Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Neospora caninum Infection: Special Emphasis to Neosporosis Status of Turkey

Öz

Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, first identified in dogs in 1988, having noteable similarities to Toxoplasma gondii in terms of biological and morphological features. Neosporosis, an important disease of mainly cattle and dogs, is one of the most prevalent infectious agents responsible for dairy and beef cattle abortions throughout the world. During the last two decades, abortion storms resulting from neosporosis have been increasingly reported from USA, Australia, Europe, Asia and Middle East countries including Turkey. The disease can cause milk yield loss, low fertility and abortions, particularly during the 5-6th months of the pregnancy. The incidence of abortion can be repeated in the subsequent pregnancies of the diseased animals and abortion rate can reach to 70% in a herd due to neosporosis. Subclinically persiste infected heifers can necessarily transmit the disease to their next progeny during their immediate pregnancy with a rate of up to 95%. Therefore, it is crucial to take cautious measures; e.g., prevention of direct dog-cattle interaction and elimination of seropositive animals from the herd, for the sake of successive herd management. There is still neither vaccine nor chemotherapeutic treatment protocol which could be effectively used in the field. In Turkey, there are several reports indicating that animals had come contact with N. caninum during some point in their lifespan. Seropositivity rates among some dairy cattle and dogs have been reported 4.8% to 32.7% and 10% to 28.9%, respectively. Although the role of neosporosis in epidemic and sporadic cattle abortions in some provinces has succesfully established, it is not still possible to achieve bird’s eye-view of neosporosis status in Turkey. Moreover, increasing numbers of publications appear in the literature, are declaring only seroprevalence data of neosporosis in local provinces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cattle,Dog,Epidemiolog,Neospora caninum,Neosporosis,Turkey

Neospora caninum Enfeksiyonunda Epidemiyoloji ve Patogenez: Türkiye’de Neosporozise Genel Bakış

Öz

Neospora caninum ilk kez 1988 yılında köpeklerde tanımlanan, Toxoplasma gondii ile biyolojik ve yapısal olarak büyük benzerlikler gösteren bir protozoondur. Neosporozis, köpek ve sığırlarda en yaygın abort nedenleri arasında yeralır. Son yirmi yıldır, neosporozise bağlı abort salgınları Amerika, Avustralya, Avrupa, Asya ve Türkiye’nin de dahil olduğu Ortadoğu ülkelerinden artan sıklıkla bildirilmektedir. Hasta hayvanlarda, fertilite ve sütverimi kayıpları ile genelde gebeliğin 5 ve 6 ncı aylarında görülen abortlar dikkati çeker. Neosporozise bağlı abortlar, ineklerde takibeden gebeliklerde de şekillenebilir ve bir sürü içerisindeki abort oranı %70’lere kadar varabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte epidemiyolojik olarak esas problem subklinik persiste enfekte düvelerin, neosporozisi gelecek nesillere aktarmalarıdır. Anneden yavruya geçiş, %95 kadar yüksek bir oranda şekillenebilir ve başarılı bir sürü yönetimi için; köpek sığır ilişkisinin önlenmesi, damızlık adayı seropozitif hayvanların sürüden ayıklanması gereklidir. Süt sığırlarında neosporozisin kontrolüne yönelik henüz pratikte uygulanabilir aşı ya da ilaçla tedavi yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Türkiye’de, hayvanların hayatlarının bir döneminde parazitle temas ettiklerine dair çok sayıda serolojik çalışma sonucu bulunmakta ve seroprevalans süt sığırlarında %4.8 ile %32.7, köpeklerde ise %10 ile %28.9 arasında değişmektedir. Türkiye’nin bazı coğrafi bölgeleri için, neosporozisin epidemik ve sporadik sığır abortlarındaki rolü başarıyla ortaya konulmasına karşın, mevcut durumda Türkiye’de N. caninum enfeksiyonlarının genel bir fotoğrafının çekilmesi mümkün görünmemektedir. Üstelik, literatürde artan bir hızla yerini alan Türkiye kaynaklı makalelerin büyük bir çoğunluğu, yalnız yerel bölgeleri temsil eden ve sınırlı sayıda hayvanın dahil edildiği serolojik analiz sonuçlarını içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Epidemiyoloj,Köpek,Neospora caninum,Neosporozis,Sığır,Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Rodrigues AA, Labruna MB, Camargo LM, Camargo EP, Gennari SM. (2006). Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors. Veterinary Parasitology, 30,142(1-2),71-77.
2. Akca A, Gokce HI, Guy CS, McGarry JW, Williams DJ. (2005). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in local and imported cattle breeds in the Kars province of Turkey. Research in Veterinary Science, 78 (2),123-6.
3. Aktas M, Şaki CE, Altay K, Şimşek S, Ütük AE, Köroğlu E, Dumanlı N (2005). Survey of Neospora caninum in cattle in some Provinces in the Eastern Anatolian region. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 29 (1), 22-25.
4. Armengol R, Pabon M, Adelantado C, Lopez-Gatius F, Almeria S (2006). First report of Neospora caninum abortion in a beef cow-calf herd from Andorra, Europe. Journal of Parasitology, 92(6),1361-2.
5. Atkinson RA, Cook RW, Reddacliff LA, Rothwell J, Broady KW, Harper PAW, Ellis JT (2000). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection following an abortion outbreak in a dairy cattle herd. Australian Veterinary Journal, 78, 262-266.
6. Aydın L, Akçağlar S, Coşkun Ş (2003). Detection of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in human sera by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 27(4), 247-248
7. Barr BC, Anderson ML, Blanchard PC, Daft BM, Kinde H, Conrad PA (1990). Bovine fetal encephalitis and myocarditis associated with protozoal infections. Veterinary Pathology, 27, 354-361.
8. Bartels CJ, Arnaiz-Seco JI, Ruiz-Santa-Quitera A, Bjorkman C, Frossling J, von Blumroder D, Conraths FJ, Schares G, van Maanen C, Wouda W, Ortega-Mora LM. (2006). Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Veterinary Parasitology, 15,137 (1-2), 17-27.

9. Batmaz H, Senturk S, Aydın L (2004). Clinical neosporosis in a dog in Turkey. Australian Veterinary Practitioner, 34, 3,129-131.
10. Björkman C, Lunden A, Holmdahl J, Barber J, Trees AJ, Uggla A (1994). Neospora caninum in dogs: detection of antibodies by ELISA using an iscom antigen. Parasite Immunology, 16, 643-648.
11. Conrad PA, Barr BC, Sverlow KW, Anderson M, Daft B, Kinde H, Dubey JP, Munson L, Ardans A (1993). In vitro isolation and characterisation of a Neospora sp. from aborted bovine foetuses. Parasitology, 106: 239-249.
12. Coskun SZ, Aydın L, Bauer C (2000). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in domestic dogs in Turkey. The Veterinary Record, 146, 649.
13. Cuteri V., Nisoli L., Preziuso S., Attili AR., Guerra C., Lulla D., Traldi G. (2005). Application of a new therapeutic protocol against Neospora caninum-induced abortion in cattle: a field study. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Advances, 4, 510-514.
14. Dubey JP (1999a). Neosporosis the first decade of research. International Journal for Parasitology, 29,1485-1488. Dubey JP (1999b). Recent advances in Neospora and neosporosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 84,349-367.
15. Dubey JP (2003). Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 41,1,1-16.Dubey JP, Schares G (2006). Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 31,140(1-2),1-34.
16. Dubey JP, Schares G (2011). Neosporosis in animals- The last five years. Veterinary Parasitology, 180,90-108.
17. Dubey JP, Buxton D, Wouda W (2006). Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(4), 267-89.
18. Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora LM (2007). Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(2),323-67.
19. Dubey JP, Carpenter JL, Speer CA, Topper MJ, Uggla A (1988). Newly recognised fatal protozoan disease of dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 192,1269-1285.
20. Ferroglio E, Pasino M, Ronco F, Bena A, Trisciuoglio A (2007). Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in urban and rural dogs in North-West Italy. Zoonoses Public Health, 54(3-4),135- 9.
21. Gondim LFP, Mc Allister MM, Anderson-Sprecher RC, Bjorkman C, Lock TF, Firkins LD, Gao L, Fischer WR (2004). Transplacental transmission and abortion in cows administered Neospora caninum oocysts. Journal of Parasitology, 90,1394-1400.
22. Gonzales L, Buxton D, Atxaerandio R, Aduriz G, Maley S, Marco JC, Cuervo LA (1999). Bovine abortion associated with Neospora caninum in northern Spain. Veterinary Record, 144,145-150.
23. Ica A, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Inci A (2006). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Cattle in the Region of Kayseri. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 30(2), 92-94, 2006.
24. Innes EA, Bartley PM, Maley SW, Wright SE, Buxton D (2007). Comparative host-parasite relationships in ovine toxoplasmosis and bovine neosporosis and strategies for vaccination.Vaccine. 26 (30), 5495-503.
25. Jardine JE, Wells BH (1995). Bovine neosporosis in Zimbabwe. The Veterinary Record, 137, 223.
26. Kritzner S, Sager H, Blum J, Krebber R, Greif G, Gottstein B (2002) An explorative study to assess the efficacy of Toltrazuril-sulfone (Ponazuril) in calves experimentally infected with Neospora caninum, Annals of Clinical and Microbiology Antimicrobials. 1,1-4.
27. Kul O, Kabakcı N, Yıldız K, Kalender H, İlkme NA (2006) Sığırlarda Neospora caninum enfeksiyonunun ELISA ve immunoperoksidaz tekniği ile araştırılması. III. Ulusal Veteriner Patoloji Kongresi (Uluslararası Katılımlı), 6-9 Eylül 2006, Elazığ.
28. Kul O, Kabakci N, Yildiz K, Ocal N, Kalender H, Ilkme NA (2009) Neospora caninum associated with epidemic abortions in dairy cattle: The first clinical neosporosis report in Turkey, Veterinary Parasitology, 159-1, 69-72.
29. Kul O, Ocal N , Yildiz K, Koray Albay M, Atmaca H T, Dincel G C, Gokpinar S (2010) Clinicopathologic findings in Neospora caninum infected born calves: epidemiologic importance of clinical neosporosis in dairy cattle, XVIII International Congress of Mediterranean Federation of Health and Production of Ruminants. May 26-29, 2010, Durres Albania.
30. Kul O, Deniz A, Krieger K, Ocal N, Yildiz K, Kalender H, Atmaca HT, Albay KM, Dincel CG, Gazyagci NA, Macun CH, Cinar KB, Karahan S, (2012) Preliminary results on the efficacy of toltrazuril and/ or sulphadiazine/trimethoprim treatment in Neospora caninum infected newborn calves, XXVII. World Buiatrics Congress, Lisbon, Portugal.
31. Liddell S, Jenkins MC, Dubey JP (1999) Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in BALB/c mice determined by polymerase chain reaction detection. Journal of Parasitology, 85, 550-5.
32. Lindsay DS, Dubey JP (1989). Immunohistochemical diagnosis of Neospora caninum in tissue sections. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50,1981-1983.
33. Lindsay DS, Upton SJ, Dubey JP (1999). A structural study of the Neospora caninum oocyst, International Journal for Parasitology, 29,1521-1523.
34. McAllister MM, Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Jolley WR, Wills RA, McGuire AM (1998). Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum, International Journal for Parasitology, 28,1473-1478.
35. Mehlhorn H, Heydorn AO (2000). Neospora caninum: is it really different from Hammondia heydorni or is it a strain of Toxoplasma gondii? An opinion, Parasitology Research, 86(2), 169-78.
36. Mor N, Akça A (2012) Epidemological studies upon Neospora caninum in cattle and dogs in the Province of Kars, Turkey: A cross-sectional study. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18,193-199.
37. Müller N, Zimmermann V, Hentrich B, Gottstein B (1996). Diagnosis of eospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection by PCR and DNA hybridization immunoassay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34, 2850-2.
38. Ortega-Mora L, Gottstein B, Conraths FJ, Buxton D (2007). Protozoal abortion in farm ruminants : guidelines for diagnosis and control. CABI Publishing, Ontario.
39. Osawa T, Wastling J, Maley S, Buxton D, Innes EA (1998). A multiple antigen ELISA to detect Neospora-specific antibodies in bovine sera, bovine foetal fluids, ovine and caprine sera. Veterinary Parasitology, 79,19-34.
40. Paradies P, Capelli G, Testini G, Cantacessi C, Trees AJ, Otranto D. (2007) Risk factors for canine neosporosis in farm and kennel dogs in southern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology, 30,145(3-4),240-4.
41. Pare J, Thurmond MC, Hietala SK (1997) Neospora caninum antibodies in cows during pregnancy as a predictor of congenital infection and abortion. Journal of Parasitology, 83(1), 82-7.
42. Piskin C and Utuk AE (2009). Prevalence of Neospora caninum in cows with stillbirth and abortion. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 20, 23-26.
43. Reichel MP (2000). Neospora caninum infections in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Veterinary Journal, 78,258-261.
44. Reitt K, Hilbe M, Voegtlin A, Corboz L, Haessig M, Pospischil A (2007). Aetiology of bovine abortion in Switzerland from 1986 to 1995: a retrospective study with emphasis on detection of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A, 54(1),15-22.
45. Sevgili M, Cimtay I, Keskin O (2003a). Seroprevalence of Neospora canium infection in goats in the province of Şanlıurfa, Turkey, Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 27(4), 249-251.
46. Sevgili M, Sahin T, Cimtay I, Cetin H, Keskin O, Gokçen A (2003b) Determination of antibodies to Neospora caninum in thoroughbred mares from Şanlıurfa. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi,14 (2),15-17.
47. Simsek S, Utuk AE, Koroglu E, Dumanlı N, Risvanli A (2008). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in repeat breeder dairy cows in Turkey. Archiv Tierzucht, 51(2), 143-148.
48. Utuk AE, (2011) Detection of Neospora caninum IgG antibodies in goats in Elazig, Erzurum and Kirsehir Provinces of Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 66,157-160.
49. Williams DJL, McGarry J, Guy F, Barber J, Trees AJ (1997). Novel ELISA for detection of Neospora-specific antibodies in cattle. The Veterinary Record, 140,328-331.
50. Yıldız K, Kul O, Babür C, Kılıç S, Gazyagcı AN, Çelebi B, Gurcan IS, (2009) Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle ranches with high abortion rate: special emphasis to serologic coexistence with Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes. Veterinary Parasitology, 14,164(2-4),306-10.
51. Wouda W, Moen AR,Visser IJR, van Knapen F (1997). Bovine fetal neosporosis: a comparison of epizootic and sporadic abortion cases and different age classes with regard to lesion severity and immunohistochemical identification of organisms in brain, heart, and liver. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 9,180-185.
52. Wouda W, Moen AR, Schukken YH, (1998). Abortion risk in progeny of cows after a Neospora caninum epidemic. Theriogenology, 49, 1311–1316.