL., Higuchi WI., Fox J. Enhan- cement of argon laser effect on dissolution and loss of human enamel. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 11:259– 261, 1993.
  • Powell LG., Duncan Y., Higuchi WI., Fox JL. Com- parison of three lasers on demineralization of hu- man enamel. Lasers in Orthopedic, Dental, and Veterinary Medicine II. 18:188–192, 1994.
  • Fox JL., Duncan Y., Otsuka M. Initial dissolution rate studies on dental enamel after CO2 laser irra- diation. J Dent Res. 71:1390–1398, 1992.
  • Flaitz CM., Hicks MJ., Westerman GH. Argon la- ser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment in caries-like lesion formation in enamel: an in-vitro study. Pediatr Dent. 17:31–39, 1995.
  • Goodman BD., Kaufman HW. Effects of an argon laser on the crystalline properties and rate of disso- lution in acid of tooth enamel in the presence of so- dium fluoride. J Dent Res. 56:1201–1207, 1977.
  • Hicks MJ., Flaitz CM., Westerman GH. Caries-like lesion initiation and progression in sound enamel following argon laser irradiation: an in-vitro study. J Dent Child. 60:201–206, 1993.
  • Hicks MJ., Flaitz CM., Westerman GH. Enamel ca- ries initiation and progression following low fluen- ce (energy) argon laser and fluoride treatment. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 20:9–13, 1995.
  • Hicks MJ., Flaitz CM., Westerman GH. Roots caries in-vitro after low fluency argon laser and fluoride treatment. Compendium. 18:543–552, 1997.
  • Hicks MJ., Flaitz CM., Westerman GH. Argon laser irradiation in root surface caries: in vitro study exa- mines laser’s effects. J Am Dent Assoc. 125:401– 407, 1994.
  • Baik HS., Jeon JM., Lee HJ. Facial soft-tissue analy- sis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 131:759–766, 2007.
  • Kuroda T., Motohashi N. A 3D computer added design system applied to diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. Eur J Orthod. 21:263–274, 1999.
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  • Unterseher R., Nieburg L., Weimar A., Dyer J. The response of human pulpal tissue after orthodontic force application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Ort- hop. 92:220–224, 1987.
  • Anstendig HS., Kronman JH. A histological study of pulpal reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in dogs. Am J Orthod. 42:50–55, 1974.
  • Spurrier SW., Hall SH., Joondeph DR., Shapiro PA., Reidel RA. A comparison of apical root re- sorption during orthodontic treatment in endodon- tically treated and vital teeth. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 97:130–134, 1990.
  • Ztun J., Urbye KS. The effect of orthodontic treat- ment on periodontal bone support in patients with advanced loss of marginal periodontium. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 93:143–148, 1988.
  • Doruk C., Babacan H. Ortodontide laser doppler flowmetry. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi. 16(1):82–90, 2003.
  • Barwick PJ., Ramsay DS. Effect of brief intrusive for- ce blood flow on human pulpal blood flow. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 110:273–279, 1996.
  • Kharsa MA. Use of laser in controlling the growth of facial structures, “Laser-Orthopedics”. Orthod Cyberjournal August 2005.
  • Özgen M., Gençay K. Dental lazerin gömülü dişlerde uygulanması. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi. 6(2):211–213, 1993.
  • Koçoğlu-Altan B., Sökücü O. ND:YAG lazerin üst kanin dişlerin distalizasyon hızı üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi. 22(1): 16–25, 2009.
  • Dave R., Mahaffey PJ. The control of fire hazard during cutaneous laser therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2002; 17: 6–8.
  • Widder RA., Severin M., Kirchhof B., Krieglste- in GK. Corneal injury after carbon dioxide laser skin resurfacing. Am J Opthalmol. 125:392–394, 1998.
  • Moseley H. Operator error is the key factor contri- buting to medical laser accidents. Laser Med Sci. 19:105–111, 2004.
  • Miedziak AI., Gottsch JD., Lliff NT. Exposure kera- topathy after cosmetic CO2 laser skin resurfacing. Cornea. 19:846–848, 2000.
  • Grossman AR., Majidian AM., Grossman PH. Thermal injuries as a result of CO2 laser resurfa- cing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 102:1247–125, 1998.
  • Scott E., Beswick A., Wakefield K. The hazards of diathermy plume. Part 2. Producing quantified data. Br J Perioper Nurs. 14:454–456, 2004.
  • Garden JM., O’Banion MK., Bakus AD., Olson C. Viral disease transmitted by laser-generated-plume (aerosol). Arch Dermatol. 138:1303–1307, 2002.
  • Zach L., Cohen G. Pulp response to externally applied heat. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.
Toplam 96 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Özge Uslu Akçam Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Akçam ÖU. Ortodonti Pratiğinde Lazerler. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2010;3(4):490-7.