Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım

Öz

Afetler ani, çoğunlukla nerede ve ne zaman olacağı tahmin edilemeyen, çok sayıda insanın etkilendiği, ekonomik, çevresel kayıpları, yıkıcı etkileriyle toplumun bununla başa çıkamaması ile karakterize bir durumdur. Bireyleri (örneğin çocuklar, ebeveynler, ilk müdahale edenler), acil yardım, sivil toplum kuruluşları (örneğin tıbbi acil durum ekipleri, halk sağlığı kuruluşları, itfaiye ekipleri) ve toplumu etkilemektedir. Afetler verdikleri zararlar nedeniyle bireyler ve toplumların yaşamlarında derin izler bırakan olaylardır. Yaşanan afet ve acil durumun bireyler ve toplumlar üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerini en aza indirmek için en fazla ihtiyaç duyulan hizmet alanı psikososyal destektir. Psikososyal destek; hayatın normale dönüştürülmesi için gösterilen çabaların psikolojik ve sosyal açıdan değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlayan, bütüncül bir bakış açısını ve çok disiplinli bir müdahaleyi gerektiren hizmetlerdir. Kimyasal, biyolojik, radyolojik veya nükleer (KBRN) olaylar söz konusu olduğunda felaketler veya krizler bağlamında aynı şekilde psikososyal bakım müdahalelerine ihtiyaç vardır. Bununla birlikte, KBRN olayları acil durum planlaması ve afet hazırlığında ayrı bir tema oluşturduğundan psikososyal bakım üzerindeki etkilerini sistematik olarak araştırmak önemlidir. Bu çalışmada KBRN olaylarında psikososyal bakımda genel kurallar üzerine durulmuş ve KBRN olaylarında afet ve acil durum olaylarından farklı psikososyal durumlar açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İncelenen literatür çalışmalarında; KBRN ile ilgili psikososyal bakım ile ilgili hususlar konusunda çoğu çalışmada genel olarak varılan sonuç; genel afet sonrası psikososyal bakım kılavuzlarına benzer veya tamamlayıcı niteliktedir. Dikkate değer farklar ise iletişim, KBRN ajanlarına maruz kalma, kirlenme (kontaminasyon) ve KBRN olaylarına yönelik özel hazırlık gereksinimlerine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde ise KBRN olayların psikososyal etkileri ve psikososyal bakım ile ilgili çalışmalara çok az rastlanmaktadır. Bu alanla ilgili özellikle saha çalışmaları yapılarak literatüre büyük katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• KBRN
• Psikososyal Bakım
• Eğitim

Psychosocial Care in Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear (CBRN) Events

Abstract

Disasters are characterized by the inability of the society to cope with sudden, unpredictable onset, large numbers of people affected by economic, environmental losses and destructive effects. It affects individuals (e.g. children, parents, first responders), emergency aid, non-governmental organizations (e.g. medical emergency teams, public health organizations, fire brigades) and society. Disasters are associated with a significant psychological burden for affected people. Psychosocial care aims to address mental health problems and needs. It includes all support and care for the psychological well-being and health of affected people during and after a disaster for individuals as well as for communities. Psychosocial care interventions are needed in the context of disasters or crises in the case of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) events. However, it is important to systematically investigate the impact on psychosocial care as CBRN events are a separate theme in emergency planning and disaster preparedness. In this study, general rules of psychosocial care in CBRN events are discussed and different psychosocial conditions in CBRN events are to be explained. General conclusion after examining literature studies related to psychosocial care in CBRN is that literature examined is either similar or complementary to the guidelines on psychosocial care. However, there are some significant differences on communication, exposure to CBRN agents, contamination and special preparation requirements for CBRN events. In our country, there are very few studies on psychosocial effects and psychosocial care of CBRN events. It is suggested that field studies could do a great contribution to the literature.

Keywords

• CBRN
• Psychosocial Care
• Education

Kaynakça

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