PİQUETEROS (İŞSİZ İŞÇİ HAREKETİ)

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 49, 506 - 539, 30.04.2025

İhsan Konak

https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1542044

Öz

Neoliberal ekonomi politikaları Latin Amerika ülkelerinde toplumsal muhalefetin gelişmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. 2001 yılında Arjantin’in temerrüde düşmesi, ekonomik krizi sosyo-politik bir krize dönüştürmüştür. Neoliberal ekonomi politikaları, işsizlik ülke tarihindeki zirve yapmıştır. Bu ekonomik modelden olumsuz etkilenenler neoliberal politikaları protesto etmek ve seslerini duyurabilmek için Piqueteros hareketine katılmışlardır. İşsiz işçi örgütleri geleneksel siyaset mekanizması araçlarına (siyasal partilere) ve işçi sendikalarına duyulan güvensizlik ortamında toplum temelli muhalefeti örgütlemeyi başarmıştır. Halkın taleplerini (istihdam programları, sosyal yardımlar vs.) duyurabilmek adına işsiz işçi örgütleri mal ve hizmet dolaşımı için önemli olan otoyollara barikat kurup kapatmışlardır. İşsizlerin ve yoksulların talepleri bu eylem yöntemi ile duyuran ve başarı elde eden Piqueteros hareketi tüm ülkeye yayılmış ve önemli bir siyasal aktör olmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışmada etkili ve yeni kolektif eylem deneyimi ortaya koyan Piqueteros hareketi değerlendirilmiştir. Makalede öncelikle Arjantin’de yaşanan krizin iktisadi ve siyasal boyutları ortaya konulmuş ve işsiz işçi örgütlerinin ortaya çıkışı ele alınmıştır. Ardından hareketin yeni eylem yöntemi olan yol kesmelerin ve barikatların anlamına ve hareketin heterojen örgütsel yapısına değinilmiştir. Bu çalışma hazırlanırken betimsel tarama metodu kullanılmış ve çoğunlukla ikincil kaynaklara, yabancı (İngilizce) literatüre başvurulmuş olup bilimsel makaleler ve kitaplar taranıp analizler yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Piqueteros , İşsiz İşçi Hareketi , Arjantin , Toplumsal Hareket , Neoliberalizm

PIQUETEROS (UNEMPLOYED WORKERS' MOVEMENT)

Öz

Neoliberal economic policies paved the way for developing social opposition in Latin American countries. In 2001, Argentina's default turned the economic crisis into a socio-political crisis. Neoliberal economic policies and unemployment peaked in the country's history. Those who were negatively affected by this economic model joined the Piqueteros movement to protest against neoliberal policies and make their voices heard. Unemployed workers' organizations have succeeded in organizing community-based opposition in an environment of distrust of traditional instruments of political mechanisms (political parties) and trade unions. To make people's demands (employment programs, social benefits, etc.) heard, unemployed workers' organizations blocked highways that were important for moving goods and services. The Piqueteros movement, which publicized the demands of the unemployed and the poor through this method of action and achieved success, spread throughout the country and managed to become an important political actor. This study evaluated the Piqueteros movement, which demonstrated an effective and new collective action experience. In the article, firstly, the economic and political dimensions of the crisis in Argentina are presented and the emergence of unemployed workers' organizations is discussed. Then, the meaning of the movement's new method of action - roadblocks and barricades - and the heterogeneous organizational structure of the movement are discussed. While preparing this study, the descriptive survey method was used and mostly secondary sources and foreign (English) literature were consulted, and scientific articles and books were reviewed and analyzed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Piqueteros , Unemployed Workers Movement , Argentina , Social Movement , Neoliberalism

Kaynakça

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