Neospora caninum infection in cows: Effects on Reproductive Performance,Prevention and Control Methods

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 368 - 372, 01.01.2015

Hatice Esra Çolakoğlu İbrahim Mert Polat , Şükrü Küplülü

Öz

Background/Aim:Fertility is the most important yield in livestock industry. However, abortion as an factor effecting the fertility and industrial economy is the most important reproductive problem. Abortions occurred due to infectious or non-infectious reasons in cows. Successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention have been provided of Brucella, Leptospira, IBR and BVD which accepted as important abortion factors in worlwide. N. caninum as a cause of abortion had a growing importance in recent years. Although there are some reports about diagnosis and prevention, efficient treatment of the disease are still unknown. This review aims to summarize the current literatures about the effects of N. caninum infection on fertility and prevention-control options in cows. Conclusion:The infection of N. caninum has been reported in different regions of Turkey bacause of the high population of definitive host dogs and high import rates of cows. Neospora caninum has negative effects on the reproductive and production performance as well. Approximately 95% of calves born from seropositive dams are clinically normal but congenitally infected. Therefore, it is considered that congenitally infected calves potentially resorvoir of infection are more hazardous than abortion problem. Because of the no effective treatment in cows, prevention against Neosporiosis is more significant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cow, Neospora caninum, Abortion, Fertility

İneklerde Neospora caninum Enfeksiyonu: Reprodüktif Performansa Etkisi, Korunma ve Kontrol Yöntemleri

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Fertilite, ekonomik amaçla yetiştirilen çiftlik hayvanlarının en önemli verimidir. İneklerde fertiliteyi olumsuz yönde etkileyen ve işletmelerde önemli ölçüde ekonomik kayıplara neden olan reprodüktif sorunların başında abortus gelmektedir. İneklerde abortuslar enfeksiyöz ve nonenfeksiyöz nedenlere bağlı olarak şekillenmektedir. Günümüzde abort etkenlerinden Brucella, leptospira, IBR ve BVD gibi tüm dünyada yaygın olarak bilinen enfeksiyonların tanı, tedavi ve korunma aşamalarında başarı sağlanmıştır. İneklerin en önemli abort nedeni olarak gösterilen N. caninum’un ise önemi son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Hastalığın tanı ve korunma seçenekleri ile ilgili bildirimler yapılmakla birlikte henüz inekler için etkili bir tedavi seçeneği bulunmamaktadır. Son konak olan köpek popülasyonunun ve inek ithalatının fazla olduğu ülkemizde, farklı bölgelerde yapılan çalışmalarda N. caninum enfeksiyonları bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı; ineklerde N. caninum enfeksiyonunun fertiliteye etkisi ve korunma-kontrol seçenekleri hakkında güncel literatür bilgileri özetlemektir. Sonuç:Neospora caninum, abortun yanı sıra reprodüktif ve üretim performansını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Seropozitif anneden doğan buzağıların büyük çoğunluğu yaklaşık %95’i klinik olarak normal fakat konjenital enfekte olarak doğmaktadır. Konjenital enfekte buzağılar sürüde enfeksiyonun rezervuarı olduğundan abort sorunundan daha tehlikeli olarak değerlendirilmektedir. İnekler için etkili bir tedavi bulunmamasından dolayı Neosporosis’te korunma tedaviden daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnek, Neospora caninum, Abort, Fertilite

Kaynakça

• Aguado-Martínez A, Alvarez-García G, Fernández-García A, Risco- Castillo V, Arnaiz-Seco I, Rebordosa-Trigueros X, Navarro-Lozano V, Ortega-Mora LM (2008). Usefulness of rNcGRA7- and rNcSAG4- based ELISA tests for distinguishing primo-infection, recrudescence, and chronic bovine neosporosis. Vet Parasitol, 157, 182–195.
• Akça A, Gökçe HI, Guy CS, McGarry JW, Williams DJL (2005). Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in local and imported cattle breeds in the Kars province of Turkey. Res Vet Sci, 78, 123–126.
• Aktaş M, Şaki CE, Altay K, Şimşek S, Ütük AE, Köroğlu E, Dumanlı N (2005). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinin Bazı İllerinde Bulunan Sığırlarda Neospora caninum’un Araştırılması. Acta Parasitol Turc, 29, 22-25.
• Almería S, López-Gatius F, García-Ispierto I, Nogareda C, Bech-Sàbat G, Serrano B, Santolaria P, Yániz JL (2009). Effects of crossbreed pregnancies on the abortion risk of Neospora caninum-infected dairy cows. Vet Parasitol, 163, 323–329.
• Almería S, López-Gatius F (2013). Bovine neosporosis: Clinical and practical aspects. Res Vet Sci, 95, 303-309.
• Anderson ML, Andrianarivo AG, Conrad PA (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci, 60–61, 417–431.
• Canatan HE, Polat IM, Bayramoğlu R, Küplülü Ş, Vural MR, Aktuğ E (2014). Effects of Neospora caninum on reproductive performance and the efficacy of treatment with a combination of sulphadiazine- trimethoprime and toltrazuril: a longitudinal field study. Vet Med, 59, 22-28.
• Cardoso JMS, Amaku M, Araujo AJUS, Gennarı SM (2012). Neospora caninum: analysis of reproductive parameters in dairy herds in Brazil. Braz. J Vet Res Anim Sci, 49, 459-464.
• Cavalcante GT, Monteiro RM, Soares RM, Nishi SM, Alves Neto AF, Esmerini Pde O, Sercundes MK, Martins J, Gennari SM (2011). Shedding of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed different tissues from naturally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol, 179, 220-223.
• Costa KS, Santos SL, Uzeda RS, Pinheiro AM, Almeida MAO, Araujo FR, McAllister MM, Gondim LFP (2008). Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol, 38, 157–159.
• Cuterı V, Nısolı L, Preziuso S, Attili AR, Guerra C, Lulla D, Traldi G (2005). Application of a new therapeutic protocolagainst Neospora caninum ınduced abortion in cattle: A field study. J Anim Vet Adv, 4, 510-514.
• Dubey JP, Buxton D, Wouda W (2006). Pathogenesis of Bovine Neosporosis. J Comp Path, 134, 267-289.
• Dubey JP, Lindsay DS (1996). A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis. Vet Parasitol, 67, 1-59.
• Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora ML (2007). Epidemiology and control of Neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clin Microbiol Rev, 20, 323–367.
• Dubey JP, Schares G (2006). Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis. Vet Parasitol, 140, 1–34.
• Dubey JP, Schares G (2011). Neosporosis in animals-The last five years. Vet Parasitol, 180, 90-108.
• Dubey JP (2003). Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean J Parasitol, 41, 1-16.
• Ghanem ME, Suzuki T, Akita M, Nishibori M (2009). Neospora caninum and complex vertebral malformation as possible causes of bovine fetal mummification. Can Vet J, 50, 389–392.
• Gibney EH, Kipar A, Rosbottom A, Guy CS, Smith RF, Hetzel U, Trees AJ, Williams DJL (2008). The extent of parasite-associated necrosis in the placenta and foetal tissues of cattle following Neospora caninum infection in early and late gestation correlates with foetal death. Int J Parasitol, 38, 579–588.
• González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermıda JA, Carro-Corral C, Mezo M (2011). Anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in milk in relation to production losses in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med, 101, 58-64.
• Goodswen SJ, Kennedy PJ, Ellis JT (2013). A review of the infection, genetics and evolution of Neospora caninum: From the past to the present. Infect Genet Evol, 13, 133-150.
• Haerdi C, Haessig M, Sager H, Greif G, Staubli D, Gottstein B (2006). Humoral immune reaction of newborn calves congenitally infected with Neospora caninum and experimentally treated with toltrazuril. Parasitol Res, 99, 534–540.
• Hall CA, Reichel MP, Ellis JT (2005). Neospora abortions in dairy cattle: diagnosis, mode of transmission and control. Vet Parasitol, 128, 231–241.
• Hasler B, Regula G, Stark KD, Sager H, Gottstein B, Reist M (2006). Financial analysis of various strategies for the control of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med, 77, 230-253.
• Hobson JC, Duffield TF, Kelton D, Lissemore K, Hietala SK, Leslie KE, Mc Ewen B, Cramer G, Peregrine AS (2002). Neospora caninum serostatus and milk production of Holstein cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 230, 1038-1043.
• Innes EA, Andrianarivo AG, Björkman C, Williams DJL, Conrad PA (2002). Immune responses to Neospora caninum and prospects for vaccination. Trends Parasitol, 18, 497-504.
• Innes EA: The host-parasite relationship in pregnant cattle infected with Neospora caninum. Parasitology, 134: 1903–1910, 2007.
• Jenkins M, Baszler T, Bjorkman C, SChares G, Williams D (2002). Diagnosis and seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum-assaociated bovine abortion. Int J Parasitol, 32, 631–636.
• Kamga-Waladjo AR, Gbatı OB, Kone P, Lapo RA, Chatagnon G, Bakou SN, Panguı LJ, Dıop P, El H, Akakpo JA, Taınturier D (2009). Seroprevalance of Neospora caninum antibodies and its consequences for reproductive parameters in dairy cows from Dakar-Senegal, West Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod, 42, 953-9.
• Kritzner S, Sager H, Blum J, Krebber R, Greif G, Gottstein B (2002). An explorative study to assess the efficacy of Toltrazuril-sulfone (Ponazuril) in calves experimentally infected with Neospora Caninum. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 1, 4.
• Kul O, Kabakçı N, Yildiz K, Öcal N, Kalender H, İlkme NA (2009). Neospora caninum associated with epidemic abortions in dairy cattle: The first clinical neosporosis report in Turkey. Vet Parasitol, 159, 69–72.
• Landmann JK, Jıllella D, O’Donoghue PJ, McGowan MR (2002). Confirmation of the prevention of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle by the use of embryo transfer. Aust Vet J, 80, 502- 503.
• Lindsay DS, Rippey NS, Cole RA, Parson LC, Dubey JP, Tidwell RR, Blagburn BL (1994). Examination of the activities of 43 chemothera- peutic agents against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells. Am J Vet Res, 55, 976–981.
• Mazuz ML, Haynes R, Shkap V, Fısh L, Wollkomırsky R, Leıbovıch B, Molad T, Savıtsky I, Golenser J (2012). Neospora caninum: In vivo and in vitro treatment with artemisone. Vet Parasitol. 87, 99-104.
• Moore DP, Campero CM, Odeo´n AC, Chayer R, Bianco MA (2003). Reproductive Losses due to Neospora caninum in a Beef Herd in Argentina. J Vet Med, 50, 304–308.
• Pfeiffer DU, Williamson NB, Reichel MP, Wichtel JJ, Teague WR (2002). A longitudinal study of Neospora caninum infection on a dairy farm in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med, 54, 11-24.
• Redigor-Cerrillo J, Arranz-Solis D, Benavides J, Gomez-Bautista M, Castro-Hermida JA, Mezo M, Perez V, Ortega-Mora LM, Gonzalez- Warleta M (2014). Neospora caninum infection during early pregnancy in cattle: how the isolate influences infection Dynamics, clinical outcome and peripheral and local immune responses. Vet Res, 45, 10.
• Reichel MP, Ayannegui-Alcerreca MA, Gondim LFP, Ellis JT (2013). What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle–The billion dollar question. Int J Parasitol, 43, 133-142.
• Reichel MP, Ellis JT (2009). Neospora caninum–How close are we to development of an efficacious vaccine that prevents abortion in cattle?. Int J Parasitol, 39, 1173–1187.
• Reichel MP, McAllister MM, Pomroy WE, Campero C, Ortega-Mora LM, Ellis J (2014). Control options for Neospora caninum-is there anything new or are we going backwards? Parasitology, 25, 1-16.
• Rojo-Montejo S, Collantes-Fernández E, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Rodríguez- Bertos A, Prenafeta A, Gomez-Bautista M, Ortega-Mora LM (2011). Influence of adjuvant and antigen dose on protection induced by an inactivated whole vaccine against Neospora caninum infection in mice. Vet Parasitol. 175, 220–229.
• Romero JJ, Van Breda S, Vargas B, Dolz G, Frankena K (2005). Effect of neosporosis on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in costa Rica. Theriogenology, 64, 1928-1939.
• Sánchez GF, Banda RV, Sahagun RA, Ledesma MN, Morales SE (2009). Comparison between immunohistochemistry and two PCR methods for detection of Neospora caninum in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tissue of bovine fetuses. Vet Parasitol, 164, 328–332.
• Strohbusch M, Müller N, Hemphill A, Krebber R, Greif G, Gottstein B (2009). Toltrazuril treatment of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection in newborn mice. Parasitol Res, 104, 1335–1343.
• Thurmond MC, Hietala SK (1996). Culling associated with Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res, 57, 1559–1562.
• Tiwari A, Vanleeuwen JA, Dohoo IR, Keefe GP, Haddad JP, Trem-Blay R, Scott HM, Whiting T (2007). Production effects of pathogens causing bovine leukosis, bovine viral diarrhea, paratuberculosis, and neosporosis. J Dairy Sci, 90, 659–669.
• Vanleeuwen JA, Greenwood S, Clark F, Acorn A, Markham F, McCar-Ron J, O’Handley R (2011). Monensin use against Neospora caninum challenge in dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol, 175, 372–376.
• Vanleeuwen JA, Haddad JP, Dohoo IR, Keefe GP, Tiwari A, Scott HM (2010). Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum seropositivity in randomly sampled Canadian dairy cows and herds. Prev Vet Med, 93, 129-138.
• Weber FH, Jackson JA, Sobecki B, Choromanski L, Olsen M, Meinert T, Frank R, Reichel MP, Ellis JT (2013). On the Efficacy and Safety of Vaccination with Live Tachyzoites of Neospora caninum for Prevention of Neospora-Associated Fetal Loss in Cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 20, 99–105.
• Williams DJL, Guy CS, Smith RF, Guy F, McGarry JW, McKay JS, Trees AJ (2003). First demonstration of protective immunity against foetopathy in cattle with latent Neospora caninum infection. Int J Parasitol, 33, 1059-1065.
• Yao L, Yang N, Lıu Q, Wang M, Zhang W, Qıan WF, Hu YF, Dıng J (2009). Detection of Neospora caninum in aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by nested PCR and ELISA and seroprevalence in Beijing and Tianjin, China. Parasitology, 136, 1251–1256.