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Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 819 - 828, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1230017

Öz

Disasters are unplanned events that are either natural, technical, or human-induced. They disrupt daily life in human communities and create physical, economic, and social losses for civilizations. Many ancient cultures perceived the disasters that befell them as warnings from the gods and thought that natural disasters were caused by the divinities. Despite the great differences between the worldviews of the ancient societies and the historical changes they underwent, all definitions of relation shared a fundamental structure and function and they were all personalized. This also applies to catastrophes that were justified by a god's purpose or design. Natural catastrophes have been referred to as "natural evils" in theology and philosophy, as opposed to "moral evils," since they do not involve human decision-making. Unlike the modern world, ancient people attributed all natural phenomena to gods and superhuman beings. Lacking science and technology, ancient societies believed that natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods were sent by angry gods as punishment. However, the further back in time the inquiry goes, the more descriptions of catastrophes like floods and earthquakes that have been incorporated into myths and religions are found. In light of ancient recorded sources, the study's objective is to highlight the concept that gods’ anger caused natural calamities.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, D. (2018). M.Ö. 2. Binyıl Anadolu Coğrafyasında Yaşanmış Doğal Afetler ve Salgın Hatalıklar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sinop Üniversitesi.
  • Altun, I., Çınaroğlu, M. (2020). Tarihin Sonu Olgusu ve Eskatologya Mitleri. Millî Folklor 128: 28-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/millifolklor/issue/58685/798838
  • Agizza, R. (2001). Antik Yunanda Mitoloji. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Berlejung, A. (2015). Sin and Punishment: The Ethics of Divine Justice and Retribution in Ancient Near Eastern and Old Testament Texts. A Journal of Bible and Theology 69/3: 272 –287. 10.1177/0020964315578205.
  • Çevirme, H. (2020). A Cultural Approach to Earthquake Coping Strategies: Examples of Turkish Folk Poems and Memorates. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi13/31: 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.764467
  • Dietrich, J. (2015). Coping with Disasters in Antiquity and the Bible: Practical and Mental Strategies. In I F. Riede (ed) Past Vulnerability: Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, pp 151-167.
  • Erha,t A. (1996). Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Fisher, E. A., Hadley, R. A. (1979). Two ancient accounts of the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. In: Pompeii and the Vesuvian landscape: papers of a symposium sponsored by The Archaeological Institute of America, Washington Society and The Smithsonian Institution. The Archaeological Institute of America, Washington, DC, pp 9–15.
  • Grandjean, D., Rendu, A. C., MacNamee, T., Scherer, K. R. (2008). The Wrath of the Gods: Appraising the Meaning of Disaster. Social Science Information 47/2: 187–204. 10.1177/0539018408089078.
  • Higgins, C. M. (2009). Popular and Imperial Response to Earthquakes in the Roman Empire. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University, Ohio.
  • Homer, (1990). The Iliad. New York, N.Y: Viking. --- (1991). The Odyssey of Homer. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Jean, C. (2010). Divination and Oracles at the Neo-Assyrian Palace: The Importance of Signs in Royal Ideology, Divination and Interpretation of Signs in the Ancient World, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Laoupi, A. (2006). The Greek Myth of Pleiades in the Archaeology of Natural Disasters. Decoding, Dating and Environmental Interpretation. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 6/2: 5-22.
  • Lee, H. W. (2011). Biblical Understandings of Natural Disasters and Applications for the Christian Ministry. TTJ 14/1:38-57. ISSN 1598-7140
  • Liritzis, I., Westra, A., Miao, C. (2019). Disaster Geoarchaeology and Natural Cataclysms in World Cultural Evolution: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research 35/6: 1307–1330. 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00035.1.
  • Mandacı, E. (2020). Asur Devleti’nde Doğal Afetler ve Doğal Afet Algısı. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22/1: 99-116. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.524554
  • Molesky, M. (2015). This Gulf of Fire: The Great Lisbon Earthquake, or Apocalypse in the Age of Science and Reason. New York: Vintage.
  • O’Mathúna, D. P. (2018). Christian Theology and Disasters: Where is God in All This? In: O’Mathúna, D., Dranseika, V., Gordijn, B. (ed) Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories. Advancing Global Bioethicsvol 11. Springer, pp 27-42.
  • Patterson, D. J. (2013). Adversus paganos: Disaster, Dragons, and Episcopal Authority in Gregory of Tours Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 44: 1-28.
  • Plato, (1961) Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles, edited by R.G. Bury. London: The Loeb Classical Library.
  • Şahin, Ö. (2019). Antik Çağ’dan Orta Çağ’a Kadar Depremlerin Oluşumuna İlişkin Öne Sürülen Teoriler Mavi Gezegen 27: 8-13. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/bc7aaa0000799b9_ek.pdf (Last Access: 16.12.2022)
  • Thucydides, (1954). History of the Peloponnesian War. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
  • URL 1, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/83290_eng.pdf (Last Access: 03.01.2023)
  • URL 2, http://classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.html (Last Access: 04.01.2023)

Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 819 - 828, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1230017

Öz

Disasters are unplanned events that are either natural, technical, or human-induced. They disrupt daily life in human communities and create physical, economic, and social losses for civilizations. Many ancient cultures perceived the disasters that befell them as warnings from the gods and thought that natural disasters were caused by the divinities. Despite the great differences between the worldviews of the ancient societies and the historical changes they underwent, all definitions of relation shared a fundamental structure and function and they were all personalized. This also applies to catastrophes that were justified by a god's purpose or design. Natural catastrophes have been referred to as "natural evils" in theology and philosophy, as opposed to "moral evils," since they do not involve human decision-making. Unlike the modern world, ancient people attributed all natural phenomena to gods and superhuman beings. Lacking science and technology, ancient societies believed that natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods were sent by angry gods as punishment. However, the further back in time the inquiry goes, the more descriptions of catastrophes like floods and earthquakes that have been incorporated into myths and religions are found. In light of ancient recorded sources, the study's objective is to highlight the concept that gods’ anger caused natural calamities.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, D. (2018). M.Ö. 2. Binyıl Anadolu Coğrafyasında Yaşanmış Doğal Afetler ve Salgın Hatalıklar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sinop Üniversitesi.
  • Altun, I., Çınaroğlu, M. (2020). Tarihin Sonu Olgusu ve Eskatologya Mitleri. Millî Folklor 128: 28-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/millifolklor/issue/58685/798838
  • Agizza, R. (2001). Antik Yunanda Mitoloji. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Berlejung, A. (2015). Sin and Punishment: The Ethics of Divine Justice and Retribution in Ancient Near Eastern and Old Testament Texts. A Journal of Bible and Theology 69/3: 272 –287. 10.1177/0020964315578205.
  • Çevirme, H. (2020). A Cultural Approach to Earthquake Coping Strategies: Examples of Turkish Folk Poems and Memorates. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi13/31: 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.764467
  • Dietrich, J. (2015). Coping with Disasters in Antiquity and the Bible: Practical and Mental Strategies. In I F. Riede (ed) Past Vulnerability: Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, pp 151-167.
  • Erha,t A. (1996). Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Fisher, E. A., Hadley, R. A. (1979). Two ancient accounts of the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. In: Pompeii and the Vesuvian landscape: papers of a symposium sponsored by The Archaeological Institute of America, Washington Society and The Smithsonian Institution. The Archaeological Institute of America, Washington, DC, pp 9–15.
  • Grandjean, D., Rendu, A. C., MacNamee, T., Scherer, K. R. (2008). The Wrath of the Gods: Appraising the Meaning of Disaster. Social Science Information 47/2: 187–204. 10.1177/0539018408089078.
  • Higgins, C. M. (2009). Popular and Imperial Response to Earthquakes in the Roman Empire. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University, Ohio.
  • Homer, (1990). The Iliad. New York, N.Y: Viking. --- (1991). The Odyssey of Homer. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Jean, C. (2010). Divination and Oracles at the Neo-Assyrian Palace: The Importance of Signs in Royal Ideology, Divination and Interpretation of Signs in the Ancient World, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Laoupi, A. (2006). The Greek Myth of Pleiades in the Archaeology of Natural Disasters. Decoding, Dating and Environmental Interpretation. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 6/2: 5-22.
  • Lee, H. W. (2011). Biblical Understandings of Natural Disasters and Applications for the Christian Ministry. TTJ 14/1:38-57. ISSN 1598-7140
  • Liritzis, I., Westra, A., Miao, C. (2019). Disaster Geoarchaeology and Natural Cataclysms in World Cultural Evolution: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research 35/6: 1307–1330. 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00035.1.
  • Mandacı, E. (2020). Asur Devleti’nde Doğal Afetler ve Doğal Afet Algısı. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 22/1: 99-116. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.524554
  • Molesky, M. (2015). This Gulf of Fire: The Great Lisbon Earthquake, or Apocalypse in the Age of Science and Reason. New York: Vintage.
  • O’Mathúna, D. P. (2018). Christian Theology and Disasters: Where is God in All This? In: O’Mathúna, D., Dranseika, V., Gordijn, B. (ed) Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories. Advancing Global Bioethicsvol 11. Springer, pp 27-42.
  • Patterson, D. J. (2013). Adversus paganos: Disaster, Dragons, and Episcopal Authority in Gregory of Tours Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 44: 1-28.
  • Plato, (1961) Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles, edited by R.G. Bury. London: The Loeb Classical Library.
  • Şahin, Ö. (2019). Antik Çağ’dan Orta Çağ’a Kadar Depremlerin Oluşumuna İlişkin Öne Sürülen Teoriler Mavi Gezegen 27: 8-13. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/bc7aaa0000799b9_ek.pdf (Last Access: 16.12.2022)
  • Thucydides, (1954). History of the Peloponnesian War. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
  • URL 1, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/83290_eng.pdf (Last Access: 03.01.2023)
  • URL 2, http://classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.html (Last Access: 04.01.2023)
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antropoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yeşim Dilek 0000-0003-0863-5468

Özge Kahya 0000-0003-0209-6547

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Dilek, Y., & Kahya, Ö. (2023). Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), 819-828. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1230017
AMA Dilek Y, Kahya Ö. Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Eylül 2023;6(3):819-828. doi:10.35341/afet.1230017
Chicago Dilek, Yeşim, ve Özge Kahya. “Flood and Earthquake As Punishment of Gods in Antiquity”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 6, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 819-28. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1230017.
EndNote Dilek Y, Kahya Ö (01 Eylül 2023) Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6 3 819–828.
IEEE Y. Dilek ve Ö. Kahya, “Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 819–828, 2023, doi: 10.35341/afet.1230017.
ISNAD Dilek, Yeşim - Kahya, Özge. “Flood and Earthquake As Punishment of Gods in Antiquity”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/3 (Eylül 2023), 819-828. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1230017.
JAMA Dilek Y, Kahya Ö. Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6:819–828.
MLA Dilek, Yeşim ve Özge Kahya. “Flood and Earthquake As Punishment of Gods in Antiquity”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 819-28, doi:10.35341/afet.1230017.
Vancouver Dilek Y, Kahya Ö. Flood and Earthquake as Punishment of Gods in Antiquity. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6(3):819-28.