Rusya’nın Ukrayna İşgali Nedeniyle Uzay Çalışmalarında Değişim: Rasyonalizmden Realizme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 15 - 31, 29.06.2023

Caner Akkaya

https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.1159474

Öz

Rusya’nın 2022’de Ukrayna’yı işgali, uluslararası ilişkileri birçok açıdan etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, işgal, uluslararası ilişkiler yazınında birçok açıdan ele alınmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, yazında, işgalin uzay çalışmalarını nasıl etkilediğini inceleyen herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Makalenin amacı, Rusya’nın Ukrayna işgalinin uzay çalışmalarını nasıl etkilediğini açıklamaktır. Bu nedenle, yazında ilk olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Makalenin teorik çerçevesi, İngiliz Okulu’nun teorik ilkelerine dayanmaktadır. Makalenin metodolojisi ise iki aşamalıdır. İlk olarak, aktörlerin açıklamaları ve yaptırımları örneklendirilmektedir. İkinci olarak, bu açıklamalar ve yaptırımlar uzay çalışmaları açısından incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda; makale, “İngiliz Okulu’nun fikirleri nelerdir?”, “Uzay çalışmaları açısından işgalden önceki durum nedir?”, “İşgal nasıl başlamıştır?”, “Tarafların, uzay çalışmalarına yönelik açıklamaları ve yaptırımları nelerdir?” ve “İşgal, uzay çalışmalarını nasıl etkilemiştir?” soruları temelinde bölümlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, Rusya’nın Ukrayna işgali nedeniyle uzay çalışmalarında rasyonalizmden realizme ve uluslararası toplumdan uluslararası sisteme geçiş yaşandığını belirtmek mümkündür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenlik Çalışmaları, Rusya, Ukrayna, Uzay Güvenliği, Uzay Hukuku

Transition in Space Studies Due to Russian Invasion of Ukraine: From Rationalism to Realism

Öz

Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 affects international relations in many ways. On the other hand, there is no any study, which is examining impacts of invasion on outer space studies in literature. Aim of this article is explain how Russian invasion of Ukraine affects outer space studies. This is why, article is the first in literature. Theoretical framework of article is based on theoretical principles of the English School. Methodology of article has two stage. Firstly, statements and sanctions of actors are instantiated. Secondly, these statements and sanctions of actors are examined in terms of outer space studies. In this context, article is compartmentalized on these questions; "What are ideas of the English School?", "How was situation before invasion in terms of outer space studies?", "How was start of invasion?", "What are reciprocal statements and sanctions of actors on outer space studies?" and "How invasion affects outer space studies?". As a result; it is possible to emphasize that outer space studies is in transition from rationalism to realism and from international society to international system because of Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Security Studies, Russia, Ukraine, Space Security, Space Law

Kaynakça

• Adams, P. M. (2013). The Future of Human Space Exploration: Toward Cooperation or Competition?. Thesis. Naval Postgraduate School.
• Bebler, A. (2015). Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict. Romanian Journal of European Affairs. 15 (1). 35-54.
• Bull, H. (2022). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. (Third Edition). Palgrave Publication.
• Cin, G. ve Tekin, H. H. (2021). Rusya’nın Hibrit Savaş Kapasitesinin Kırım ve Donbas Vakaları Üzerinden Analizi. Güvenlik Stratejileri. 17 (37). 203-246.
• Çokişler, E. (2021). Uluslararası Hukukta İkincil Yaptırımlar Açısından Amerika’nın Hasımlarıyla Mücadele Yasası. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 18 (69). 71-86.
• Godinho, L. (2016-2017). Discourse and International Relations: A Theoretical and Methodological Approach. JANUS.NET. 7 (2). 1-13.
• Griffiths, M., Roach, S. C., Solomon, M. S. (2011). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Temel Düşünürler ve Teoriler. (Çev. CESRAN). İkinci Basımdan Çeviri. Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Günel, R. V. (2016). Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Uzay Madenciliği. Turhan Kitabevi.
• Hays, P. L. (2020). International Space Security Setting: An Introduction. Handbook of Space Security: Policies, Applications and Programs. (Ed. K.-U. Schrogl). Second Edition. İçinde 3-9. Springer Publications.
• Hillier, T. (1998). Sourcebook on Public International Law. Cavendish Publishing Limited.
• Holzscheiter, A. (2013). Between Communicative Interaction and Structures of Signification: Discourse Theory and Analysis in International Relations. International Studies Perspectives. 2013. 1-21.
• Johnson, C. (2011). Policy and Law Aspects of International Cooperation in Space. Proceedings of the 54th IISL Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2011. 1-8.
• Käihkö, I. (2021). A Conventional War: Escalation in the War in Donbass, Ukraine. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 34 (1). 24-49.
• Logsdon, J. M. (1992). International Relationships and U. S. Space Program: The Missing Element?. Public Administration Review. 52 (2). 196-198.
• Logsdon, J. M. ve Williamson, R. A. (1995). U. S. – Russian Cooperation in Space: A Good Bet. Issues in Science and Technology. Summer. 11 (4). 39-45.
• Mankoff, J. (2014). Russia’s latest land grab: How Putin Won Crimea and Lost Ukraine. Foreign Affairs. 93 (3). 60-68.
• Paazarcı, H. (2019). Uluslararası Hukuk. (Gözden geçirilmiş 18. Baskı). Turhan Kitabevi.
• Reisman, W. M. (2009). Sanctions and International Law. Intercuultural Human Rights Law Review. 4. 9-20.
• Sadeh, E. (2004). International Space Cooperation. Space Politic and Policy: An Evolutionary Perspective. (Ed. E. Sadeh). İçinde (281-317). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Shaw, M. (2018). Uluslararası Hukuk. (8. Baskıdan Çev. Ed. İ. Kaya vd.). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.
• U. S. Congress. (1995). U. S. – Russian Cooperation in Space. Office of Techlonogy Assessment. April. Government Printing Office.
• Üstün, Ç. (2020). Türkiye’nin Batı Müttefikleri İle İnişli Çıkışlı İlişkileri Ve Siyasi Söylem: Tarihsel Bir Karşılaştırma. Dış Politika Analizi: Konu, Kuram, Yöntem. (Der. B. B. Coşkun ve İ. Rüma). İçinde (147-169). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Wight, M. (1987). An Anatomy of International Thought. Review of International Studies. 13 (3). 221-227.
• Wight, M. (1992). International Theory: The Three Traditions. (Ed. G. Wight ve B. Porter). Holmes & Meier Publishers.
• Wight, M. (2005). Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotious, Kand, and Mazzini. (Ed. G. Wight & B. Porter). Oxford University Press.
• Yurdusev, A. N. (2019). ‘Uluslararası İlişkiler’ Öncesi. Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Temel Yaklaşımlar. (Ed. İ. D. Dağı vd.). 16. Baskı. İçinde 15-57. İletişim Yayınları.
• Amos, J. (2022). OneWeb: UK Satellite Firm Suspends Use of Russian Rockets. March 3, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60602512, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Bhandari, K. (2022). The War in Ukraine and Its Implications on India’s Space Program. March 30, 2022. https://carnegieindia.org/2022/03/30/war-in-ukraine-and-its- implications-on-india-s-space-program-pub-86760, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• CERN. (2022). CERN Council Responds to Russian Invasion of Ukraine. March 8, 2022. https://home.cern/news/news/cern/cern-council-responds-russian-invasion-ukraine, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• DLR. (2022). DLR Ends Bilateral Cooperation with Russia. News. March 3, 2022. https://www.dlr.de/content/de/artikel/news/2022/01/20220303_dlr-beendet-bilaterale-kooperationen-mit-russland.html, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• DW. (2013). Ortaklık Anlaşması Askıya Alındı. https://www.dw.com/tr/ortakl%C4%B1k-anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1-ask%C4%B1ya-al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1/a-17298090, Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2022.
• ESA. (2022). N° 9–2022: ExoMars Suspended. Agency. March 17, 2022. https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ExoMars_suspended, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• ESA. (t.y.a). About the International Space Station. Science & Exploration. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/About_the_International_Space_Station, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• ESA. (t.y.b). What is ExoMars?. Science & Exploration. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/What_is_ExoMars, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• ESA. (t.y.c). ExoMars: Has Life Ever Existed on Mars?. Science & Exploration. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars, Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2022.
• ESA. (t.y.ç). ExoMars Mission. Science & Exploration. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars_mission, Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2022.
• Euronews. (2022). Russia Has a New Space Chief: Putin Replaces Dmitry Rogozin with Yuri Borisov. July 15, 2022. https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/07/15/russia-has-a-new-space-chief-putin-replaces-dmitry-rogozin-with-yuri-borisov, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2022.
• Federation Council, (t.y.). Republic of Crimea. http://council.gov.ru/en/structure/regions/CR/, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• Fisher, M. (2022). Putin’s Case for War, Annotated. The Interpreter, The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/putin-ukraine-speech.html, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• Foust, J. (2022a). Russia Halts Soyuz Launches from French Guiana. February 26, 2022. https://spacenews.com/russia-halts-soyuz-launches-from-french-guiana/, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Foust, J. (2022b). Russia Threatens ISS European Robotic Arm After ExoMars Termination. July 13, 2022. https://spacenews.com/russia-threatens-iss-european-robotic-arm-after-exomars-termination/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2022.
• Foust, J. ve Berger, B. (2022). Biden: Sanctions will “Degrade” Russian Space Program. February 24, 2022. https://spacenews.com/biden-sanctions-will-degrade-russian-space-program/, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022.
• Gohd, C. (2022a). US Sanctions on Russia over Ukraine Invasion will Degrade Russia Space Program, Biden Says. February 24, 2022. https://www.space.com/us-russia-sanctions-space-program-impact, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022.
• Gohd, C. (2022b). Russia Refuses to Launch UK’s OneWeb Satellites Unless Demands Are Met. March 2, 2022. https://www.space.com/russia-refuses-launch-oneweb-satellites-demands, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• GOV. UK. (2022). Life on Mars? – ExoMars Programme. Case Study. June 23, 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/exomars, Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2022.
• GOV.UK. (2022). UK Strengthens Ban on Russia Aircraft and Introduces New Trade Sanctions. Press Release. 9 March, 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk- strengthens-ban-on-russia-aircraft-and-introduces-new-trade-sanctions, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• Government of Canada. (2022a). Canadian Sanction Related to Russia. July 8, 2022. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/sanctions/russia-russie.aspx?lang=eng, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022.
• Government of Canada. (2022b). ExoMars: Revealing Mars’s Ancient Past. March 31, 2022. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/mars/missions/exomars.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2022.
• Huet, N. (2022). After Row with Russia over War in Ukraine, OneWeb Partners with SpaceX to Launch Internet Satellites. March 22, 2022. https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/03/22/after-row-with-russia-over-war-in-ukraine-oneweb-partners-with-spacex-to-launch-internet-s, Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2022.
• Indiatoday. (2022). Russia Warns Sanctions Could Cause International Space Station to Crash. March 12, 2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/russia-ukraine-war/story/ukraine-russia-war-news-sanctions-international-space-station-crash-1924544-2022-03-12, Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2022.
• Kayaoğlu, A. (2015). Ukrayna’daki İç Savaş Nasıl Başladı?. Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2015/04/06/ukraynadaki-ic-savas-nasil-basladi, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• Mcdonald, J. (2022). China’s Russia Dealings Irk US, But Don’t Breach Sanctions. June 1, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-china-united-states-8c2466d549f6d082d0295cf0efb635d9, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Pultarova, T. (2022a). Europe’s Mars Rover Now Unlikely to Launch before 2026 after Russia’s War on Ukraine. March 18, 2022. https://www.space.com/exomars-mars-rover-europe-russia-ukraine-delays, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• Pultarova, T. (2022b). Europe Halts Moon Exploration Partneship with Russia, Looks to Replace Ukraine-built Rocket Engines. April 13, 2022. https://www.space.com/europe-moon-pertnership-russia-ukraine-rocket-engines, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022.
• Putin, V. (2021). On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians. Events. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/page/141, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• Reuters. (2022). Russia Halts Deliveries of Rocket Engines to the U.S.. March 3, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-halts-deliveries-rocket-engines-us-2022-03-03/, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Russian News Agency. (2022). Japan Expands Sanctions Against Russia – Foreign Ministry. March 25, 2022. https://tass.com/world/1427153, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022.
• Sankaran, V. (2022). US Sanctions on Russia will ‘Degrade Their Space Programme,’ Biden Says. February 25, 2022. https://www.independent.co.uk/space/biden-russia-sanctions-space-programme-b2023002.html, Erişim Tarihi: 09.07.2022
• Smith, I. (2022). Ukraine: Russia Space Chief Suggests ISS Could Crash into US or Europe as a Result of Sanctions. February 26, 2022. https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/02/25/ukraine-russian-space-chief-suggests-iss-could-crash-into-us-or-europe-as-a-result-of-sanc, Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2022.
• Space Research Institute. (t.y.). ExoMars: Russian Part. http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/exomars.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2022.
• Sputnik. (2021). Eski Ukrayna Lideri Yanukoviç: Kiev’in 30 Yılda En Büyük Hatası, Rusya İle İyi Komşuluğu Reddetmesi. https://tr.sputniknews.com/20210817/eski-ukrayna-lideri-yanukovic-kievin-30-yilda-en-buyuk-hatasi-rusya-ile-iyi-komsulugu-reddetmesi-1048103271.html7, Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2022.
• Sputnik. (2022). Rusya Devlet Başkanı Putin, Donbass’a Askeri Operasyon Kararı Aldı. Ukrayna Krizi. https://tr.sputniknews.com/20220224/rusya-devlet-baskani-vladimir-putin-donbassa-askeri-operasyon-karari-aldi-1054179910.html, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• TASS. (2022a). Russian ISS Crew to Stop Using European ERA Manipulator arm – Roscosmos CEO. July 12, 2022. https://tass.com/science/1479135, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2022.
• TASS. (2022b). Putin Picks Former Deputy PM Borisov to Head Roscosmos. July 15, 2022. https://tass.com/politics/1480581, Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2022.
• The Moscow Times. (2022). China Seeks Ways to Help Russia While Avoiding Sanctions – Washington Post. June 3, 2022. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/06/03/china-seeks-ways-to-help-russia-while-avoiding-sanctions-washington-post-a77883, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Ukraine.ua (t.y.). Crimea. Cities-Places. https://ukraine.ua/cities-places/crimea/, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2022.
• UN. (1967). Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. January 27, 1967. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20610/volume-610-I-8843-English.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2022.
• UN. (t.y.a). United Nations Charter (full text). https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text, Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2022.
• UN. (t.y.b). Sanctions. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/information, Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2022.
• UNOOSA. (2022). Convetion on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects. Resolutions Adopted on the Reports of the First Committee. https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_26_2777E.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2022.
• UNOOSA. (t.y.). Space Law Treaties and Principles. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2022.
• Wall, M. (2022a). Russia Removes Soyuz Rocket with 36 OneWeb Satellites from Launch Pad (Photos). March 4, 2022. https://www.space.com/russia-removes-soyuz-oneweb-satellites-launch-pad, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.
• Wall, M. (2022b). SpaceX to Launch OneWeb’s Internet Satellites, Replacing Russian Soyuz Rockets. March 21, 2022. https://www.space.com/spacex-launch-oneweb-internet-satellites-replace-soyuz, Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2022.
• Wall, M. (2022c). Russia Threatens to Leave International Space Station Program (Again). April 4, 2022. https://www.space.com/russia-threatens-leave-international-space-station-program-rogozin, Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2022.
• Wattles, J. (2022). Russia Space Chief Says Russia Will No Longer Sell Rocket Engines to the US. March 3, 2022. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/03/tech/russia-rocket-engines-ula-spacex-scn/index.html, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2022.