DEVLET BAŞKANININ HALK TARAFINDAN SEÇİMİ YÖNTEMLERİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 435 - 475, 31.10.2021

Abdurrahman Tekin

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1018783

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından tanınan ülkelerin 108’inde devlet başkanı doğrudan halk tarafından seçilerek göreve gelmektedir. Parlamenter sistemlerde dahi devlet başkanı seçiminin halka bırakılması eğiliminin başladığını söylemek mümkündür. Hatta bu durum, hükümet sistemleri bağlamında kalıplaşmış tasnif ve yargıların da yıkılmasını hızlandırmıştır.
Devlet başkanlığı makamı Bosna istisna tutulursa tek bir kişiye tahsis edilen bir makam olduğu için uygulanan seçim sistemlerinin mantığı da oldukça yalındır: Mutlak veya basit çoğunluk ile en çok oyu alan aday ilk veya takip eden turda/turlarda seçilmektedir. “İlk başta bakıldığında” devlet başkanlığı seçiminde, milletvekili seçim sistemlerinde olduğu gibi seçim çevrelerinin büyüklüğü, seçim çevrelerinin coğrafi sınırlarının belirlenmesi, ulusal veya seçim çevresi barajı, oyların hesaplanmasında kullanılan metotlar gibi karmaşık unsurlar bulunmamaktadır. Ancak “detaylara inildiğinde” devlet başkanının seçiminde uygulanan zikredilen yalın yönteme ilaveten, oldukça farklı ve karmaşık yol ve yöntemlerin var olabildiği görülmektedir.
Bu çalışmada tüm Dünya ülkelerindeki veriler incelenerek halk tarafından devlet başkanlarının hangi yöntemler ile seçildiği incelenmiş ve bir tasnif yapılmıştır. Uygulanan seçim sistemlerinin olumlu ve olumsuz yanları seçim sonuçları ile desteklenerek ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet Başkanı - Cumhurbaşkanının Seçimi, Seçim Sistemi, Basit Çoğunluk, Mutlak Çoğunluk, Tek Turlu, İki Turlu.

METHODS FOR ELECTION OF HEAD OF STATE BY PUBLIC

Öz

Heads of states come to power after being directly elected by public in 108 states worldwide out of those recognised by the United Nations. It can be asserted that parliamentary systems are getting more inclined to allow for public to directly vote for their heads of states. This disposition has accelerated elimination and dismissal of stereotyped classifications and presumptions in government systems.
As the post of head of state refers to a position exclusively assigned to a single person (with exception of Bosnia), logic of applicable electoral systems seems quite simple: the candidate with the highest number of votes by simple or absolute majority is elected in the first or ensuing round/s. At first glance at election of heads of states, it seems that such complicated factors as size of electoral district, determination of geographical borders of electoral districts, election thresholds either at national level or peculiar to electoral districts, methods of counting and calculating the votes, as observed in electoral systems for deputies, do not play any role. Nevertheless, when a closer look is given at details, it is figured out that the above-mentioned simple method applicable to election of heads of states might also be accompanied by quite diverse and complicated methods and procedures.
After having compiled and examined the relevant data about all the states in the world, this study has analysed and classified the range of methods employed in election of heads of states by public. Additionally, positive and negative aspects and repercussions of these applicable electoral systems are presented in light of election results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Election of Head of State - President, Election System, Simple Majority, Absolute Majority, Majority Run-off.

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