The Effect of Earthquake Disaster on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Initiatives for Prevention

Öz

Disasters occurring in various parts of the world cause significant losses at national and international levels, creating dramatic effects on individuals. In earthquakes, which are one of the most obvious examples of disasters, material and moral losses, long-term failure to meet basic needs cause chaos, anxiety and intense stress in earthquake victims. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the most important mediators of adaptation to the challenges of stress in disasters such as earthquakes. However, factors that occur with sympathetic nervous system activation are considered acute risk factors that trigger cardiovascular diseases in individuals. The presence of these risk factors in the unusual home life after the earthquake, where there are no daily needs or services, causes increased psychological disorders in earthquake victims such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, which leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the increase in cardiovascular disease in earthquake victims can be prevented by improving the conditions of the post-earthquake environment and providing the most appropriate medical services with available resources. In this review, the effect of the earthquake on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the interventions that should be taken before and after the earthquake to prevent the risk of CVD are included.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Earthquake
• Stress
• Cardiovascular diseases

Deprem Felaketinin Kardiyovasküler Hastalık Riskine Etkisi ve Önlemeye Yönelik Girişimler

Öz

Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde meydana gelen afetler, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde önemli kayıplara neden olarak bireyler üzerinde dramatik etkiler yaratmaktadır. Afetlerin en belirgin örneklerinden biri olan depremlerde, maddi ve manevi kayıplar, uzun süreli temel ihtiyaçların giderilmemesi, depremzedelerde kargaşa, endişe ve yoğun strese neden olmaktadır. Sempatik sinir sistemi deprem gibi afetlerde stresin zorluklarına uyum sağlamanın en önemli aracılarındandır. Ancak sempatik sinir sistemi aktivasyonu ile ortaya çıkan faktörler, bireylerde kardiyovasküler hastalıkları tetikleyen akut risk faktörleri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Depremden sonra günlük ihtiyaçların veya hizmetlerin olmadığı sıra dışı ev yaşamında bu risk faktörlerinin varlığı depremzedelerde anksiyete, depresyon ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu şeklinde artan psikolojik rahatsızlıklara neden olur ve bu da kardiyovasküler hastalık riskinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla deprem sonrası ortamın koşullarını iyileştirerek ve mevcut kaynaklarla en uygun tıbbi hizmetleri sağlayarak depremzedelerde kardiyovasküler hastalık artışı önlenebilir. Bu derlemede, depremin kardiyovasküler hastalık (KVH) riskine etkisi, KVK riskini önlemek için deprem öncesi ve deprem sonrası yapılması gereken girişimler yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Deprem
• kardiyovasküler hastalık
• Stres

Kaynakça

1. Tas F, Cakir M. Nurses' knowledge levels and preparedness for disasters: A systematic review. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2022:103230.
2. Taşkıran G, Baykal Ü. Hemşirelerin Afetlere İlişkin Görüşleri Deneyimleri ve Hazırlık Algısı. International Refereed Journal Of Nursing Researches. 2017:36.
3. AFAD. Son Depremler Listesi. Accessed 02.12.2023. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/last-earthquakes
4. Dedeoğlu N, Hakan E, Kayıhan P. Ağustos Depreminde Gölcük'te Yıkıntı altında Kalma, Kurtulma ve Yaralanmalar. Toplum ve Hekim.15(5):362-70.
5. Watanabe H, Kodama M, Okura Y, et al. Impact of earthquakes on Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Jama. 2005;294(3):303-7.
6. Suzuki S, Sakamoto S, Koide M, et al. Hanshin-Awaji earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1997;134(5):974-7.
7. Dakhil ZA, Farhan HA, Faraz F, Skuk MR, Al-Jorani MS, Rehman MEU. Impact of Earthquake on Cardiovascular Health: What Should Cardiovascular Healthcare Providers Anticipate After the Devastating Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria? Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023; 48(9):101800.
8. Ogawa K, Tsuji I, Shiono K, Hisamichi S. Increased acute myocardial infarction mortality following the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(3):449-55.

9. Gilmour S, Sugimoto A, Nomura S, Oikawa T. Long‐Term Changes in Stroke‐Related Hospital Admissions After the Fukushima Triple Disaster. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(11):2425-6.
10. Terayama Y, Ogawa A, Sasaki K. Abstract WP181: Impact Of The Great East Japan Earthquake On Stroke Incidence Among Survivors In Sanriku Coastal Area. Am Heart Assoc; 2013.
11. Fong KN, Law Y, Luo L, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2022;80:103225.
12. Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry. 2016;16(1):1-11.
13. Muller JE, Abela GS, Nesto RW, Tofler GH. Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: the lexicon of a new frontier. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(3):809-13.
14. Hokimoto S. Risk of Cardiovascular Disease After Earthquake Disaster. Circ J. 2018;82(3):650-1.
15. Kario K. Disaster hypertension–its characteristics, mechanism, and management–. Circ J. 2012;76(3):553-62.
16. JCS JaJJWG. Guidelines for Disaster Medicine for Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases (JCS 2014/JSH 2014/JCC 2014) Circ J. 2016;80(1):261-84.
17. Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Krantz DS, et al. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(22):1551-6.
18. Babaie J, Naghipour B, Faridaalaee G. Cardiovascular diseases in natural disasters; a systematic review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2021;9(1).
19. Hao K, Takahashi J, Ito K, et al. Emergency Care of Acute Myocardial Infarction and the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster–Report From the Miyagi AMI Registry Study. Circ J. 2014;78(3):634-43.
20. Thrall G, Lane D, Carroll D, Lip GY. A systematic review of the effects of acute psychological stress and physical activity on haemorheology, coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet reactivity: Implications for the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Thromb Res. 2007;120(6):819-47.
21. Hata S. Cardiovascular Disease Caused by Earthquake-Induced Stress. Circ J. 2009;73(7):1195-6.
22. Willich SN, Löwel H, Lewis M, Hörmann A, Arntz H-R, Keil U. Weekly variation of acute myocardial infarction. Increased Monday risk in the working population. Circulation. 1994;90(1):87-93.
23. Brown DL. Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction: importance of superimposition of triggers. Am Heart J. 1999;137(5):830-6.
24. Spencer FA, Goldberg RJ, Becker RC, Gore JM, 2 PitNRoMI. Seasonal distribution of acute myocardial infarction in the second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(6):1226-33.
25. Yamauchi H, Yoshihisa A, Iwaya S, et al. Clinical features of patients with decompensated heart failure after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(1):94-9.
26. Nakagawa I, Nakamura K, Oyama M, et al. Long-term effects of the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in Japan on acute myocardial infarction mortality: an analysis of death certificate data. Heart. 2009;95(24).
27. Kemaloğlu Öz T, Dakhil ZA. Heartfelt tremors: empowering communities to mitigate the impacts of earthquakes and other natural disasters. Oxford University Press US; 2023.
28. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto K, Shimada K. Earthquake-induced potentiation of acute risk factors in hypertensive elderly patients: possible triggering of cardiovascular events after a major earthquake J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(5):926-33.
29. Kai-sen H, Qi W, Ping L, et al. Increased depression and readmission risk in patients with new-onset angina after the sichuan earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2011;26(4):262-7.
30. Murakami H, Akashi H, Noda S, et al. A cross-sectional survey of blood pressure of a coastal city’s resident victims of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Am J Hypertens.. 2013;26(6):799-807.
31. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Mark AL, Abboud FM. Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(5):303-7.
32. Kario K, Shimada K, Takaku F. Management of cardiovascular risk in disaster: Jichi Medical School (JMS) Proposal 2004. JMA J. 2005;48(7):363.
33. Hoshide S, Nishizawa M, Okawara Y, al. Salt intake and risk of disaster hypertension among evacuees in a shelter after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Hypertension. 2019;74(3):564-71.