Soğuk Preslenmiş Ficus carica L. cv. Sarı Lop Çekirdek Yağının Anti-kanser, Antioksidan ve Anti-mikrobiyal Potansiyelinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 279 - 286, 31.12.2025

Adem Yavaş

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.1778466

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türk Sarı Lop inciri (Ficus carica L. cv.)'nden elde edilen soğuk preslenmiş tohum yağının biyoaktif özelliklerini, nutrasötik ve farmasötik uygulamalar için antikanser, antioksidan ve anti-mikrobiyal potansiyeline odaklanarak değerlendirmektedir.
Yağın yağ asidi bileşimi, tokoferol içeriği ve toplam fenolik içeriği dahil olmak üzere fitokimyasal profili, kromatografik ve spektrofotometrik yöntemler kullanılarak karakterize edildi. Biyolojik aktiviteleri, DPPH radikal temizleme testi, patojenik bakterilere (Staphylococcus aureus ve Escherichia coli) karşı Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MIC) tayini ve insan meme (MCF-7) ve prostat (PC-3) kanseri hücre hatları üzerinde MTT sitotoksisite testleri ile değerlendirildi.
Analizler, yağın linolenik asit (%42,1), linoleik asit (%31,5) ve oleik asit (%14,8) ağırlıklı olmak üzere doymamış yağ asitleri açısından zengin bir kaynak olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca yüksek konsantrasyonlarda γ-tokoferol (395 mg/100 g) ve önemli miktarda fenolik bileşikler (45,8 mg GAE/g) içermektedir. Yağ, güçlü antioksidan aktivite (IC50 = 5,62 mg/mL) ve 0,5 ila 2 mg/mL arasında değişen MIC değerleri ile geniş spektrumlu anti-mikrobiyal etkinlik göstermiştir. Ayrıca, test edilen her iki kanser hücre hattına karşı doza bağlı sitotoksik etkiler sergilemiş ve MCF-7 meme kanseri hücrelerine karşı en yüksek seçiciliği göstermiştir.
Bu bulgular, Sarı Lop incir çekirdeği yağını önemli terapötik potansiyele sahip değerli bir doğal kaynak olarak konumlandırmakta ve onu yeni fonksiyonel gıdalar, nutrasötikler ve yenilikçi terapötik ajanların geliştirilmesi için umut vaat eden bir aday haline getirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-kanser , Antioksidan , Anti-mikrobiyal , Ficus carica , İncir çekirdeği yağı

Investigation of the Anti-cancer, Antioxidant, and Anti-microbial Potential of Cold-Pressed Ficus carica L. cv. Yellow Lop Seed Oil

Öz

This study evaluates the bioactive properties of cold-pressed seed oil from the Turkish Sarı Lop fig (Ficus carica L. cv.), focusing on its anti-cancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
The oil's phytochemical profile, including its fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and total phenolic content, was characterized using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Its biological activities were assessed via the DPPH radical scavenging assay, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and MTT cytotoxicity assays on human breast (MCF-7) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines.
Analysis revealed the oil is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, dominated by linolenic acid (42.1%), linoleic acid (31.5%), and oleic acid (14.8%). It also contains high concentrations of γ-tocopherol (395 mg/100 g) and significant phenolic compounds (45.8 mg GAE/g). The oil demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (IC50=5.62 mg/mL) and broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg/mL. Furthermore, it exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against both tested cancer cell lines, showing the highest selectivity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
These findings establish Sarı Lop fig seed oil as a valuable natural resource with significant therapeutic potential, making it a promising candidate for the development of novel functional foods, nutraceuticals, and innovative therapeutic agents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-cancer , Antioxidant , Anti-microbial , Ficus carica , Fig seed oil.

Kaynakça

• Aksoz E, Korkut O, Aksit D, Gokbulut C (2020) Vitamin E (α‐, β+ γ‐and δ‐tocopherol) Levels in Plant Oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 35: 504-510.
• Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, El-Sabrout K, Alqaisi O, Dawood MA, Soomro H, Abdelnour SA (2022) Nutritional Significance and Health Benefits of Omega-3,-6 and-9 Fatty Acids in Animals. Animal Biotechnology 33: 1678-1690.
• Alqurashi AS, Al Masoudi LM, Hamdi H, Abu Zaid A (2022) Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antiviral, Antifungal, Antibacterial and Anticancer Potentials of Opuntia ficus-indica Seed Oil. Molecules 27: 5453.
• Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH, Mahajan RT (2014) Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ficus carica: A Review. Pharmaceutical Biology 52: 1487-1503.
• Baygeldi N, Küçükerdönmez Ö, Akder RN, Çağındı Ö (2021) Medicinal and Nutritional Analysis of Fig (Ficus carica) Seed Oil; A New Gamma Tocopherol and Omega-3 Source. Progress in Nutrition 23: 1-6.
• Chaachouay N, Zidane L (2024) Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development. Drugs and Drug Candidates 3: 184-207.
• Chen X, Li H, Zhang B, Deng Z (2022) The Synergistic and Antagonistic Antioxidant Interactions of Dietary Phytochemical Combinations. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62: 5658-5677.
• Crisosto H, Ferguson L, Bremer V, Stover E, Colelli G (2011) Fig (Ficus carica L.). In: Yahia EM (ed) Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Elsevier: 134-160e.
• Devanesan A (2023) Taxus baccata and Taxus brevifolia: The Source of Paclitaxel, Docetaxel and Cabazitaxel. In: Swamy MK (ed) Modern Medicines from Plants. CRC Press: 307-314.
• Di Giacomo A, Di Giacomo G (2002) Essential Oil Production. In: Dugo G, Di Giacomo A (eds) Citrus. CRC Press: 128-161.
• Duman E, Şimşek M, Özcan MM (2018) Monitoring of Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Fruit and Seed Oil. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 24: 75-80.
• Ergun Z, Bozkurt T (2020) Determination of Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Fig Seed Oil. International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 13: 101-107.
• Es-Sai B, Wahnou H, Benayad S, Rabbaa Y, Laaziouez Y, El Kebbaj R, Limami Y, Duval RE (2025) Gamma-Tocopherol: A Comprehensive Review of Its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties. Molecules 30: 653.
• Gutierres D, Pacheco R, Reis CP (2025) The Role of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Human Health. Foods 14: 3299.
• Güven N, Gökyer A, Koç A, Temiz NN, Selvi S, Koparal B, Dedeoğlu BD, Öztürk SB, Büyükhelvacigil H, Büyükhelvacıgil R (2019) Physiochemical Composition of Fig Seed Oil from Turkey. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7: 541-545.
• Hssaini L, Hanine H, Charafi J, Razouk R, Elantari A, Ennahli S, Hernández F, Ouaabou R (2020) First Report on Fatty Acids Composition, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity in Seeds Oil of Four Fig Cultivars (Ficus carica L.) Grown in Morocco. OCL 27 : 8.
• Hssaini L, Razouk R, Charafi J, Houmanat K, Hanine H (2021) Fig Seeds: Combined Approach of Lipochemical Assessment Using Gas Chromatography and FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy Using Chemometrics. Vibrational Spectroscopy 114: 103251.
• Hu T, Linghu K, Huang S, Battino M, Georgiev MI, Zengin G, Li D, Deng Y, Wang Y, Cao H (2019) Flaxseed Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 127: 188-196.
• Ishnaiwer AK (2023) Antioxidant, Phytochemical, Nutritional Composition, and Biological Activity of Selected Fig Genotypes (Ficus carica L.). Master Thesis, Hebron University, Palestine.
• Jimenez P, Garcia P, Quitral V, Vasquez K, Parra-Ruiz C, Reyes-Farias M, Garcia-Diaz DF, Robert P, Encina C, Soto-Covasich J (2021) Pulp, Leaf, Peel and Seed of Avocado Fruit: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Healthy Benefits. Food Reviews International 37: 619-655.
• Kamiloglu S, Akgun B (2023) Bioactive Compounds of Fig (Ficus carica). In: Karaca H, Akbulut M (eds) Fig (Ficus carica): Production, Processing, and Properties. Springer: 479-512.
• Labanca F, Ovesna J, Milella L (2018) Papaver somniferum L. Taxonomy, Uses and New Insight in Poppy Alkaloid Pathways. Phytochemistry Reviews 17: 853-871.
• Lee D-S, Noh B-S, Bae S-Y, Kim K (1998) Characterization of Fatty Acids Composition in Vegetable Oils by Gas Chromatography and Chemometrics. Analytica Chimica Acta 358: 163-175.
• Ma Y, Wang J, Li Q, Cao B (2021) The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementations on Anti-Tumor Drugs in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 73: 196-205.
• Oran SA, Althaher AR, Mubarak MS (2022) Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel). In: Mubarak MS, Oran SA, Althaher AR (eds) Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits. CRC Press: 377-394.
• Pérez M, Dominguez-López I, Lamuela-Raventós RM (2023) The Chemistry Behind the Folin–Ciocalteu Method for the Estimation of (Poly)phenol Content in Food: Total Phenolic Intake in a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 71: 17543-17553.
• Polat A (2023) Fig Industry in Turkey: Production and Marketing. VII International Symposium on Fig 1405.
• Pyka A, Sliwiok J (2001) Chromatographic Separation of Tocopherols. Journal of Chromatography A 935: 71-76.
• Rajendran EGMG (2023) Fig (Ficus carica) Seed Oil. In: Karaca H, Akbulut M (eds) Fig (Ficus carica): Production, Processing, and Properties. Springer: 357-368.
• Rasool IFu, Aziz A, Khalid W, Koraqi H, Siddiqui SA, Al-Farga A, Lai W-F, Ali A (2023) Industrial Application and Health Prospective of Fig (Ficus carica) By-Products. Molecules 28: 960.
• Shiraishi CS, Zbiss Y, Roriz CL, Dias MI, Prieto MA, Calhelha RC, Alves MJ, Heleno SA, V dCM, Carocho M (2023) Fig Leaves (Ficus carica L.): Source of Bioactive Ingredients for Industrial Valorization. Processes 11: 1179.
• Singh K, Gupta JK, Chanchal DK, Shinde MG, Kumar S, Jain D, Almarhoon ZM, Alshahrani AM, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J (2025) Natural Products as Drug Leads: Exploring Their Potential in Drug Discovery and Development. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 398: 4673-4687.
• Truan JS, Chen JM, Thompson LU (2010) Flaxseed Oil Reduces the Growth of Human Breast Tumors (MCF‐7) at High Levels of Circulating Estrogen. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54: 1414-1421.
• Uslu NA, Ozturk B, Ates U, Aydın E (2024) Evaluation of Quality Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds of Fig Fruit Grown in the Black Sea Region, Türkiye. Applied Fruit Science 66: 689-698.
• Vaara M (2020) Lipopolysaccharide and the Permeability of the Bacterial Outer Membrane. In: Brade H, Opal SM, Vogel SN, Morrison DC (eds) Endotoxin in Health and Disease. CRC Press: 31-38.
• Wendel M, Heller AR (2009) Anticancer Actions of Omega-3 Fatty Acids-Current State and Future Perspectives. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 9: 457-470.