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FARKLI BİTKİ SIKLIĞI VE ÇEVRE ŞARTLARINDA YETİŞTİRİLEN BAKLA ÇEŞİTLERİNE AİT TANELERİN BAZI KİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 11 - 24, 30.06.2022

Öz

Bu çalışmada, iki farklı lokasyonda (Kahramanmaraş ve Şanlıurfa), iki bakla çeşidinin (Salkım ve Fontes) altı farklı bitki yoğunluğunda (40x15, 40x20, 50x15, 50x20, 60x15, 60x20), tane kalite kriterleri incelenmiştir. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre faktöryel düzende kurulmuştur. Deneme sonucu bakla çeşitlerinin kül, yağ, nem, protein ve nişasta değerleri sırasıyla % 3.47-3.80, % 1.02-1.84, % 10.10-11.60, % 25.95-31.37 ve % 41.06-45.16 arasında değişmiştir. Korelasyon analizinde nişasta ile kül özellikleri hariç diğer özelliklerin birbirleri ile ilişkilerinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca özellikler arası etkileşimin anlamlılık düzeyinin faktörlere göre değişiklik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) sonuçlarında her lokasyonun ayrı gruplar oluşturduğu ve gruplar içinde incelenen örneklerin özelliklerinin baskınlık durumuna göre dağılım gösterdiği kaydedilmiştir. Genel olarak Şanlıurfa lokasyonunda tüm özelliklere ait değerlerin Kahramanmaraş lokasyonundaki örneklere ait değerlere nazaran daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Çeşitlerin yağ, nem ve protein özelliklerinde önemli farklar tespit edilmiştir. Salkım çeşidinin Fontes'e göre sadece yağ özelliğinde daha yüksek olurken, nem ve protein özelliklerinde önemli derecede düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sıra arası ve sıra üzeri mesafelerde tüm özelliklere ait farklılıkların ise önemsiz olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, kullanılan çeşitlerin ve bitki yoğunluklarının lokasyonlara göre kalite kriterlerini önemli ölçüde etkilediği anlaşılmıştır. Kalite kriterleri birçok faktör tarafından etkilenmektedir. Kullanmış olduğumuz analizler sonucu korelasyon analizi ve PCA uygulamalrında birden çok faktörlü çalışmaların tek bir platformda değerlendirilebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., Aboyeji, C. M., Dunsin, O., Ugbe, J. O., 2017. Green manures and NPK fertilizer effects on soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C compositi.on of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.005.
  • Anonim, 2018a. Kahramanmaraş Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü Kayıtları. Kahramanmaraş. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Anonim, 2018b. Şanlıurfa Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü Kayıtları. Şanlıurfa. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Baloch, K., Rizwan, S., Mahmood, K., Jan, M.H., Hussain, J., Shah, A., Khan, I., Mehmood, Z., Iqbal, S., Azam, M., Sajjad, A., 2017. Biochemical and trace elements composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivated in Panjgur and Kech districts of Balochistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 6(3), 981-988. 10.19045/bspab.2017.600104.
  • Bezmen, M., 2019. Samsunda Yetiştirilen Bakla (Vicia faba L.) Genotiplerinde Çiçekte L-DOPA(L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) İçeriği Ve Tarımsal Özellikler İle İlişkisi. OMÜ Fen Bilimleri Enst. Yüksek Lis. Tezi, Samsun.
  • Cazzato, E., Tufarelli, V., Ceci, E., Stellacci, A. M., Laudadio, V., 2012. Quality, yield and nitrogen fixation of faba bean seeds as affected by sulphur fertilization. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B: Soil Plant Sci. 62, 732–738. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2012.698642.
  • Crépon, K., Marget, P., Peyronnet, C., Carrouée, B., Arese, P., Duc, G., 2010. Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food. Field Crops Research, 115: 329-339. 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.016.
  • Daryanto, S., Wang, L., Jacinthe, P. A., 2017. Global synthesis of drought effects on cereal, legume, tuber and root crops production: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 18-33.
  • FAOSTAT, 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Fordoński, G., Pszczółkowska, A., Krzebietke, S., Olszewski, J., Okorski, A., 2015. Yield and mineral composition of seeds of leguminous plants and grain of spring wheat as well as their residual effect on the yield and chemical composition of winter oilseed rape seed. Journal of Elementology, 20 (4), 827. 10.5601/ jelem.2015.20.2.877.
  • Gemechu K, Asnake, F., Million, E., 2016. Reflections on Highland Pulses Improvement Research in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. EIAR 50th Year Jubilee Anniversary Special Issue: 17-50.
  • Hendawey, M.H., Younes, A.M.A., 2013. Biochemical evaluation of some faba bean cultivars under rainfed conditions at El-heikh Zuwayid. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 5892, 183. 10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.010.
  • Ivarsson, E., Neil, M., 2018. Variations in nutritional and antinutritional contents among faba bean cultivars and effects on growth performance of weaner pigs. Livest Sci., 212, pp.14-21. 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.017.
  • Jensen, E. S., Peoples, M. B., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., 2010. Faba bean in cropping systems. Field crops research, 115(3), 203-216.
  • Karkanis, A., Ntatsi, G., Lepse, L., Fernández, J.A., Vågen, I.M., Rewald, B., Alsiņa, I., Kronberga, A., Balliu, A., Olle, M., Bodner, G., Dubova, L., Rosa, E., Savvas, D., 2018. Faba bean cultivation – revealing novel managing practices for more sustainable and competitive european cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science., 9(1115), pp.1–14. 10.3389/fpls.2018.01115.
  • Korsvold, K.K., 2020. Starch and protein accumulation during seed development of field grown faba beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Vertigo) in Norway. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Master’s Thesis.
  • Ksiezak, J., Bojarszczuk, J., Staniak, M., 2018. Evaluation of the concentration of nutrients in the seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L. major) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) depending on habitat conditions. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 27, No. 3 (2018), 1133-1143. 10.15244/pjoes/76175.
  • Landry, E. J., Fuchs, S. J., Hu, J., 2016. Carbohydrate composition of mature and immature faba bean seeds. J. Food Compos. Anal. 50, 55–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.010.
  • Lizarazo, C. I., Lampi, A. M., Sontag-Strohm, T., Liu, J., Piironen, V., Stoddard, F. L., 2015. Nutritive quality and protein production from grain legumes in a boreal climate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95, 2053–2064. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6920.
  • Mekkei, M.E., 2014. Effect of intra-row spacing and seed size on yield and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at www.ijagcs.com IJACS/2014/7-10/665-670 ISSN 2227-670X ©2014.
  • Milczarek, A., Osek, M., 2016. Partial replacement of soya bean with low-tannin faba bean varieties (Albus or Amulet): effects on growth traits, slaughtering parameters and meat quality of Pulawska pigs. Annals of Animal Science, 16 (2), 477. 10.1515/aoas-2015-0076.
  • Mona, A. M., Sabah, M. A., Rehab, A. M., 2011. Influence of potassium sulfate on faba bean yield and quality. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5, 87–95.
  • Musalam, I.W., Al-Karaki, G., Ereif, K.I., Tawaha, A.M., 2004. Chemical composition of faba bean cultivars under rained and irrigation conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6 (2), 359. 1560–8530/2004/06–2–359–362.
  • Neme, K., Bultosa, G., Bussa, N., 2015. Nutrient and functional properties of composite flours processed from pregelatinised barley, sprouted faba bean and carrot flours. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 50, 2375–2382. doi: 10.1111/ijfs.12903
  • Parvin, S., Uddin, S., Tausz-Posch, S., Fitzgerald, G., Armstrong, R., Tausz, M., 2019. Elevated CO2 improves yield and N2 fixation but not grain N concentration of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) subjected to terminal drought. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 165, 161-173.
  • PAST, 2001. Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis.
  • Pisulewska, E., Hanczakowski, P., Szymczyk, B., Ernest, T., Kulig, B., 1996. Comparison of chemical composition, content of anti-nutritive substances and nutritive value of seeds of nine faba bean varieties (Vicia faba L.) cultivated in two growing seasons. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki, 23 (2), 253.
  • Sarah, A., Abusin, E., Hassan, A.B., Babiker, E.E., 2009. Nutritional evaluation of cooked faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 3 (3), 2484.
  • SAS, 1999. SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • Skylas, D. J., Paull, J. G., Hughes, D. G., Gogel, B., Long, H., Williams, B., Mundree, S., Blanchard, C.L. Quail, K. J., 2019. Nutritional and anti-nutritional seed-quality traits of faba bean (Vicia faba) grown in South Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 70(5), 463– 472. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19017.
  • SPSS, 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
  • Turco, I., Ferretti, G., Bacchetti, T., 2016. Review of the health benefits of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) polyphenols. J. Food Nutr. Res. 55, 283–293.
  • TÜİK, 2021. Türkiye istatistik kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Erişim tarihi: 14.10.2021
  • Witten, S., Böhm, H., Aulrich, K., 2015. Effect of variety and environment on the contents of crude nutrients, lysine, methionine and cysteine in organically produced field peas (Pisum sativum L) and field beans (Vicia faba L). Landbauforsch Volkenrode, 65, 205–216.
  • Woźniak, A., Soroka, M., Stępniowska, A., Makarski, B., 2014. Chemical composition of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds depending on tillage systems. Journal of Elementology, 19 (4), 1143. 10.5601/jelem.2014.19.3.484.
  • Yarşi, G., Zulkadir, G., 2020. Mersin’de taze bakla (Vicia faba L.) yetiştiriciliği. 4. Uluslararası Mersin Sempozyumu, Bildiri Tam Metinleri Kitabı 3, 222-235.
  • Yıldız, K., 2018. Determination of using suitable genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for the purpose of fresh and dry grains. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIETY, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANT DENSITY APPLICATIONS ON KERNEL QUALITY CRITERIA IN PODS WITH DIFFERENT STATISTICAL ANALYZES

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 11 - 24, 30.06.2022

Öz

In this study, grain quality criteria of two broad bean cultivars (Salkım and Fontes) at six different plant densities (40x15, 40x20, 50x15, 50x20, 60x15, 60x20) were investigated in two different locations (Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa). The experiment was set up in a factorial pattern according to the randomized blocks design. As a result of the experiment, the ash, oil, moisture, protein and starch values of the broad bean varieties varied between 3.47-3.80%, 1.02-1.84%, 10.10-11.60%, 25.95-31.37% and 41.06-45.16%, respectively. In the correlation analysis, it was determined that the relationship between starch and ash properties was important except for the properties of other properties. In addition, it was determined that the level of significance of the interaction between features varies according to the factors. In the PCA (Principle Component Analysis) results, it was noted that each location formed separate groups and the characteristics of the samples examined within the groups were distributed according to the dominance status. In general, it was observed that the values of all features in Şanlıurfa location were higher than the values of the samples in Kahramanmaraş location. Significant differences were determined in the oil, moisture and protein properties of the cultivars. It was determined that while the cluster variety was higher only in oil properties than Fontes, it was significantly lower in moisture and protein properties. It was noted that the differences in all traits in the inter-row and in-row distances were insignificant. According to these results, it was understood that the varieties used and plant densities significantly affected the quality criteria according to the locations. Quality criteria are affected by many factors. As a result of the analyzes we have used, it has been concluded that studies with multiple factors can be evaluated in a single platform in correlation analysis and PCA applications.

Kaynakça

  • Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., Aboyeji, C. M., Dunsin, O., Ugbe, J. O., 2017. Green manures and NPK fertilizer effects on soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C compositi.on of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2017.05.005.
  • Anonim, 2018a. Kahramanmaraş Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü Kayıtları. Kahramanmaraş. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Anonim, 2018b. Şanlıurfa Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü Kayıtları. Şanlıurfa. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Baloch, K., Rizwan, S., Mahmood, K., Jan, M.H., Hussain, J., Shah, A., Khan, I., Mehmood, Z., Iqbal, S., Azam, M., Sajjad, A., 2017. Biochemical and trace elements composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivated in Panjgur and Kech districts of Balochistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 6(3), 981-988. 10.19045/bspab.2017.600104.
  • Bezmen, M., 2019. Samsunda Yetiştirilen Bakla (Vicia faba L.) Genotiplerinde Çiçekte L-DOPA(L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) İçeriği Ve Tarımsal Özellikler İle İlişkisi. OMÜ Fen Bilimleri Enst. Yüksek Lis. Tezi, Samsun.
  • Cazzato, E., Tufarelli, V., Ceci, E., Stellacci, A. M., Laudadio, V., 2012. Quality, yield and nitrogen fixation of faba bean seeds as affected by sulphur fertilization. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B: Soil Plant Sci. 62, 732–738. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2012.698642.
  • Crépon, K., Marget, P., Peyronnet, C., Carrouée, B., Arese, P., Duc, G., 2010. Nutritional value of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds for feed and food. Field Crops Research, 115: 329-339. 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.016.
  • Daryanto, S., Wang, L., Jacinthe, P. A., 2017. Global synthesis of drought effects on cereal, legume, tuber and root crops production: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 18-33.
  • FAOSTAT, 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2021.
  • Fordoński, G., Pszczółkowska, A., Krzebietke, S., Olszewski, J., Okorski, A., 2015. Yield and mineral composition of seeds of leguminous plants and grain of spring wheat as well as their residual effect on the yield and chemical composition of winter oilseed rape seed. Journal of Elementology, 20 (4), 827. 10.5601/ jelem.2015.20.2.877.
  • Gemechu K, Asnake, F., Million, E., 2016. Reflections on Highland Pulses Improvement Research in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. EIAR 50th Year Jubilee Anniversary Special Issue: 17-50.
  • Hendawey, M.H., Younes, A.M.A., 2013. Biochemical evaluation of some faba bean cultivars under rainfed conditions at El-heikh Zuwayid. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 5892, 183. 10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.010.
  • Ivarsson, E., Neil, M., 2018. Variations in nutritional and antinutritional contents among faba bean cultivars and effects on growth performance of weaner pigs. Livest Sci., 212, pp.14-21. 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.017.
  • Jensen, E. S., Peoples, M. B., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., 2010. Faba bean in cropping systems. Field crops research, 115(3), 203-216.
  • Karkanis, A., Ntatsi, G., Lepse, L., Fernández, J.A., Vågen, I.M., Rewald, B., Alsiņa, I., Kronberga, A., Balliu, A., Olle, M., Bodner, G., Dubova, L., Rosa, E., Savvas, D., 2018. Faba bean cultivation – revealing novel managing practices for more sustainable and competitive european cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science., 9(1115), pp.1–14. 10.3389/fpls.2018.01115.
  • Korsvold, K.K., 2020. Starch and protein accumulation during seed development of field grown faba beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Vertigo) in Norway. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Master’s Thesis.
  • Ksiezak, J., Bojarszczuk, J., Staniak, M., 2018. Evaluation of the concentration of nutrients in the seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L. major) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) depending on habitat conditions. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 27, No. 3 (2018), 1133-1143. 10.15244/pjoes/76175.
  • Landry, E. J., Fuchs, S. J., Hu, J., 2016. Carbohydrate composition of mature and immature faba bean seeds. J. Food Compos. Anal. 50, 55–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.010.
  • Lizarazo, C. I., Lampi, A. M., Sontag-Strohm, T., Liu, J., Piironen, V., Stoddard, F. L., 2015. Nutritive quality and protein production from grain legumes in a boreal climate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95, 2053–2064. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6920.
  • Mekkei, M.E., 2014. Effect of intra-row spacing and seed size on yield and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at www.ijagcs.com IJACS/2014/7-10/665-670 ISSN 2227-670X ©2014.
  • Milczarek, A., Osek, M., 2016. Partial replacement of soya bean with low-tannin faba bean varieties (Albus or Amulet): effects on growth traits, slaughtering parameters and meat quality of Pulawska pigs. Annals of Animal Science, 16 (2), 477. 10.1515/aoas-2015-0076.
  • Mona, A. M., Sabah, M. A., Rehab, A. M., 2011. Influence of potassium sulfate on faba bean yield and quality. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5, 87–95.
  • Musalam, I.W., Al-Karaki, G., Ereif, K.I., Tawaha, A.M., 2004. Chemical composition of faba bean cultivars under rained and irrigation conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6 (2), 359. 1560–8530/2004/06–2–359–362.
  • Neme, K., Bultosa, G., Bussa, N., 2015. Nutrient and functional properties of composite flours processed from pregelatinised barley, sprouted faba bean and carrot flours. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 50, 2375–2382. doi: 10.1111/ijfs.12903
  • Parvin, S., Uddin, S., Tausz-Posch, S., Fitzgerald, G., Armstrong, R., Tausz, M., 2019. Elevated CO2 improves yield and N2 fixation but not grain N concentration of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) subjected to terminal drought. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 165, 161-173.
  • PAST, 2001. Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis.
  • Pisulewska, E., Hanczakowski, P., Szymczyk, B., Ernest, T., Kulig, B., 1996. Comparison of chemical composition, content of anti-nutritive substances and nutritive value of seeds of nine faba bean varieties (Vicia faba L.) cultivated in two growing seasons. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki, 23 (2), 253.
  • Sarah, A., Abusin, E., Hassan, A.B., Babiker, E.E., 2009. Nutritional evaluation of cooked faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 3 (3), 2484.
  • SAS, 1999. SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • Skylas, D. J., Paull, J. G., Hughes, D. G., Gogel, B., Long, H., Williams, B., Mundree, S., Blanchard, C.L. Quail, K. J., 2019. Nutritional and anti-nutritional seed-quality traits of faba bean (Vicia faba) grown in South Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 70(5), 463– 472. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19017.
  • SPSS, 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
  • Turco, I., Ferretti, G., Bacchetti, T., 2016. Review of the health benefits of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) polyphenols. J. Food Nutr. Res. 55, 283–293.
  • TÜİK, 2021. Türkiye istatistik kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Erişim tarihi: 14.10.2021
  • Witten, S., Böhm, H., Aulrich, K., 2015. Effect of variety and environment on the contents of crude nutrients, lysine, methionine and cysteine in organically produced field peas (Pisum sativum L) and field beans (Vicia faba L). Landbauforsch Volkenrode, 65, 205–216.
  • Woźniak, A., Soroka, M., Stępniowska, A., Makarski, B., 2014. Chemical composition of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds depending on tillage systems. Journal of Elementology, 19 (4), 1143. 10.5601/jelem.2014.19.3.484.
  • Yarşi, G., Zulkadir, G., 2020. Mersin’de taze bakla (Vicia faba L.) yetiştiriciliği. 4. Uluslararası Mersin Sempozyumu, Bildiri Tam Metinleri Kitabı 3, 222-235.
  • Yıldız, K., 2018. Determination of using suitable genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for the purpose of fresh and dry grains. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gülay Zulkadir 0000-0003-3488-4011

Leyla İdikut 0000-0002-0685-7158

Yunus Emre Çapar 0000-0002-9705-5723

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Zulkadir, G., İdikut, L., & Çapar, Y. E. (2022). FARKLI BİTKİ SIKLIĞI VE ÇEVRE ŞARTLARINDA YETİŞTİRİLEN BAKLA ÇEŞİTLERİNE AİT TANELERİN BAZI KİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ. ADYUTAYAM Dergisi, 10(1), 11-24.