Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı

Damla Akkaya

doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848

EN TR

Öz

Immunity From Execution Under The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property

Öz

This article examines the provisions governing immunity from execution under the 2004 United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UN Convention). At first glance, the commercial-use exception set out in Article 19(c) appears to reflect a restrictive approach to immunity from execution by permitting enforcement measures against foreign State property. The article demonstrates, however, that the three cumulative conditions governing the application of this exception—namely, that the property be used for commercial purposes, be located in the territory of the forum state, and have a connection with the entity against which the proceedings were brought—significantly restrict the ability of creditors to obtain enforcement against foreign State property. It further argues that domestic laws and judicial practice concerning the burden of proof tend to operate in favor of foreign States and the absolute protection afforded under Article 21 to certain categories of State property substantially narrows the range of property that may be subject to enforcement measures. Accordingly, although the Convention ostensibly adopts a restrictive approach to immunity from execution, its provisions, together with domestic laws and judicial practice, considerably limit the scope of the commercial-use exception, thereby bringing immunity from execution closer to absolute immunity. In light of these findings, the article concludes that, under the UN Convention, immunity from execution remains the “last bastion” of State immunity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

State immunity, Jurisdictional immunity, Immunity from execution, Commercial use, State property

Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2004 tarihli Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nin (BM Sözleşmesi) icra bağışıklığına ilişkin hükümlerini incelemektedir. Sözleşme’nin 19(c) maddesinde düzenlenen ticari amaçlarla kullanım istisnası, ilk bakışta yabancı devlet mallarının icra tedbirlerine konu edilebileceği sınırlı bir bağışıklık rejiminin benimsendiği izlenimini doğurmaktadır. Bununla birlikte çalışma, bu istisnaya ilişkin üç kümülatif şartın (malın; ticari amaçlarla kullanılması, forum devletinin ülkesinde bulunması ve davanın tarafı olan birimle bağlantılı olması) alacaklıların hareket alanını daralttığını, ispat yüküne ilişkin iç hukuk kural ve uygulamalarının yabancı devlet lehine işlediğini ve Sözleşme’nin 21. maddesinde yer alan çeşitli mal kategorilerine tanınan mutlak bağışıklık korumasının haczedilebilecek malların kapsamını oldukça daralttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle, Sözleşme’nin teoride benimsediği sınırlı icra bağışıklığı yaklaşımının, yine Sözleşme düzenlemeleri ve iç hukuk uygulamaları çerçevesinde önemli ölçüde daraltıldığı ve icra bağışıklığının fiilen mutlak bağışıklığa yakın bir nitelik kazandığı sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Çalışma, bu bulgular ışığında, BM Sözleşmesi bakımından icra bağışıklığının “bağışıklığın son kalesi” olma niteliğini koruduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet bağışıklığı, Yargı bağışıklığı, İcra bağışıklığı, Ticari amaçla kullanım, Devlet malı

Kaynakça

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Thouvenin, Jean-Marc/Grandaubert, Victor, “The Material Scope of State Immunity from Execution”, The Cambridge Handbook of Immunities and International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019, s. 245–265, (Editors: Ruys, Tom/Angelet, Nicolas/Ferro, Luca).
Toluner, Sevin, Milletlerarası Hukuk Dersleri, Devletin Yetkisi, Gözden Geçirilmiş 4. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 1989. UNESCO, Legal and Practical Measures Against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property: UNESCO Handbook, International Standards Section, Division of Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, Paris 2006, (https://www.obs-traffic.museum/sites/default/files/ressources/files/UNESCO_legal_practical_measures.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 22.7.2026).
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Van Aaken, Anne, “Blurring Boundaries between Sovereign Acts and Commercial Activities: A Functional View on Regulatory Immunity and Immunity from Execution”, Immunities in the Age of Global Constitutionalism, Brill | Nijhoff, Leiden 2014, s. 129–181, (Editors: Peters, Anne/Lagrange, Evelyne/Oeter, Stefan).
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Hukuk (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Damla Akkaya ^*
0000-0002-9928-735X
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

6 Ağustos 2026

Kabul Tarihi

5 Ekim 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA32NW95FU

APA

Akkaya, D. (2026). Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(4), 2197-2265. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848

AMA

1.Akkaya D. Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı. HBV-HFD. 2026;30(4):2197-2265. doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848

Chicago

Akkaya, Damla. 2026. “Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30 (4): 2197-2265. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848.

EndNote

Akkaya D (01 Ekim 2026) Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30 4 2197–2265.

IEEE

[1]D. Akkaya, “Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı”, HBV-HFD, c. 30, sy 4, ss. 2197–2265, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848.

ISNAD

Akkaya, Damla. “Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30/4 (01 Ekim 2026): 2197-2265. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848.

JAMA

1.Akkaya D. Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı. HBV-HFD. 2026;30:2197–2265.

MLA

Akkaya, Damla. “Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 30, sy 4, Ekim 2026, ss. 2197-65, doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848.

Vancouver

1.Damla Akkaya. Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı. HBV-HFD. 01 Ekim 2026;30(4):2197-265. doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.2012848

Öz

Öz

Immunity From Execution Under The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devletlerin ve Mallarının Yargı Bağışıklıklarına Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’nde İcra Bağışıklığı

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

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