BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Regional Distribution of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Contaminated Beef and Dairy Cattle Feeds in Turkey

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 162 - 166, 01.01.2013

Öz

The objectives of this study were to determine the aflatoxin AF and ochratoxin OTA contents and their correlations with chemical constituents of beef and dairy cattle feeds. Eighty-two commercial feed samples were collected from five different geographical regions of Turkey during fall season of 2006. The AF and OTA analyses were performed in HPLC while chemical constituents were determined with wet-chemistry. The highest and the lowest total AF contents were observed in Mediterranean 7.51 µg/kg and Aegean 0.34 µg/kg regions, respectively P< 0.01 . In addition, the OTA content was found to be the highest in Marmara 4.04 µg/kg but lowest in Aegean 0.76 µg/kg regions P

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya MR and Bal MA (2012). Efficacy of modified yeast extract and HSCAS containing mycotoxin adsorbent on ruminal binding charac- teristics of various aflatoxins. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18, 951-955.
  • AOAC (1990). Official methods of analysis. 15th ed., Association of Of- ficial Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • AOAC (2000). Official method 2000.03, Ochratoxin A in barley immuno- affinity by column HPLC, First Action.
  • Basalan M, Hismiogullari SE, Hismiogullari AA and Filazi A (2004). Fungi and aflatoxin B1 in horse and dog feeds in Western Turkey. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 156, 248-252.
  • Beg MU, Al-Mutairi M, Beg KR, Al-Mazeedi HM, Ali LN and Saeed T (2006). Mycotoxins in poultry feed in Kuwait. Archives of Environ- mental Contamination and Toxicology, 50, 594-602.
  • Bennett JW and Klich M (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Re- views, 16, 497-516.
  • Cheeke PR and Shull LR (1985). Natural toxicants in feeds and poison- ous plants. In: AVI Publishing Company, Westport, CT. pp. 393-476.
  • DiCostanzo A, Johnston L, Windels H and Murphy M (1995). A review of the effects of molds and mycotoxins in ruminants. The Professional Animal Scientist, 12, 138-150.
  • Duarte SC, Lino CM and Pena A (2011). Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: An undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 1-13.
  • Dwivedi P and Burns RB (1986). The natural occurence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part 1. Epidemiology and toxici- ty. World´s Poultry Science Journal, 42, 32-47.
  • Fink-Gremmels J (2008). The role of mycotoxins in the health and per- formance of dairy cows. Veterinary Journal, 176, 84-92.
  • Gibson RM, Bailey CA, Kubena LF, Huff WE and Harvey RB (1989). Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 1. Effects on body weight, feed conversion, relative organ weight, and mortality in three-week-old broilers. Poultry Science, 68, 1658-1663.
  • Guillamont EM, Lino CM, Baeta ML, Pena AS, Silveira MIN and Vinue- sa JM (2005). A comparative study of extraction apparatus in HPLC analysis of ochratoxin A in muscle. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 383, 570-575.
  • Höhler D, Sudekum KH, Wolffram S, Frohlich AA and Marquardt RR (1999). Metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A fed to sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 1217-1223.
  • Kuiper-Goodman T and Scott PM (1989). Risk assessment of the my- cotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2, 179-248.
  • Pier AC (1992). Major biological consequences of aflatoxicosis in ani- mal production. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 3964-3967.
  • Price WD, Lovell RA and McChesney DG (1993). Naturally occurring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for veterinary medicine perspective. Journal of Animal Science, 71, 2556-2562.
  • Rafai P, Bata A, Jakab L and Vanyi A (2000). Evaluation of mycotox- in-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 17, 799-808.
  • Rosa CAR, Cavaglieri LR, Ribeiro JMM, Keller KM, Alonso VA, Chiacchi- era SM, Dalcero AM and Lopes CWG (2008). Mycobiota and natu- rally-occurring ochratoxin A in dairy cattle feed from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. World Mycotoxin Journal, 1, 195-201.
  • SAS® (1999). SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 8.2 Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  • Shotwell LL, Hesseltine CW and Goulden ML (1969). Ochratoxin A: Oc- currence as natural contaminant of a corn sample. Applied Micro- biology, 17, 765-766.
  • Skaug MA (1999). Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16, 75-78.
  • Squire RA (1981). Ranking animal carcinogens: a proposed regulatory approach. Science, 214, 877-880.
  • Stroka J, Anklam E, Jörissen U and Gilbert J (2000). Immuno-affinity col- umn cleanup with liquid chromatography using post-column bro- mination for determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste, and paprika powder: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 83, 320-340.
  • Tindall W (1983). Molds and feeding livestock. Animal Health and Nu- trition, 38, 5-8.
  • Xiao H, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Philipps GD and Vitti TG (1991a). Effect of a hay and grain diet in the rate of hydrolysis of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 3014-3706.
  • Xiao H, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Phillips GD and Vitti TG (1991b). Effect of a hay and a grain diet on the bioavailability of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 3715-3723.
  • Yıldız G (2009). Türkiye’de çeşitli hayvancılıkişletmelerinde kullanılan karma yemlerin ve yem hammaddelerinin okratoksin A kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Der- gisi, 56, 131-135.

Aflatoksin ve Okratoksin A ile Kontamine Olmuş Besi ve Süt Sığırı Yemlerinin Türkiye’deki Bölgesel Dağılımı

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 162 - 166, 01.01.2013

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, besi ve süt sığırı yemlerinde aflatoksin AF ve okratoksin A OTA içerikleri ve bunların kimyasal kompozisyonları ile aralarındaki korelasyonu belirlemedir. Bunun için, 82 ticari yem örneği 2006 yılının sonbahar döneminde Türkiye’nin 5 farklı coğrafik bölgesinden toplanmıştır. Yemlerdeki AF ve OTA analizleri HPLC, besin madde içerikleri ise kimyasal yöntemlerle yapılmıştır. En yüksek ve en düşük AF içerikleri sırasıyla Akdeniz 7.51 µg/kg ve Ege 0.34 µg/kg bölgelerinde gözlemlenmiştir P< 0.01 . Ayrıca yemlerdeki OTA içeriği Marmara bölgesinde en yüksek 4.04 µg/kg , Ege bölgesinde ise en düşük 0.76 µg/kg düzeyde bulunmuştur P< 0.01 . Yem çeşitleri arasında AFB1 içeriği, en yüksek olarak besi sığırı yemlerinde sadece Akdeniz bölgesinde 9.40 vs. 3.74 µg/kg tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, Doğu Anadolu 1.90 vs. 4.25 µg/kg , Ege 0.27 vs. 0.38 µg/kg , Güneydoğu Anadolu 4.94 vs. 6.87 µg/kg ve Marmara 0.25 vs. 0.64 µg/kg bölgelerinde AFB1 içeriği süt sığırı yemlerinde daha yüksek bulunmuştur P< 0.05 . Genel olarak, AF ve OTA içerikleri yem çeşitlerinden etkilenmemiş ve sırasıyla ortalama olarak AF yönünden 3.85 ve 3.64 µg/kg, OTA yönünden ise 2.27 ve 1.81 µg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Yemlerdeki nem içeriği yönünden en yüksek değerler Akdeniz %9.0 ve Güneydoğu Anadolu %8.8 bölgelerinde gözlemlenirken, en düşük değer Marmara bölgesinde %7.6 gözlenmiştir. Korelasyon katsayıları, yemlerdeki AFB1 r= 0.74 , AFG1 r= 0.32 ve AFB2 r= 0.61 içerikleri ile nem içeriği arasında yüksek ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir P< 0.01 . Ayrıca, yemlerdeki AFB1 içeriğinin OM r= -0.26 ve HP r= -0.29 içerikleriyle negatif yönde bir korelasyona sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak, OTA içeriğiyle yemlerdeki nem ve diğer besin madde içerikleri arasında bir korelasyon tespit edilememiştir. Sonuçlar, mevcut çalışmadaki AF ve OTA ile kontamine olmuş yemlerdeki toksin düzeylerinin Amerikan FDA güven limitlerinin süt sığırı yemleri için 20 µg/kg AF; besi sığırı yemleri için 300 µg/kg AF; OTA için limit yok altında olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak, mevcut çalışmada Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinden alınan süt sığırı yemlerinde bulunan AF düzeyleri Avrupa Gıda Güvenliği Otoritesi EFSA ve T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı güvenlik limitlerinin süt sığırı yemlerinde 5 µg/kg üzerinde, Akdeniz ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinden alınan yemler de ise güvenlik limitine çok yakın bulunmuştur. Bütün bölgelerden alınan yemlerdeki OTA düzeyleri ise EFSA ve T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı limitlerinin 250 µg/kg altında tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, yemlerdeki AF içeriği ile nem, OM ve HP içerikleri arasında yüksek korelasyon olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak, yemlerdeki OTA içeriği ile kimyasal kompozisyonlar arasında bir korelasyon tespit edilememiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya MR and Bal MA (2012). Efficacy of modified yeast extract and HSCAS containing mycotoxin adsorbent on ruminal binding charac- teristics of various aflatoxins. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18, 951-955.
  • AOAC (1990). Official methods of analysis. 15th ed., Association of Of- ficial Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • AOAC (2000). Official method 2000.03, Ochratoxin A in barley immuno- affinity by column HPLC, First Action.
  • Basalan M, Hismiogullari SE, Hismiogullari AA and Filazi A (2004). Fungi and aflatoxin B1 in horse and dog feeds in Western Turkey. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 156, 248-252.
  • Beg MU, Al-Mutairi M, Beg KR, Al-Mazeedi HM, Ali LN and Saeed T (2006). Mycotoxins in poultry feed in Kuwait. Archives of Environ- mental Contamination and Toxicology, 50, 594-602.
  • Bennett JW and Klich M (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Re- views, 16, 497-516.
  • Cheeke PR and Shull LR (1985). Natural toxicants in feeds and poison- ous plants. In: AVI Publishing Company, Westport, CT. pp. 393-476.
  • DiCostanzo A, Johnston L, Windels H and Murphy M (1995). A review of the effects of molds and mycotoxins in ruminants. The Professional Animal Scientist, 12, 138-150.
  • Duarte SC, Lino CM and Pena A (2011). Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: An undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 1-13.
  • Dwivedi P and Burns RB (1986). The natural occurence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part 1. Epidemiology and toxici- ty. World´s Poultry Science Journal, 42, 32-47.
  • Fink-Gremmels J (2008). The role of mycotoxins in the health and per- formance of dairy cows. Veterinary Journal, 176, 84-92.
  • Gibson RM, Bailey CA, Kubena LF, Huff WE and Harvey RB (1989). Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 1. Effects on body weight, feed conversion, relative organ weight, and mortality in three-week-old broilers. Poultry Science, 68, 1658-1663.
  • Guillamont EM, Lino CM, Baeta ML, Pena AS, Silveira MIN and Vinue- sa JM (2005). A comparative study of extraction apparatus in HPLC analysis of ochratoxin A in muscle. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 383, 570-575.
  • Höhler D, Sudekum KH, Wolffram S, Frohlich AA and Marquardt RR (1999). Metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A fed to sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 1217-1223.
  • Kuiper-Goodman T and Scott PM (1989). Risk assessment of the my- cotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2, 179-248.
  • Pier AC (1992). Major biological consequences of aflatoxicosis in ani- mal production. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 3964-3967.
  • Price WD, Lovell RA and McChesney DG (1993). Naturally occurring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for veterinary medicine perspective. Journal of Animal Science, 71, 2556-2562.
  • Rafai P, Bata A, Jakab L and Vanyi A (2000). Evaluation of mycotox- in-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 17, 799-808.
  • Rosa CAR, Cavaglieri LR, Ribeiro JMM, Keller KM, Alonso VA, Chiacchi- era SM, Dalcero AM and Lopes CWG (2008). Mycobiota and natu- rally-occurring ochratoxin A in dairy cattle feed from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. World Mycotoxin Journal, 1, 195-201.
  • SAS® (1999). SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 8.2 Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
  • Shotwell LL, Hesseltine CW and Goulden ML (1969). Ochratoxin A: Oc- currence as natural contaminant of a corn sample. Applied Micro- biology, 17, 765-766.
  • Skaug MA (1999). Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16, 75-78.
  • Squire RA (1981). Ranking animal carcinogens: a proposed regulatory approach. Science, 214, 877-880.
  • Stroka J, Anklam E, Jörissen U and Gilbert J (2000). Immuno-affinity col- umn cleanup with liquid chromatography using post-column bro- mination for determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste, and paprika powder: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 83, 320-340.
  • Tindall W (1983). Molds and feeding livestock. Animal Health and Nu- trition, 38, 5-8.
  • Xiao H, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Philipps GD and Vitti TG (1991a). Effect of a hay and grain diet in the rate of hydrolysis of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 3014-3706.
  • Xiao H, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Phillips GD and Vitti TG (1991b). Effect of a hay and a grain diet on the bioavailability of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 3715-3723.
  • Yıldız G (2009). Türkiye’de çeşitli hayvancılıkişletmelerinde kullanılan karma yemlerin ve yem hammaddelerinin okratoksin A kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Der- gisi, 56, 131-135.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Murat Reis Akkaya Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Ali Bal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkaya, M. R., & Bal, M. A. (2013). Regional Distribution of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Contaminated Beef and Dairy Cattle Feeds in Turkey. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 2(1), 162-166.