Deprem Sonrası Yerel Aktörlerin Toplumsal Dayanıklılık ve Yerel Ekonomiler Üzerindeki Rolü: Hatay Örneği

Öz

Depremler, geniş alanlarda ciddi sosyal, ekonomik ve fiziksel yıkımlara neden olan olağanüstü doğa kaynaklı afetlerdir. 6 Şubat 2023’te Kahramanmaraş merkezli meydana gelen ve “asrın felaketi” olarak nitelendirilen depremler, en ağır etkisini Hatay ilinde göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, afet sonrası Hatay’da ortaya çıkan sorunların giderilmesine yönelik yerel aktörlerin yürüttüğü faaliyetleri incelemektir. Bu çerçevede, yerel aktörlerin toplumsal dayanıklılığın inşası ve yerel ekonomilerin yeniden canlandırılmasındaki rolleri; uygulamaları, katkıları, deneyimleri ve öngörüleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri, Haziran 2025’te Hatay’da gerçekleştirilen saha çalışması kapsamında toplanmış; belediyeler, STK’lar, muhtarlar, gönüllüler, yerel girişimciler ve üniversite temsilcileriyle yapılan 12 derinlemesine görüşme ve 3 odak grup görüşmesine dayandırılmıştır. Araştırma, nitel yöntem yaklaşımı ile yapılandırılmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen verilerin tematik analizi sonucunda, ekonomik canlandırma, sosyal sermaye güçlendirme, koordinasyon, kaynak mobilizasyonu, bilgi yönetimi ve kapasite geliştirme olmak üzere altı ana tema belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, sosyal sermaye türlerinin (bağlayıcı-acil dönem, köprü kurucu-orta vadeli iyileşme, bağlantı kuran-uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirlik) afet sonrası iyileşme süreçlerinde farklı biçimlerde işlediğini ve yerel aktörlerin ağ temelli uyarlanabilir kapasiteleriyle dayanıklılığa anlamlı katkı sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• Toplumsal Dayanıklılık
• Yerel Aktörler
• Yerel Ekonomi

The Role of Local Actors in Social Resilience and Local Economies After the Earthquake: The Case of Hatay

Abstract

Earthquakes are extraordinary disasters that cause serious social, economic and physical destruction in large areas. The earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023 described as the “disaster of the century” had their most catastrophic impact in the province of Hatay. This study aims to examine the activities of local actors in addressing post-disaster challenges in Hatay. Specifically, it investigates the roles of these actors in fostering social resilience and revitalizing local economies through their practices, contributions, experiences, and foresight. The data were collected during a field study conducted in Hatay in June 2025, based on 12 in-depth interviews and 3 focus group discussions with municipalities, NGOs, local administrators, volunteers, entrepreneurs, and university representatives. A qualitative research approach was employed. Thematic analysis of the interviews identified six key themes: economic revitalization, strengthening of social capital, coordination, resource mobilization, knowledge management, and capacity building. The findings demonstrate that different forms of social capital (bonding- immediate period, bridging- medium term recovery, and linking- long term sustainability) function in distinct ways during post-disaster recovery processes, and that network-based adaptive capacities of local actors make significant contributions to community resilience.

Keywords

• Disaster
• Local Economy
• Local Actors
• Social Resilience

Kaynakça

1. AFAD. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw: 7.7-Mw: 7.6) Depremleri Raporu, 1-140. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı.
2. Aksha, S. K., Emrich, C. T. (2020). Benchmarking community disaster resilience in Nepal. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061985
3. Aldrich, D. P. (2012). Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery. University of Chicago Press.
4. Alipour, F., Khankeh, H., Fekrazad, H. vd. (2015). Social issues and post-disaster recovery: A qualitative study in an Iranian context. International Social Work, 58(5), 689-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872815584426
5. Aydın, N. Y., Celik, K., Gecen, R. vd. (2025). Rebuilding Antakya: Cultivating urban resilience through cultural identity and education for post-disaster reconstruction in Turkey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 117, 105196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105196 Aydoğdu, E. (2024). Afetler sonrasında kalkınmada yerel yönetimlerin önemi ve 6 Şubat depremi sonrasında Malatya Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği. R&S-Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 7(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.33723/rs.1424677
6. Bandura, A., Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice hall.
7. Berke, P. R., Kartez, J., Wenger, D. (1993). Recovery after disaster: Achieving sustainable development, mitigation and equity. Disasters, 17(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1993.tb01137.x
8. Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

9. Bredenoord, J., Van Lindert, P. (2010). Pro-poor housing policies: Rethinking the potential of assisted self-help housing. Habitat international, 34(3), 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.12.001
10. Chandra, A., Acosta, J., Howard, S. vd. (2013). Building community resilience to disasters: A way forward to enhance national health security. Rand health quarterly, 1(1), 6.
11. Choudhury, M. U. I., Uddin, M. S., Haque, C. E. (2019). Nature brings us extreme events, some people cause us prolonged sufferings: the role of good governance in building community resilience to natural disasters in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(10), 1761-1781. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1513833
12. Clinton, W. J. (2006). Lessons learned from tsunami recovery: Key propositions for building back better. UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery.
13. Creswell, J. W., Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
14. Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M. vd. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
15. Duruel, M. (2023). Afet yönetiminde yerel yönetimlerin etkinliği: 6 şubat depremi Hatay örneği. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 10(99), 2404-2418. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8396864
16. Fan, M. F. (2015). Disaster governance and community resilience: reflections on typhoon morakot in taiwan. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.839444
17. Fantechi, F., Urso, G., Modica, M. (2020). Can extreme events be an opportunity? Depopulation and resilience of rural communities in Central Italy after the 1997 earthquake. Journal of Rural Studies, 79, 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.047
18. Gawith, D., Daigneault, A., Brown, P. (2016). Does community resilience mitigate loss and damage from climaterelated disasters? Evidence based on survey data. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(12), 2102-2123. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1126241
19. Gerdan, S. (2019). Yerel yönetimlerde afet zararlarının azaltılması çalışmalarına genel bir bakış. The Journal of Social Science (TJSS), 3(5), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.518584
20. Gil-Rivas, V., Kilmer, R. P. (2016). Building community capacity and fostering disaster resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1318-1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22281
21. Hebinck, A., Diercks, G., von Wirth, T. vd. (2022). An actionable understanding of societal transitions: the X-curve framework. Sustainability science, 17(3), 1009-1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01084-w
22. Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological system. Annual Review Evolution Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009177856.038
23. Howard, A., Blakemore, T., Bevis, M. (2017). Older people as assets in disaster preparedness, response and recovery: lessons from regional Australia. Ageing & Society, 37(3), 517-536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X15001270
24. Ingham, V., Redshaw, S. (2017). Connecting community organisations for disaster preparedness. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 7(1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V7-N1-52-64
25. James Lee Witt Associates, LLC. (2005). Building back better and safer: Private sector summit on post-tsunami reconstruction. James Lee Witt Associates, LLC.
26. Johnson, C., Lizarralde, G., Davidson, C. H. (2006). A systems view of temporary housing projects in post‐disaster reconstruction. Construction management and economics, 24(4), 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190600567977
27. Koliou, M., van de Lindt, J. W., McAllister, T. P. vd. (2020). State of the research in community resilience: progress and challenges. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 5(3), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1418547
28. Krishnan, S., Aydın, N. Y., Comes, T. (2024). TIMEWISE: Temporal Dynamics for Urban Resilience-theoretical insights and empirical reflections from Amsterdam and Mumbai. npj Urban Sustainability, 4(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00140-5
29. Krueger, R. A., Casey, M. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications.
30. Lee, D. W., Kim, H. Y. (2021). The effect of social capital on disaster conflicts in local communities: Focusing on disaster victims. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 63, 102445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102445
31. Liu, W., Ni, L., (2021). Relationship matters: how government organization-public relationship impacts disaster recovery outcomes among multiethnic communities. Public Relations Review, 47(3), 102047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102047
32. Lyons, M. (2009). Building back better: the large-scale impact of small-scale approaches to reconstruction. World development, 37(2), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.006
33. Mannakkara, S., Wilkinson, S., Potangaroa, R. (2014). Resilient post disaster recovery through building back better. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315099194
34. Marangoz, M., İzci, Ç. (2023). Doğal afetlerin ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel etkilerinin 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler bağlamında girişimciler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(52), 1-30.
35. Marks, D., Lebel, L. (2016). Disaster governance and the scalar politics of ıncomplete decentralization: fragmented and contested responses to the 2011 floods in central thailand. Habitat International, 52, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.024
36. Masud-All-Kamal, M., Monirul Hassan, S. M. (2018). The link between social capital and disaster recovery: evidence from coastal communities in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 93(3), 1547-1564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3367-z
37. Matarrita-Cascante, D., Trejos, B., Qin, H. vd. (2017). Conceptualizing community resilience: revisiting conceptual distinctions. Community Development, 48(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2016.1248458
38. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE Publications.
39. Murphy, B. (2007). Locating social capital in resilient community-level emergency management. Natural Hazards, 41(2), 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9037-6
40. Nakagawa, Y., Shaw, R. (2004). Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 22(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/028072700402200101
41. Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B. vd. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1-2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
42. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge university press.
43. Patel, S. S., Rogers, M. B., Amlot, R. vd. (2017). What do we mean by “community resilience”? A systematic literature review of how it is defined in the literature. PLoS Currents, 9, 1-24.
44. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
45. Rumbach, A. (2016). Decentralization and small cities: towards more effective urban disaster governance? Habitat International, 52, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.026
46. Smith, G. P., Wenger, D. (2007). Sustainable disaster recovery: Operationalizing an existing agenda. Handbook of disaster research, 234-257.
47. SBB (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (SBB) Deprem Sonrası Değerlendirme Raporu.
48. SBB. (2023). Türkiye Afet Risk Azaltma Planı (TARAP 2022–2030). Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı.
49. Taylor, M., Wells, G., Howell, G., Raphael, B. (2012). The role of social media as psychological first aid as a support to community resilience building. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 27(1), 20-26.
50. Tariq, H. (2021). Measuring community disaster resilience at local levels: an adaptable resilience framework. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102358
51. Uddin, M. S., Haque, C. E., Walker, D. vd. (2020). Community resilience to cyclone and storm surge disasters: evidence from coastal communities of Bangladesh. March Journal of Environmental Management, 264, 110457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110457
52. UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Sendai, Japan, March 18, 1-35. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 (Son Erişim: 19.08.2025)
53. Yavuz, Ö. (2020). Afet yönetişiminde iş birliği ağlarının önemi: Kocaeli örneği. Doktora Tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
54. Zaman, M. O., Raihan, M. M. H. (2023). Community resilience to natural disasters: A systemic review of contemporary methods and theories. Natural Hazards Research, 3(3), 583-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2023.05.003