Internationalization in Emerging Economies: An Assessment and Propositions on Export Diversification Tendency in Emerging and Developed Countries

Yıl 2024, , 334 - 352, 31.07.2024

Özlem Özen

https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1434971

Öz

This study explores export diversification in emerging economies within the frame of the relevant literature. In these economies, firms operate in uncertain and risky environments where labor, product and capital markets are inefficient. Firms in these economies internationalize to create sustainable competitive advantage. In such economies, one of the common ways of internationalization is export in early stages of the process. Firms internationalize by expanding existing products, creating new products or new markets. Firms in such economies target developed or other emerging economies with different product diversification strategies. Accordingly, firms’ export performance in developed and other emerging economies differs depending on various strategies, such as product diversification, cost leadership, branding. In market diversification, there have been opposite views about emerging economy firms’ expansion into other emerging economies with similar institutional environments and developed ones which are rich in terms of resources. Although the literature is rich in terms of export diversification, studies on whether emerging economy firms tend to expand their activities into developed ones or other emerging economies through various strategies and where they perform better in terms of exports, are limited. Therefore, this paper discusses emerging economy firms’ export diversification in developed and other emerging economies. In this regard, it aims to advance the understanding on export diversification in emerging economies by providing propositions that can be investigated in future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Internationalization, Export, Emerging economies, Export diversification

Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomilerde Uluslararasılaşma: Gelişmekte Olan ve Gelişmiş Ülkelerde İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi Eğilimi Üzerine Değerlendirme ve Önermeler

Öz

Bu çalışma ilgili yazın doğrultusunda gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki firmaların ihracat çeşitlendirmesini ele almaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki firmalar emek, sermaye ve ürün pazarlarının zayıf, risk ve belirsizliğin yüksek olduğu çevrelerde faaliyet göstermektedirler. Bu ekonomilerdeki firmalar sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı yaratmak amacı ile uluslararası faaliyette bulunmaktadırlar. Bu ekonomilerde uluslararasılaşma sürecinin erken aşamalarında en çok kullanılan yöntemlerden birisi ihracattır. Firmalar, mevcut ürünlerle pazar paylarını artırarak, ürün ya da pazarlarını çeşitlendirerek ihracat faaliyetinde bulunmaktadırlar. Firmaların ihracat faaliyetini genişletirken başvurduğu ürün çeşitlendirmesinin gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş ülkelerde farklılaştığı ileri sürülmektedir. Ürün çeşitlendirme, maliyet liderliği, markalaşma gibi farklı stratejilerle dış pazarlara açılan firmaların, gelişmiş ve diğer gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde ihracat performansı farklılaşmaktadır. Firmaların pazar çeşitlendirmesinde, kurumsal çevrelerine benzer özellikler gösteren diğer gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde ya da fırsat ve kaynakların daha çok bulunduğu gelişmiş ülkelerde ihracat faaliyeti göstereceğine ilişkin farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Yazında ihracat çeşitlendirmesine ilişkin çalışmalar bulunmasına rağmen, gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki firmaların çeşitli stratejilerle gelişmiş ya da gelişmekte olan diğer ekonomilere eğilimlerine ve elde edilen ihracat performansının bu ekonomi gruplarındaki farklılaşma durumuna ilişkin araştırmalar kısıtlıdır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, firmaların uluslararasılaşma yöntemlerinden olan ihracatın, diğer gelişmekte olan ya da gelişmiş ekonomilerde çeşitlendirmesini tartışmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ilerideki çalışmalarda araştırılabilecek önermeler sunarak, gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki ihracat çeşitlendirmesi ile ilgili anlayışı ilerletmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararasılaşma, İhracat, Gelişmekte olan ekonomiler, İhracat çeşitlendirmesi

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