THE NEW YORK TIMES GAZETESİ HABERLERİNDE TRABLUSGARP SAVAŞI YANSIMALARI

Öz

Coğrafi yakınlık, zengin yeraltı kaynakları, elverişli iklim koşulları, ucuz işgücü ve egemenliğinde bulunduğu Osmanlı Devleti’nin güç durumunu da göz önünde bulundurarak Trablusgarp’ı ele geçirme planları yapan İtalya Büyük Güçlerin gölgesinde 29 Eylül’de Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş açmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ile İtalya arasında yapılan savaş gerek yerel gerekse uluslararası basın tarafından yakından takip edilmiştir. Basında en fazla Osmanlı Devleti’nin diplomatik yollarla savaşı sonlandırma çabaları, Trablusgarp’a gönüllü olarak giden askerlerin bölgeye intikali, yerli halkın işgale karşı direnişi, Avrupa’da savaşın bölgesellikten çıkarak Adriyatik’e sıçraması endişesi, Balkan Devletleri’nin durumu gibi konular yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada Avrupa’nın yakından takip ettiği Osmanlı-İtalyan mücadelesinde 1911 yılının The New York Times Gazetesinde nasıl yer bulduğu incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The New York Times
• İtalya
• Osmanlı Devleti
• Uşi Antlaşması
• Trablusgarp Savaşı.

REFLECTIONS OF THE WAR OF TRIPOLI IN THE NEW YORK TIMES NEWS

Öz

Considering the geographical proximity, rich underground resources, favorable climatic conditions, cheap labor force and the power situation of the Ottoman Empire, Italy, which made plans to seize Tripoli, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on September 29 under the shadow of the Great Powers. The war between the Ottoman Empire and Italy was closely followed by the local and international press. In the press, the Ottoman Empire's efforts to end the war through diplomatic means, the transfer of the soldiers who went to Tripoli voluntarily to the region, resistance of the indigenous people agains occupation, the concern that the war in Europe would leave the region and spread to the Adriatic, the Balkans. Topics such as the state of the states were included. In this study, it was examined how the Ottoman-Italian struggle, which was followed closely by Europe, found its place in The New York Times of 1911.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The New York Times
• Italy
• Ottoman Empire
• Tripoli War

Kaynakça

1. Agbılı, Farag. (2019). Trablusgarp’ın İtalya Tarafından İşgali ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tutumu, Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Karabük.
2. Arık, M. (2009). Trablusgarp Vilayeti Üzerinde İtalya Tehdidinin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Aldığı Askeri ve Siyasi Tedbirler (1881-1911), Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, İstanbul.
3. Ateş, Toktamış. (2001). Siyasal Tarih, İstanbul: Der Yy.
4. Beehler, W. H. Commodore. (2014). 1911-1912 Türk-İtalyan Savaşı, Çev: Leyla Yıldırım, İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat Yy.
5. Giolitti, Giovanni. (2012). Dönemin İtalyan Başbakanının Türk-İtalyan Savaşı’na Dair Hatıraları: Trablusgarp’ı Nasıl Aldık?, Hzrl: Tahsin Yıldırım, Dün Bugün Yarın Yayınları.
6. Gelvin, L. James. (2016). Modern Ortadoğu Tarihi 1453-2015, İstanbul: Timaş Yy.
7. Güzel, T. Hasan. (2017). “Hasta Adam Osmanlı Devleti Karşısında Başarılı Bir İtalyan Diplomasi Örneği: Trablusgarp Savaşı”, Vakanüvis, Mart, 2(1): 79-118.
8. Kurtcephe, İsrafil. (1990). “Trablusgarp’ın İtalyanlarca İşgali: Mustafa Kemal ve Arkadaşlarının Direnişe Katılmaları”, AÜ Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, C.2, S.6, 361-375.

9. Mete, Şengül. (1998). “Trablusgarp Savaşı ve İtalya’nın Akdeniz’ deki Faaliyetleri”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (8): 261-298.
10. Orhan, Müge. (2010). Osmanlı Arşiv Vesikalarına Göre Trablusgarp Harbi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Edirne.
11. Tekin, Arslan. (2016). Enver Paşa ve Dönemi, İstanbul: Kariyer Yy.
12. Tuncer, Huner. (2000). 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı-Avrupa İlişkileri, Ankara: Ümit Yayıncılık.
13. Zeyrek, İlhan ve İlhan, Metin. (2016). “ İtalya’nın Milli Birlik Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti ve Balkan Siyaseti”, Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2): 83-115.
14. The New York Times. “Italy Navy Ready For War”, September 23, 1911
15. The New York Times. “Italy’s Ultimatum”, September 27, 1911.
16. The New York Times. “Italian Fleet İs Off Tripoli”, September 27, 1911.
17. The New York Times. “The Panic İn Tiripoli”, September 28, 1911.
18. The New York Times. “40.000 İtalians Reach Tripoli”, September 28, 1911.
19. The New York Times. “Italy Sent Arms To Albania”, September 29, 1911.
20. The New York Times. “Italy Begins War On Turkey”, September 30, 1911.
21. The New York Times. “Italy Declared War”, September 30, 1911.
22. The New York Times. “Protest From A Turk”, September 30, 1911.
23. The New York Times. “Pushing İnvasion Of Tripoli”, September 30, 1911.
24. The New York Times. “Germany Acts For Italy, September 30, 1911.
25. The New York Times. “Turks Appeal To Powers”, October 1, 1911.
26. The New York Times. “The Turkısh Fleet Safe”, October 2, 1911.
27. The New York Times. “Tripoli Blocked Effective”, October 2, 1911.
28. The New York Times. “Turks Leaving Tripoli”, October 2, 1911.
29. The New York Times. “Enver Bey Scorns Italy”, October 2, 1911.
30. The New York Times. “Turks At Tripoli Defiant” , October 4, 1911.
31. The New York Times. “A Reversal To Barbarisim”, October 5, 1911.
32. The New York Times. “Berlin Measures War Chances”, October 5, 1911.
33. The New York Times. “Germany Make Pressure”, October 7, 1911.
34. The New York Times. “ Turkısh Fleet İs Really Safe”, October 7, 1911.
35. The New York Times.“ Turkey Attack From Africa”, October 7, 1911.
36. The New York Times. “ İtalian Rule İn Tripoli”, October 7,1911.
37. The New York Times. “ Italy Warns The People”, October 7,1911.
38. The New York Times. “Appeal To Kıng George”, October 7,1911.
39. The New York Times. “ Turks To Expel Italians”, October 8,1911.
40. The New York Times. “Fear For Italians İn Turkey”, October 9, 1911.
41. The New York Times. “ End Slavery İn Tripoli”, October 9, 1911.
42. The New York Times. “İtalians Captured Tobruk”, October 9, 1911.
43. The New York Times. “ Enforce British Neutrality”, October 11, 1911.
44. The New York Times. “Italians Will March Against The Turks”, October 13, 1911.
45. The New York Times. “ From Italy To Turkey Ultimatum”, October 13, 1911
46. The New York Times. “Turkısh Troops Surrendered”, October 14,1911.
47. The New York Times. “Turk Attack Italians”, October 15,1911.
48. The New York Times. “ Turks Attacted Italians”, October 15, 1911.
49. The New York Times. “Sultan Says Turkey Will Defend İts Rights”, October 15, 1911.
50. The New York Times. “ Forces Advised Turkey To Withdraw”, October 22, 1911.
51. The New York Times. “Unıte Tribes For Holy War On İtaly”, October 28, 1911. The New York Times, “ Vatikan Neutral İn War On Turks”, October 29, 1911.
52. The New York Times. “Italy May İnvade The Dardanelles”, November 5, 1911.
53. The New York Times. “Deny Tripoli Atrocities”, November 13, 1911.
54. The New York Times. “Germany Confused Turkey”, February 3, 1911.
55. The New York Times. “ Denial Of The Persucıtıon Of Tripoli”, February 13, 1911
56. The New York Times. “ The View Of The İtalians To The Turks”, February 27, 1911.
57. The New York Times. “End The Turkısh İtalian War”, February 28, 1912.
58. The New York Times. “End The Turkısh İtalian War”, February 28, 1911.
59. The New York Times. “End The Turkısh İtalian War”, February 28, 1911.
60. The New York Times. “Powers Advısıng Turkey To Yıeld”, December 21, 1911.
61. The New York Times. “Gold For Turkey Seized”, December 23, 1911.
62. The New York Times. “Gold For Turkey Seized”, December 23, 1911.
63. The New York Times. “Gold For Turkey Seized”, December 23, 1911.
64. The New York Times. “ Turks Dont Want Peace”, December 27, 1911.
65. The New York Times. “İ. Kemal On The Future Of Turkey”, December 31, 1911.
66. The New York Times. “İ. Kemal On The Future Of Turkey”, December 31, 1911.
67. The New York Times. “Aegean Expedıtıon Of Italy”, June 2, 1911.
68. The New York Times. “ Turks Want Victory Now”, June 14, 1911.