Stress Management in the Family After Disaster

Abstract

Family is a social model consisting of mother, father and children. A stress factor occurring within the family affects all family members. Destructive effects such as loss of life, injuries, damage to homes and workplaces, and disruption of human relations after disasters are seen as stress factors. These stress factors experienced as a result of disasters also negatively affect family life. Family members will react differently to the stress factor depending on various factors such as age, gender, financial situation, and capacity to cope with the disaster. Understanding how stress factors emerge within the family system and how family members respond to these factors is crucial for the early identification of stress and the mitigation of its adverse effects. Strengthening the family structure will strengthen the society. Understanding the reactions of family members after the disaster according to their characteristics and helping them gain awareness of how to best cope with the stress they have experienced will make it easier to manage stress. This study aimed to evaluate stress management in families after a disaster.

Keywords

• Disaster
• Family Stress
• Family Life Cycle
• Stress Management

Afet Sonrası Ailede Stres Yönetimi

Öz

Aile anne, baba ve çocuklardan oluşan sosyal bir modeldir. Aile içerisinde meydana gelen bir stres faktörü, tüm aile bireylerini etkilemektedir. Afet sonrası yaşanan can kayıpları, yaralanmalar, ev ve iş yerlerinin zarar görmesi, insan ilişkilerinin bozulması gibi yıkıcı etkiler, stres faktörü olarak görülmektedir. Afetler sonucu yaşanan bu stres faktörleri, aile yaşamını da olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Aile üyeleri yaş, cinsiyet, finansal durum, afetle başa çıkabilme kapasitesi gibi çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olarak yaşanan stres faktörüne karşı farklı tepkiler gösterecektir. Stres faktörlerinin aile içerisinde nasıl oluştuğu, ailelerin bu strese karşı nasıl tepkiler verdikleri; yaşanan stresin erken dönemde fark edilebilmesi ve etkilerinin en aza indirilebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Aile yapısını güçlendirmek, toplumun güçlenmesini sağlayacaktır. Afet sonrası aile bireylerinin özelliklerine göre tepkilerini anlayabilmek, yaşamış olduğu stresle en iyi şekilde nasıl başa çıkabileceğine ilişkin farkındalık kazanmalarına yardımcı olmak, stresin yönetiminde kolaylık sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada afet sonrası ailede stres yönetiminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• Aile stresi
• Aile Yaşam Döngüsü
• Stres Yönetimi

Kaynakça

1. Boss, P. (2002). Family stress management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Bogdan, E. A., McDonald‐Harker, C., Bassi, E. M., ve Haney, T. J. (2023). Holding together after disaster: The role of social skills in strengthening family cohesion and resilience. Family Relations, 72(4), 2194-2214. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12791
3. Breckenridge, J., ve James, K. (2012). Therapeutic responses to communities affected by disasters: The contribution of family therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 33(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/aft.2012.29
4. Cameron, E. E., Joyce K. M., Delaquis, C. P., Reynolds, K., Protudjer, J. L. P., Roos, L. E. (2020). Maternal psychological distress ve mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 1;276:765-774. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.081.
5. Casaburo, G., Yzaguirre, M., Subramaniam, S., ve Holtrop, K. (2023). A systematic review of family stress theory in mental health research (2010–2020). Families in Society, 104(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/10443894231152511 Cihan, F. G. (2020). Aile Yaşam Döngüsü. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 12(2), 313-315. e-ISSN1309–3878
6. Cole, A. ve Ross, M. (2014). Worry-Free Living. Find Relief From Anxiety and Stress For You And Your Family. Authentic Media Inc.
7. Chen, L., ve Liu, A. (2015). The incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder after floods: a meta-analysis. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 9(3), 329-333. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2015.17
8. Coyne, J, C., ve Racioppo, M. W. (2000). Never the twain shall meet? Closing the gap between coping research and clinical intervention research. American Psychologist, 55(6):655-64. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.655

9. Felix, E., You, S., Vernberg, E., Canino, G. (2013). Family influences on the long term post-disaster recovery of Puerto Rican youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 41(1):111-24. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9654-3. PMID: 22688681; PMCID: PMC4160442.
10. Greenberg, J, S. (2002). Comprehensive stress management. McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN: 978-0-07-338091-9
11. Güngör, V., ve Aşkın, D. (2021). Afet ve aile içi ilişkiler: Covid-19 pandemisinin aile içi tartışma ve şiddet üzerindeki etkileri. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.47130/bitlissos.931160
12. Hill, R. (1949). Families under stress: Adjustment to the crises of war separation and reunion. Harper
13. Lazarus, R, S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. Springer
14. McFarlane, A, C. (1987). Family functioning and overprotection following a naturaldisaster: the longitudinal effects of post-traumatic morbidity. Aust NZ J Psy1987, 21:210–218
15. McGoldrick, M., Preto, N. A. G., ve Carter, B. A. (2013). Expanded Family Life Cycle, The: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed. URL 2, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312972572_The_family_life_cycle_An_overview (Son Erişim: 20.11.2024)
16. McDermott, B. M. ve Cobham, V. E. (2012). Family functioning in the aftermath of a natural disaster. BMC psychiatry, 12, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-55
17. Miller, P. A., Roberts, N. A., Zamora, A. D., Weber, D. J., Burleson, M. H., Robles, E., ve Tinsley, B. J. (2012). Families coping with natural disasters: Lessons from wildfires and tornados. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(4), 314-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2010.500358
18. Mohanty, J., Chokkanathan, S., ve Alberton, A. M. (2022). COVID‐19–related stressors, family functioning and mental health in Canada: Test of indirect effects. Family Relations, 71(2), 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12635
19. Morneau Shepell. (2017). Coping With the Stress of a Disaster. URL 3, https://www.southalabama.edu/departments/financialaffairs/hr/resources/copingwithstressofadisaster.pdf, 13.11.2023 (Son Erişim: 25.12.2024)
20. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., ve Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 467-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001353
21. Othman, A. Z., Dahlan, A., Borhani, S. N., ve Rusdi, H. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life among flood disaster victims. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.227
22. Özmen, B., Nurlu, M., Kuterdem, K. ve Temiz, A. (2005). Afet Yönetimi ve Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Deprem Sempozyumu, 1472-1474. https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/yayin/a5f5e192-7898-4131-8619-54b0f91fbea7/afet-yonetimi-ve-afet-isleri-genel-mudurlugu (Son Erişim: 12.10.2024)
23. Sim, A., Bowes, L., Gardner, F. (2018). Modeling the effects of war exposure and daily stressors on maternal mental health, parenting, and child psychosocial adjustment: a cross-sectional study with Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Global Mental Health, 4;5:e40. doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.33
24. URL 1, https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/trauma-andfamilies#reactions-to-trauma (Son Erişim: 28.12.2024)
25. URL 2, https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/stress, 18.11.2023, (Son Erişim: 13.11.2023)
26. Warren, J. L. (2005). Stress in Adults after a Disaster: Warning Signs and Management. Texas Farmer Collection. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/87370, (Son Erişim: 13.11.2023)
27. Weitzman, A., ve Behrman, J. A. 2016. “Disaster, Disruption to Family Life, and Intimate Partner Violence: The Case of the 2010 .” Sociological Science 3: 167-189. DOI: 10.15195/v3.a9
28. Wisner, B., Paton, D., Alisic, E., Eastwood, O., Shreve, C., ve Fordham, M. (2018). Communication with children and families about disaster: reviewing multi-disciplinary literature 2015–2017. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(9), 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0942-7
29. Wilks, S. E., Choate, S., Brown, S. C., Xi, D., ve Curry, T. (2021). Overview on Trauma and Resilience. Cherry K. E. ve Gibson, A. Ed. The¬Intersection of ¬Trauma and Disaster Behavioral Health, 9(25). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51525-6_2