SUDAN’DA ULUSAL BİRLİK: GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİNDE BARIŞ VE ENTEGRASYON

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 51 - 68, 30.07.2021

Serhat Orakçı

Öz

Fetih ve diplomasi yoluyla 19.yy’da günümüzdeki görünümünü kazanan Sudan’da bütünleşme ve parçalanmanın modern siyasetinin iki uçunu teşkil ettiği görülmektedir. Etnik ve dini kimliğe dayalı kimlik siyaseti ülkede derin ayrışmalar yaratırken çok sayıda çevre bölge marjinalleşerek ülke bütünlüğünden uzaklaşmıştır. Buna karşın, bölgesel sorunları doğuran faktörlere kapsamlı ya da kısmen değinerek ülkenin birlik ve bütünlüğünü sağlamaya yönelik barış girişimleri ise her zaman olagelmiştir. Bu bağlamda Sudan’ın barış süreçlerini siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlara ulusal ya da bölgesel düzeyde değinen birer bütünleşme süreci olarak da değerlendirmek mümkündür. 1972’de gerçekleşen Addis Ababa Barış Anlaşması ve 2005 yılında imzalanan Kapsamlı Barış Anlaşması ülkenin güney bölümlerini kurtarmak ve ülkenin teritoryal birliğini sağlamak adına gerçekleşen girişimleridir. Şimdilerde ise Sudan’da Ömer el-Beşir iktidarının son bulmasının ardından iktidara gelen geçici hükümet yapısının ülkedeki bölgesel sorunları ve anlaşmazlıkları 2020 Ekim’de geçici hükümet ile Darfur, Güney Kordofan, Mavi Nil, Kuzey, Doğu, Merkez ve Üçüncü Cephe-Tamazuj arasında imzalanan Juba Barış Anlaşması ile sonlandırma çabasına şahit olmaktayız. Bu makale Sudan’ın bölgesel sorunlarını ve Juba Barış Anlaşmasını ulusal bütünleşme perspektifinden ele alarak Sudan’da sivil esaslara dayalı ulusal bir bütünleşmenin olup olamayacağını araştırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sudan, Birlik, Bütünleşme, Ulusal Bütünleşme, Juba Barış Anlaşması, Darfur, Güney Kordofan, Mavi Nil, Güney Sudan

SUDAN’S NATIONAL UNITY: THE PEACE AND INTEGRATION IN THE TRANSITION

Öz

Unity and fragmentation are two edges of modern political spectrum of Sudan since it emerged in the 19th century as a result of annexations and diplomacy. As ethnic and religious identity politics have created deep ethnic and religious divisions in the country, several regions in the periphery of Sudan have remained marginalized and disintegrated. On the other hand, there have been always peace initiatives addressing partially or wholly root causes of regional conflicts in order to integrate and unite the country. It seems that Sudan’s peace processes might be considered as integration processes addressing political, economic and social issues either on national or regional levels. The Addis Ababa Peace Agreement in 1972 and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 were major attempts in order to save Southern parts of the country and unite Sudan territorially. Today, once again, we witness that transitional government body, which came to power after ouster of former President Omar al-Bashir, designates ending regional conflicts and disputes throughout 2020 Juba Peace Agreement, signed between Khartoum and regional elites in Darfur, South Kordofan, Blue Nile, Northern, Eastern, Central parts and the Third Front-Tamazuj. This paper aims exploring Sudan’s regional disputes and the Juba peace deal from the angle of national integration approach in order to understand whether this time construction of a new Sudan based upon civic values is possible or not.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sudan, Unity, Fragmentation, National Integration, the Juba Peace Agreement, Darfur, South Kordofan, Blue Nile, South Sudan

Kaynakça

• 1973 The Permanent Constitution of Sudan and Amendment (1975), https://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Constitution-Sudan-1973-+-amendment-1975.pdf (Access 20.06.2021)
• Abdelhay, A., at al. (2011). The sociolinguistics of Nationalism in the Sudan: the Politicisation of Arabic and the Arabicisation of Politics. Current Issues in Language Planning, 12(4): 457-501.
• AfDB. (2018). Sudan Poverty Profile. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Brief-Sudan_Poverty_Profile_2014-2015_-_Key_Findings.pdf (Access 20.06.2021)
• Ahmad, A.G.M. (2010). Sudan Peace Agreements: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. CMI.
• Al-Ali, Z. (2021). The Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan. IDEA. Stockholm.
• Anderson, B. (2014). Hayali Cemaatler (İ. Savaşır, Trans.; 7. Edition). İstanbul: Metis.
• Beshir, M. O. (1979). Diversity, Regionalism and National Unity, Report No: 54. Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
• Birch, A. H. (2003). Nationalism and National Integration, (2. Edition). London: Unwin Hyman.
• Bob, A. (1990). Islam, The State and Politics in the Sudan. Northeast African Studies, 12(2-3): 201-220.
• Connor, W. (1972). Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying? World Politics, 24(3): 319-355.
• De Waal, A. & Abdel Salam, A. H. (2004). Islamism, State Power and Jihad in Sudan. De Waal, A. (Ed.), Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa, Addis Ababa: Shama Books, (71-112).
• Deng, F. (1995). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. Washington: Brookings.
• Dieckhoff, A. (2010). Siyasal Milliyetçiliğe Karşı Kültürel Milliyetçilik mi? Dieckhoff, A. & Jaffrelot, C. (Ed.), Milliyetçiliği Yeniden Düşünmek, Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar (D. Çetinkasap, Trans.), İstanbul: İletişim, (83-102).
• Flint, J. & de Waal, A. (2009). Darfur A New History of a Long War. London: Zed Books.
• Gellner, E. (2013). Uluslar ve Ulusçuluk (B. Ersanlı & G. G. Özdoğan, Trans.; 3. Edition). İstanbul: Hil Yayın.
• Hamid, M. B. (1986). Devolution and National Integration in the Sudan. Abd Al-Rahim, M., vd. (Ed.), Sudan since Independence: Studies of the Political Development since 1956, Aldershot Hans: Gower.
• Hayes, J. H. C. (2010). Milliyetçilik: Bir Din (M. Çiftkaya, Trans.). İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
• Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan between the Transitional Government of Sudan and The Parties to Peace Process (Official English Version), https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Juba%20Agreement%20for%20Peace%20in%20Sudan%20-%20Official%20ENGLISH.PDF (Access 21.06.2021)
• Kalifa, M. A. (2003). Ten Years of Peace Making in Sudan 1989-1999 (G. G. A. El-Julla & K. Y. Abduljabbar, Trans.). Khartoum: COFPA.
• Kohn, H. (1982). Nationalism, Its Meaning and History, (Expended Edition). Robert E. Krieger: Malabar.
• Lesch, A. M. (1998). Sudan: Contested National Identities. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
• Mamdani, M. (2011). Nation-Building and State Fracture in Sudan. Moyo, S. & Yeros, P. (Ed.), Reclaming the Nation The Return of the National Question in Africa, Asia and Latin America, New York: Pluto Press, (54-77).
• Marsden, D.R. (2020). Is the Juba Peace Agreement a Turning Point for Sudan?. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/09/juba-peace-agreement-turning-point-sudan (Access 25.06.2021)
• Mohamed, S. Y. (2007). The Turkish Impact on the Changes of the Sudanese Socio-Cultural Life and Development. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, (489-509). https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/MOHAMMED-Suleiman-Yahia-THE-TURKISH-IMPACT-ON-THE-CHANGES-OF-THE-SUDANESE-SOCIO-CULTURAL-LIFE-AND-DEVELOPMENT.pdf (Access 23.06.2021)
• Özkırımlı, U. (2016). Milliyetçilik Kuramları, (6. Edition). Ankara: Doğu Batı.
• Ronen, D. (1976). Alternative Patterns of Integration in African States. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 14(4): 577-596.
• Sudan Constitution of 2005, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sudan_2005.pdf (Access 15.06.2021)
• The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SD_060000_The%20Comprehensive%20Peace%20Agreement.pdf (Access 15.06.2021)
• The Crisis Group. (2021). The Rebels Come to Khartoum: How to Implement Sudan’s New Peace Deal. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/b168-rebels-come-khartoum-how-implement-sudans-new-peace-agreement (Access 26.06.2021)
• Weiner, M. (1965). Political Integration and Political Development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 358: 52-64.