Kamu Harcamalarının Eğitim Yoluyla Aile Refahına Etkisi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışma, kamu eğitim harcamalarının aile refahına etkilerini Nordik, Kıta Avrupası, Anglo-Sakson ve Türkiye örnekleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı bir çerçevede incelemektedir. Bu etkilerin kuramsal temelini insan sermayesi, refah ekonomisi ve refah rejimleri oluşturmaktadır. Eğitim harcamalarının ‘yarı kamusal mal’ niteliği ve pozitif dışsallıkları, yalnızca bireysel getirilere değil; gelir dağılımı, sosyal hareketlilik, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve demokratik katılım gibi aile refahının çok boyutlu unsurlarına da yansımaktadırr. Bulgular, harcamanın düzeyinden ziyade bileşimi, hedeflemesi ve yönetişiminin belirleyici olduğunu göstermektedir. Nordik ülkelerinde bütüncül bakım-eğitim ekosistemi ve evrensel erişim, kısa vadede hane bütçesi baskılarını azaltırken uzun vadede sosyal mobiliteyi güçlendirir. Kıta Avrupası’nda güçlü kamusal finansman mesleki/ikili eğitim yoluyla geçiş risklerini düşürse de erken izlekleme fırsat eşitliğini sınırlayabilir. Anglo-Sakson yaklaşım yüksek bireysel getiriler sunsa da, ailelere yüklenen finansman riski ve öğrenci borçluluğu refahı kutuplaştırırken; Türkiye’de niceliksel genişleme kaydedilse de okul öncesi kapasite, bölgesel kalite farkları ve yükseköğretimde düşük kişi başı harcama, aileleri özel harcamalara yönlendirmektedir. Politika önerileri; erken çocuklukta evrenselleşme, okul kalitesinde yakınsama, geçiş mekanizmalarının güçlendirilmesi ve yüksek öğretimde destek mimarisinin yeniden tasarlanmasına odaklanır. Sonuç olarak eğitim harcamalarının, mali sürdürülebilirlikle uyumlu biçimde tasarlandığında aile refahını kalıcı ve kapsayıcı biçimde artıran stratejik bir yatırım olduğu ifade edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aile Refahı
• Kamu Harcamaları
• Eğitim Politikaları

The Impact of Public Expenditures on Family Welfare Through Education: A Comparative Analysis

Öz

This study examines the effects of public education expenditures on family welfare within a comparative framework across Nordic, Continental European, Anglo-Saxon, and Turkish contexts. The analysis builds on human capital theory, welfare economics, and welfare regime approaches. Education spending, as a quasi-public good with positive externalities, influences not only individual returns but also broader dimensions of family welfare, including income distribution, social mobility, gender equality, and democratic participation. Findings highlight that the decisive factors are not expenditure levels alone but their composition, targeting, and governance. In Nordic countries, integrated care-education systems and universal access reduce household pressures and enhance long-term mobility. Continental Europe relies on strong public financing and dual/vocational education to ease transitions, though early tracking can limit equality of opportunity. The Anglo-Saxon model yields high private returns but exposes families to risks through indebtedness and cost-sharing. In Türkiye, despite quantitative expansion, constraints in preschool capacity, regional inequalities, and low per-capita higher education spending increase reliance on private resources. Policy recommendations stress universal early childhood access, convergence in school quality, effective transition mechanisms, and redesigned higher education support. Properly structured, education expenditures represent a fiscally sustainable investment that promotes inclusive and lasting family welfare.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Family Welfare
• Public Expenditures
• Education Policies

Kaynakça

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