Oral Vaccines: Recent Advances in Veterinary Medicine

Öz

Oral vaccine technologies offer significant advantages in veterinary applications by having the potential to simultaneously induce local and systemic immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa, going beyond traditional injection methods. Their low cost within the food production chain, elimination of needle use, and ability to immunize large animal populations en masse confer particular benefits under field conditions. Antigens transported to the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue via M cells trigger secretory IgA and systemic IgG production, thereby reinforcing mucosal barrier integrity and promoting the formation of immunological memory. This review will examine the fundamental characteristics of oral vaccines used in veterinary medicine, their immune mechanisms, and the factors influencing these mechanisms. Oral and injectable vaccines will be compared to elucidate their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, strategies for the design and distribution of oral vaccines developed for animals and the challenges encountered throughout this process will be discussed. Finally, the current developments in this field will be reviewed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Delivery system
• M cell targeting
• Mucosal immunity
• Nanoparticle
• Veterinary oral vaccine

Oral Aşılar: Veteriner Alanda Son Gelişmeler

Öz

Oral aşı teknolojileri, gastrointestinal mukozada hem lokal hem de sistemik bağışıklık yanıtlarını eş zamanlı olarak indükleyebilme potansiyeliyle, veteriner uygulamalarda geleneksel enjeksiyon yöntemlerinin ötesine geçen önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Gıda zincirindeki düşük maliyet, iğne kullanımının ortadan kalkması ve geniş hayvan popülasyonlarının kitlesel bazda aşılanabilmesi, özellikle saha koşullarında büyük fayda sağlamaktadır. M-hücreleri aracılığıyla GALT’a aktarılan antijenler, salgısal IgA ve sistemik IgG üretimini tetikleyerek mukozal bariyer bütünlüğünü güçlendirirken, immün hafıza oluşumunu da destekler. Bu derlemede veteriner hekimlik alanında kullanılan oral aşıların temel özellikleri, immün mekanizmaları ve bu mekanizmayı etkileyen faktörler incelenecek, oral ve enjeksiyon aşıları karşılaştırılarak bu aşıların avantaj ve dezavantajları ortaya konacaktır. Aynı zamanda hayvanlar için geliştirilen oral aşıların tasarım ve dağıtımındaki stratejilerin tartışılması ve tüm bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorlukların ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Son olarak, bu alandaki güncel gelişmeler gözden geçirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• M hücre hedefleme
• mukozal bağışıklık
• nanopartikül
• taşıyıcı sistem
• veteriner oral aşı

Kaynakça

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